国家名词解释
那份爱-校外指导教师意见
2023年3月20日发(作者：实习日记100篇通用版)Voteofnoconfidence
Voteofnoconfidence:AnMP(usuallyamemberofanoppositeparty)putsforwardastatement
fortheMPstovoteonsayingthat“ThishousenolongerhasconfidenceintheGovernment”.Ifa
majorityofMPsagree,thenthegovernmenthaseffectivelylostitsabilitytogovernandisforced
toresignandcallageneralelection.
SaintPatrick
edtospreadtheChristianreligioninIreland.
Hismissionwasaccomplishedsopeacefullythatthereisnorecordofasinglemartyr.
Independentschools:
Independentschoolsarecommonlycalledpublicschoolswhichareactuallyprivateschoolsthat
receivetheirfundingthroughtheprivatesectorandtuitionrates,withsomegovernmentassistance.
Independentschoolsarenotpartofnationaleducationsystem,buttheequalityofinstructionand
standardsaremaintainedthroughvisitsfromHerMajesty'chools
arerestrictedtothestudentswhoseparentsarecomparativelyrich.
Qualitypapers:
rrymoreseriousand
socarryreviewsand
dersaregenerallywell-educatedmiddle-class
people.
es(TheTimebeganpublishingin1785anditistheUnitedKingdom’soldest
dailynewspaper)
eetraditionsofChristmasinBritain:
TherearethreeChristmastraditionswhichareparticularlyBritish:oneistheChristmas
Pantomime,nmalecharacterisplayedbyayoungwomanwhile
themainfemalecharacter,oftenanuglywomancalled“theDame”,r
BritishChristmastraditionsistoheartheQueengiveherChristmasmessagetoherrealmoverthe
BritishtraditionisBoxingDay,whichfallsonthedayafterChristmas.
Traditionally,itwasonBowingDaythatpeoplegaveChristmasgiftsormoneytotheirstaffor
tmostBritishpeopledonothaveservants,thiscustomisnolongerobserved.
However,anewBoxingDaycustomhasemerged,inthecities:penuptosell
offalltheirChristmasstockdecorations,food,cardsandgiftitemsatlowprices.
TheBillofRightsof1689
In1688,KingJamesII’sdaughterMaryandherhusbandWilliamwereinvitedbythe
politiciansandchurchauthoritiestotakethethrone,onconditionthattheywouldrespectthe
lofRightswaspassedin1689toensurethattheKingwouldneverbe
abletoignoreParliament.
ThehierarchyoftheIrishlegalsystem:
Thecourtsarearrangedinahierarchy,insuchawaythatthejudgmentofonemaybeappealedto
t
rankisrepresentedbytheCircuitCourt,trankonthe
hCourthasfulljurisdictionanddeterminingpowerinall
mattersoflaworface,remeCourtisthecourtoffinalappeal.
“TheDreaming”
TheDreamingisthebeliefsystemfromancienttimesthathasboundindigenousgroups
tralprincipleoftheDreamingisthatthepeoplewholiveonthecontinenthave
pledon’towntheland,insteadthelandownsthe
riesodtheDreamingprovideprinciplesofhowpeopleshouldliveandinteract
soprovideknowledgeofthelandsothattheindigenouspeoplecan
surviveinthelife-threateningenvironment.
ulturalism
omprisedof3areasofpolicy:CulturalIdentity,
whichmeanstherighttoexpressandshareone’sculturalheritage;SocialJustice,torighttoequal
treatmentandopportunity;andEconomicEfficiency,theneedtomaintainanddeveloptheskills
ofallAustraliansregardlessoftheirbackgrounds.
ativeformsofrenewableenergy
Alternativeformsofrenewableenergyincludewindfarms,solarpanels,biofuels,geothermal,
ditionalformsofenergyarefossilfuelssuchascoalandoil.
Theyarenon-renewableandemitlargequantitiesofcarbondioxidewhichcausesairpollutionand
r,
2010,approximately84%oftheelectricityusedbyAustralianhomesandbyindustrycamefrom
politicalissueishowtoexchangethesepolluting,fossilfuelformsofenergywith
thenon-polluting,renewableforms.
TheHouseofCommons
TheHouseofCommons:TheHouseofCommonsistherealcenterofBritishpoliticallifebecause
itistheplacewhereabout650electedrepresentatives(membersofparliament)makeanddebate
PsareelectedintheGeneralElectionsandshouldrepresenttheinterestsofthe
peoplewhovoteforthem.
The“Washminster”formofpolicy
Answer:The“Washminster”
mixtureof
meansthatthepoliticalstructureofthegovernmentisbasedontheFederationofStatesthreetier
r,thechiefexecutiveisaPrimeMinister,insteadofaPresidentas
intheUSsystem.
monwealth
Intheauthor’sopinion,theCommonwealthisavoluntaryassociationofstateswhich
re54membersof
theCommonwealthincludingonecurrentlysuspendedmember:manyoftheseare
developingcountrieslikeIndiaandCyprus;othersaredevelopednationslike
Australia,monwealthwassetupasaforumfor
continuedcooperationandasasortofsupportnetwork.
Footballhooligans
llsocialclassesusedto
joininthelocalfootballmatch,rs
fromabroadsometimescomplainedaboutstumblingintothemidstofaroughgamewhenwalking
thestreetsofLondon,whilelocalhouseholdersandmerchantsweretroubledbyhavingtheir
,violence
isstillassociatedwithfootball.“footballhooligans”metimes
clashbefore,duringandaftermatchesandoccasionallyrunriotthroughthetown,breaking
windowsandbeatingeachotherup..
APECwasestablishedfromanAustralianinitiativein1989,whenCanberrahostedthefirst
hentheforumhasgrowntoinclude21member
economiesandhasbecomeoneofsignificantworldeconomiesbodies:the21APECMember
Economiesrepresentover40percentoftheworld’spopulation,56percentofglobalGDP,and
’smissionistopromoteregionalstabilityandtoaddress
globalissuesincludingcounter-terrorism,non-proliferationandhealth.
SinnFein
SinnFeinisalegalpoliticalpartyinNorthernIrelandwhichsupportstheIRAtofightforthe
dersofSinnFeinpreferunionwithIrelandbyatwincampaign,both
militaryandpoliticalwhichtheycalledthepolicyof“BulletandtheBallotBox“.Itbelievesthat
withouttheparticipationofSinnFeinthepoliticalproblemofNorthernIrelandcannotbe
thoroughlysolved.
Comprehensiveschools
Comp
schoolsadmitchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilitiesandprovideageneral
canstudyeverythingformacademicsubjectslikeliteraturetomorepractical
subjectslikecooking.
y:yconsistsof3mainparts:primary
industries,suchasagriculture,fishingandmining;secondaryindustrieswhichmanufacture
complexgoodsfromtheseprimarythosegoods;andtertiaryservicessuchasbanking,
insurance,tourismandtheretailing.
y:eofthebiggestfinancial
centersintheworldwithgreatestconcentrationofbanks,insurance,Companiesandbusiness
eartofthecityistheLondonStockExchange.
ospaceindustryintheU.K.:Britishaerospaceindustryisthethirdlargestintheworld,
producingthefullofrangeofaerospaceproductsfromcivilaircraftstomissile,satellitesand
uces2%aloutput,accountingfor8%ofmanufacture
exportsgoods.
APEC:itwasestablishedfromanAustralianinitiativein1989,whenCanberrahostedthefirst
hentheforumhasgrowntoinclude21member
economiesandhasbecomeoneofsignificantworldeconomicbodies:the21APECMember
Economiesrepresentover40percentoftheworld’spopulation,56percentofglobalGDP,and
’smissionistopromoteregionalstabilityandtoaddress
globalissuesincludingcounter-terrorism,non-proliferationandhealth.
TheGoodFridayAgreement
Asaresultofmulti-partynegotiations,theGoodFridayAgreementwasapprovedon10April
reementassurestheloyalistcommunitythatNorthernIrelandremainspartofthe
UnitedKingdomanditwon’tchangeitspoliticalstatusunlessthemajorityofthepeopleof
hetermsoftheagreement,NorthernIrelandshouldbegovernedby
threeseparatejurisdictions:thatoftheRepublicofIreland,thatofGreatBritainandthatofits
ownelectedexecutivegovernmentoftenministers.
Qualitypapers:rrymore
sersocarry
dersaregenerallywell-educated
middle-classpeople.
Independentschools:
Independentschoolsarecommonlycalledpublicschoolswhichareactuallyprivateschoolsthat
receivetheirfundingthroughtheprivatesectorandtuitionrates,withsomegovernmentassistance.
Independentschoolsarenotpartofnationaleducationsystem,buttheequalityofinstructionand
standardsaremaintainedthroughvisitsfromHerMajesty'chools
arerestrictedtothestudentswhoseparentsarecomparativelyrich.
“TheDreaming”
TheDreamingisthebeliefsystemfromancienttimesthathasboundindigenousgroups
tralprincipleoftheDreamingisthatthepeoplewholiveonthecontinenthave
pledon’towntheland,insteadthelandownsthe
riesodtheDreamingprovideprinciplesofhowpeopleshouldliveandinteract
soprovideknowledgeofthelandsothattheindigenouspeoplecan
surviveinthelife-threateningenvironment.
TheBillofRightsof1689
In1688,KingJamesII’sdaughterMaryandherhusbandWilliamwereinvitedbythe
politiciansandchurchauthoritiestotakethethrone,onconditionthattheywouldrespectthe
lofRightswaspassedin1689toensurethattheKingwouldneverbe
abletoignoreParliament.
Women’sLiberationMovement:Inauguratedintheearly1970s,theWomen’smovement
concentratedfirstongainingcontroloftheirownfertility,demandingbirthcontrol,divorce,and
sttwogoalshavebeenachievedoveraspanof
abouttwentyyears,butabortionisstilllegallyforbiddenintheRepublicofIrelandandisstill
ondobjectivewastosecuretherightofwomen,and
thatofparticularlymarriedwomen,,abouthalfofthewomenofIrelandof
workingageholddownfull-timejobs.
Voteofnoconfidence:AnMP(usuallyamemberofanoppositeparty)putsforwardastatement
fortheMPstovoteonsayingthat“ThishousenolongerhasconfidenceintheGovernment”.Ifa
majorityofMPsagree,thenthegovernmenthaseffectivelylostitsabilitytogovernandisforced
toresignandcallageneralelection.
.TherearethreeChristmastraditionswhichareparticularlyBritish:oneistheChristmas
Pantomime,nmalecharacterisplayedbyayoungwomanwhile
themainfemalecharacter,oftenanuglywomancalled“theDame”,r
BritishChristmastraditionsistoheartheQueengiveherChristmasmessagetoherrealmoverthe
BritishtraditionisBoxingDay,whichfallsonthedayafterChristmas.
Traditionally,itwasonBowingDaythatpeoplegaveChristmasgiftsormoneytotheirstaffor
tmostBritishpeopledonothaveservants,thiscustomisnolongerobserved.
However,anewBoxingDaycustomhasemerged,inthecities:penuptosell
offalltheirChristmasstockdecorations,food,cardsandgiftitemsatlowprices.
ThethreetraditionsofChristmasinBritain:TherearethreeChristmastraditionswhichare
particularlyBritish:oneistheChristmasPantomime,nmale
characterisplayedbyayoungwomanwhilethemainfemalecharacter,oftenanuglywoman
called“theDame”,rBritishChristmastraditionsistoheartheQueen
Britishtraditionis
BoxingDay,ionally,itwasonBowingDaythat
tmostBritishpeopledo
nothaveservants,r,anewBoxingDaycustomhas
emerged,inthecities:penuptoselloffalltheirChristmasstockdecorations,
food,cardsandgiftitemsatlowprices.
1.
ThehierarchyoftheIrishlegalsystem:
Thecourtsarearrangedinahierarchy,insuchawaythatthejudgmentofonemaybeappealedto
t
rankisrepresentedbytheCircuitCourt,trankonthe
hCourthasfulljurisdictionanddeterminingpowerinall
mattersoflaworface,remeCourtisthecourtoffinalappeal.
WhataretheexistingproblemsintheIrishsociety?Arethereanysolutionsprovidedbythe
government?
Nowadays,therateofunemploymentisveryhigh;mostyoungpeopleareconfrontedwith
housingproblembecauseofalackofhousesandfinancialtroublefromunemployment,which
leadstoarapidincreaseinhomelessness;terribletrafficleadstomanycaraccidents;the
inequalitybetweentherichandthepoorisincreasing;andthecorruptioninleadinginstitutionsis
retheexistingproblemsinIrishsociety.
Hoverer,thegovernmenttakesnoinitiativemeasurestofinancethesepublicprogramstotackle
theseemergingproblems.
ctionofParliament
ThefunctionofParliamentare:topasslow,tovotefortaxation,to
scrutinise/scrutinizegovernmentpolicy,administrationandexpenditureandto
debatethemajorissuesoftheday.
whatkindofaSystemofGovernmentintheUK?
ItisamonarchicgovernmentwiththeQueenastheheadofthestate
(constitutionalmonarchy).AndItalsoisademocraticgovernmentwithelected
representativesinitsparliament(ParliamentaryDemocracy).Besides,Itisaunitary
governmentwithastrongcentralgovernment.
historyoftheIreland.
Publicschools:independentschoolsabout550whichareoftenreferredtoas
“publicschools”,manyarelong-establishedandhavegainedareputationfortheir
highacademicstandards,s’
schoolsincludesuchwell-knownschoolsasEton,Harrow,Westminsterand
themembersoftheBritishEstablishmentwereeducatedata
publicschool.
es(TheTimebeganpublishingin1785anditistheUnitedKingdom’soldest
dailynewspaper)
.Multiculturalism
omprisedof3areasofpolicy:CulturalIdentity,
whichmeanstherighttoexpressandshareone’sculturalheritage;SocialJustice,torighttoequal
treatmentandopportunity;andEconomicEfficiency,theneedtomaintainanddeveloptheskills
ofallAustraliansregardlessoftheirbackgrounds.
ativeformsofrenewableenergy
Alternativeformsofrenewableenergyincludewindfarms,solarpanels,biofuels,geothermal,
ditionalformsofenergyarefossilfuelssuchascoalandoil.
Theyarenon-renewableandemitlargequantitiesofcarbondioxidewhichcausesairpollutionand
r,
2010,approximately84%oftheelectricityusedbyAustralianhomesandbyindustrycamefrom
politicalissueishowtoexchangethesepolluting,fossilfuelformsofenergywith
thenon-polluting,renewableforms.
TheWhiteAustraliaPolicy:TheWhiteAustraliaPolicywasofficiallyadoptedbythe
CommonwealthofAustralianin1901,adetostop
Chineseans
teAustraliaPolicywas
officiallyabolishedin1973.
TheBritishstereotypesabouttheIrish
Forcenturies,theBritishcaricaturedtheIrishas,atbest,dreamyandimpractical;atworst,
r,itis
clear,fromIreland’srecentdazzlingeconomicsuccess,thattheIrishareneitherlazynor
heopposite,theIrishworkforceisnowyoung,highlyeducated,
entrepreneurial,anddisciplined.
SaintPatrick
edtospreadtheChristianreligioninIreland.
Hismissionwasaccomplishedsopeacefullythatthereisnorecordofasinglemartyr.
ClasssysteminBritishsociety
Answer：theBritishpopulationwould
claimthemselvestobeeitherofmiddle-classorworking-class,thoughsomepeoplewould
ivisionsarenotsimply
economic,ofdifferentclassesmaydifferinthekindof
newspaperstheyread,he
distinctivefeaturesabouttheBritishabouttheBritishclasssystemisthataristocratictitlescan
stillbeinherited.
“theIRA”(shortfortheIrishRepublicanArmy,wasarevolutionarymilitary
organizationengagedintheunificationofIreland)
ee-tiersystemoftheAustraliagovernment
theAustraliafederationhasthreetiersinitsgovernmentsystem:atthefederallevel,thereare
econdtierarethestategovernmentsand
efexecutiveisaPrimeMinister,insteadofaPresidentasintheUS
system.
“theIRA”(shortfortheIrishRepublicanArmy,wasarevolutionarymilitary
organizationengagedintheunificationofIreland)
2.
ingtotheauthor,they
provideopportunitiesforpeopletoinfluencefuturegovernmentpoliciesandtoreplacethose
incompetentpoliticalleaders.
TheHouseofCommons
TheHouseofCommons:TheHouseofCommonsistherealcenterofBritishpoliticallifebecause
itistheplacewhereabout650electedrepresentatives(membersofparliament)makeanddebate
PsareelectedintheGeneralElectionsandshouldrepresenttheinterestsofthe
peoplewhovoteforthem.