摘要英语
meld评分-西医综合考研大纲
2023年2月21日发(作者：丽江介绍)论文英文摘要写作
英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容
梗概为日的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘
要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，
就可获得重要的信息。摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文
摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文
摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
关键词一定是实词，一般是用来概括你的论文所涉及的一至多个领域，以及
你认为重要的研究方法。比如，一篇关于水处理的论文关键词可以是：饮用水、
紫外消毒、有机物，这就可以了，当然具体的用词涉及到你的论文内容。
一、概述
文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而
英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语
言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，
使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或
封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，
能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完
整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。陈述性摘
要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应
介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分
①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；
②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；
③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。
二、常见句型
常见的摘要句型有：
1）Thispaperdealswith...
2）Thisarticlefocusesonthetopicsof(that,having,etc)...
3）Thisessaypresentsknowledgethat...
4）Thisthesisdiscusses...
5）Thisthesisanalyzes...
6）Thispaperprovidesanoverviewof...
7)Thispaperelaborateson...
8）Thisarticlegivesanoverviewof...
9）Thisarticlecompares...andsummarizeskeyfindings.
10）Thispaperincludesdiscussionsconcerning...
11)Thispaperpresentsuptodateinformationon...
12)Thisarticlecoverstheroleofchemicalsin...
13)Thispaperaddressesimportanttopicsincluding...
14)Thispapertouchesupon...
15)Thispaperstronglyemphasizes...
16)Thiseasyrepresentstheproceedingsof...
17)Thisarticlenotonlydescribes...butalsosuggests...
18)Thispaperconsiders...
19)Thispaperprovidesamethodof...
20)Thispaperintroducesanapplicableproceduretoanalyze...
21)Thispaperoffersthelatestinformationregarding...
22)Thispaperisdevotedtoexaminingtheroleof...
23)Thisarticleexplores...
24)Thispaperexpressesviewson...
25)Thispaperreflectsthestateoftheartin...
26)Thispaperexplainstheproceduresfor...
27)Thispaperdevelopsthetheoryof...
28)Thisarticlereviewsthetechniquesusedin...
29)Thispaperinvestigatesthetechniquesandproceduresto...
30)Thisarticleisabout...
31)Thisessayisrelatedto...
32)Thispaperconcerns...
33)Thispapergivesanaccountof...
34)Thisarticletellsof...
35)Thispapertriestodescribe...
36)Thispaperprovidesananalysisof...
37)Thispaperreportsthelatestinformationon...
38)Theauthorofthisarticlereviews...
39)Thewriterofthispaperdiscusses...
40)Thewriterofthisessaytriestoexplore...
41)Theaimofthispaperistodetermine...
42)Thepurposeofthisarticleistoreview...
43)Theobjectiveofthispaperistoexplore...
破题用语，一般有：
①Theauthorofthisarticlereviews(or:discusses,describes,summarizes,
examines)something……
②Thisarticlereviews(or:reports,tellsof,isabout,concerns)something…….
③Thisarticlehasbeenprepared(or:designed,written)…….
④Thepurposeofthisarticleistodeterminesomething…….
⑤Theproblemofsomethingisdiscussed…….
结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法：
①Theauthorsuggests(recommends,concludes)that…….
②Thisarticleshowsthat…….
③Itissuggestedthat…….
④Theauthor'ssuggestion(or:conclusion)isthat……
⑤Theauthorfindsitnecessaryto…….
三、分类举例
1）陈述型论文摘要。陈述型论文摘要（DescriptiveAbstract）一般只说明论
文的主题是什么，多半不介绍内容。
例1
ABSTRACT
ThisarticleextendsLehandandPyle(1997)modeltoincludethepossibilitythat
managermayexploitcooperatewealththroughtransactionswithaffiliatedcompanies
and/ultsofourmodelshowthattheamountsofwealth
einorderlymanagerial
stockholding,theseverityofpenalty,themanager'sriskattitude,firm'sexpected
futurecashflows,'smore,therelation
betweenmanagerialholdingandtheamountofwealthexploitationisnotseparate.
Wealthexploitationriseswithmanagementshareholdingsbeforethebreakpoint.
Whenmanagerialholdingexceedsthebreakpoint,anyfurtherincreaseinthe
managementholdingswilldecreasetheamountofwealthexploitation
例2
ABSTRACT
Theeffectofpricelimitonthestockreturn,volatilityandthestructuralchangeis
analyzedthroughageneralizedautoregressiveconditionalheterscedasticity
(GARCH)eractionbetweenstockreturnsanditsvolatilityispermitted
hestockreturndoesnotgoupwhenthepricelimit
goesdownfrom5%to7%.Thestockvolatility,ontheotherhand,issubstantially
herthepricelimit,
endtheGARCHmodeldoesnotsufferfromthestructuralchangewhenpricelimits
change.
例3
ABSTRACT
Thisissuepresentsacompletesurveyontheintegrin,immunoglobulin,and
selectionfamiliescellularexpressionpatternsonendothelial,residentcellsandgraft
infiltratingcellsinhumanstomach,heart,ribesthe
patternsofcellularexpressionandinducibilityindifferentpathologicalconditionsof
discussestheimplicationsfortheorganspecificappearanceof
inflammatoryreactionsinhumanstomach,heartandlungtransplantsasfor
immunosuppressiveandtherapeuticinterventions.
例4
ABSTRACT
Weclassifiedfirm'sfinancingdecisionsintofourcategories:internalfinancing
banking,bankloans,convertiblebondsandpreferredstocks,andnewcommon
shares.
eadjusted
dataisused,wefindthatB/Mhasexplanatorypowertostockreturnsforthe
new-issuecategory;C/Ffortheinternalfinancingcategory.
r,thesignisnot
vertiblecategoryhasreversesizeeffectandothershavesize
heE/Pvariable,wedon'tfindanyadditionalexplanatorypowerto
ofdifferentdefinitionofsizehardlychanges
ourresults.
例5ContactProblemsintheClassicalTheoryofElasticity
CONTACTPROBLEMSINTHECLASSICALTHEORYOF
ll
Thisarticlegivesanaccountofcontactproblemsintheclassicaltheoryof
nsfromfundamentalprinciplesandaimstoofferinformationon
recentdevelopmentsonthissubjectthatthereadercantakeadvantagetowidenhis
horizonofcontactproblems.
例6UseofEngineeringMetals
ABSTRACT
Thisarticleshowsustheimportanceofmetalsinourdailylife,especiallyin
thatareusedinindustryare
calledengineeringmetals,ore,
productionofironisverycriticaltothedevelopmentofanation.
例7PureandAppliedScience
ABSTRACT
Inthisarticle,theauthorholdsthatpurescienceisfundamentallyconcernedwith
thedevelopmentoftheoriesestablishingrelationshipsbetweenthephenomenaofthe
therhandappliedscience,isdirectlyconnectedwiththeapplication
oftheworkinglawsofpuresciencetothepracticalaffairsinthelife,andtoman's
increasingcontrolovertheenvironment,thusleadingtothedevelopmentofnew
techniques,identthatmanybranchesofapplied
scis
tousthatthesetwobranchesofsciencearemutuallydependentandinteracting.
2）信息型论文摘要。信息型论文摘要（InformationalAbstract）与陈述型
论文摘要相比，略有不同。它除了介绍论文的主题外，还应介绍论文的主要观点
以及各观点部分的核心内容。这种形式实际中相对少见。显然，这种形式的摘要
较陈述型摘要长得多。例如：
例1ProbableDevelopmentofAgriculturalMechanization
ABSTRACT
Thisarticlereviewsthepastachievementsinagriculturalmechanizationand
delyacknowledged
thattocopewithgreatercropoutput,itisnecessarytomakeuseofmorepowerful
equipmentthatiscapableofmoreextensiveworkwithinthelimitedtime.
Themainproblemsarediscussedunderthefollowingheadings.
1)GeneralTrendofMechanization
2)MechanizationofCropFarming
3)MechanizationofAnimalHusbandry
Thearticleconcludesthatfurtherprogressofagriculturalmechanizationdepends
on,toagreatextent,thedevelopmentofmechanicalindustry,whichshouldbe
spurredandencouraged.
例2CulturalFactorsinTranslationandTheirTransfer
ABSTRACT
Thisthesisattemptstoapplygeneralknowledgeoflinguistics,anthropologyand
translationtotheresearchofculturalfactorsintranslationandtheirtransfer.
roduction
rOneisdevotedto
therelationshipbetweenlanguage,rTwofocusonthe
rThreetalksaboutthreetopics:
translatability,majortranslationmethodsofculturalfactors,andthetransferofsome
tchaptergivesananalysisofsome
inappropriatetranslationsanddrawsageneralconclusionforthewholethesis.
例3
ABSTRACT
Internationalizationandliberalizationofbusinessactivitieshavebecometwoof
themostsignificantphenomenaforthesuccessfuloperationsofcontemporary
ent,theprevalenceofnationalprotectionismandtheestablishment
ofregionaleconomiccommunitieshavefurtherenhancedmanyfirmstotakepartin
overseasinvestmentsinorderthatthetariffandnon-tariffbarriersoftheproducts
couldbereducedoreliminated.
Yet,companiesoperateindifferentcountrieswithdifferentpolitical,legal,
economic,andsocialculturalsurroundingsmighthavedifferentmanagementstyles
ionally,theJapaneseandtheUSmanagement
patternsaretwoofthemostimportantreferencemodelsfortheoperationsof
,topromotethesuccessofbusinessinternationalization
activities,itwouldbeveryhelpfulforthedomesticfirmsinTaiwantoevaluatethe
similaritiesanddifferencesofthecharacteristicsofbusinessoperationsfortheUSand
theJapanesefirmsespeciallyonmanagementstyles,organizationalstructures,and
businessperformances.
Throughaseriesofpersonalinterviewandmailsurvey,thisstudyconcludedthe
followingfindings:
(1)Firmswithdifferentinvestmentorigins(i.e.,Taiwanese,American,and
Japanesefirms)tendedtooperatedifferentlyonconstructsofcooperateobjectives,
organizationalstructures,competitivestrategies,andmanagementperformances.
(2)Forcooperateobjectives,Japanesefirmstendedtoemphasizeorganizational
developmentobjectivesthrougheducatingandactivatinghumanresources,while
Americanfirmsfavorfinancialobjectivesuchasimprovingcashflowand
anizationalstructures,Americanfirmsachievedhigherlevelsof
delegationauthorityandoperationformalizationthanthoseofJapaneseand
petitivestrategies,Americanfirmstendedtoemphasize
productdifferentiationandcostleadershipstrategieswhileJapanesefirmsfavor
processinnovationandproductdifferentiationstrategies.
(3)Firmsselectingprocessinnovationandproductdevelopmentstrategiestended
t
f
addition,firmsadoptingcostleadershipstrategiestendedtoemphasizesalesgrowth
d,thesefirmsseemedtoexercisehigherlevelsofformalization
andstandardizationofbusinessactivities.
英文摘要的时态。
英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现
在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提
出建议或讨论等。分别举例如下：thisstudy(investigation)is(conducted,undertaken)
to…theanatomyofsecondaryxylem(次生木质部)instemofdavidiainvolucrata(珙
桐)andcamptothecaacuminata(喜树)ultshows(reveals)…，itis
foundthat…theconclusionsare…theauthorsuggests…．涉及到公认事实、自然规
律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。
一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观
察、调查、医疗等过程)。例如：theheatpulsetechniquewasappliedtostudythe
stemstaflow(树干液流)oftwomaindeciduousbroadleavedtreespeciesinJulyand
august,1996.需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确
认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显带
有过去时间的痕迹。
现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发
生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时
间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。
例如：notyetlearnedtostorethe
solarenergy.
英文摘要的语态。
采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，
尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。
主动语态。现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有
助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。theauthorsystematicallyintroducesthehistoryand
developmentofthetissuecultureofpoplar比thehistoryanddevelopmentofthe
tissuecultureofpoplarareintroducedsystematically语感要强。必要时，theauthor
systematically都可以去掉，而直接以introduces开头。
被动语态。以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，
至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承
受者，还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧
要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。例如：inthiscase,agreateraccuracyinmeasuring
distancemightbeobtained.3)英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称
thispaper…等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：
todescribe…，tostudy…，toinvestigate…，toassess…，todetermine…，thetorrent
classificationmodelandthehazardzonemappingmodelaredevelopedbasedonthe
geographyinformationsystem.行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑
刊用。
4)注意事项。应避免一些常见的错误。
冠词。主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、
地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。
这里有个原则，即当我们用the时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例
如：hineisoperatedwithsolarenergy.
由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分a和an，如anxray.
数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如：threehundreddendrolimustabulaeformis
larvaearecollected…中的threehundred不要写成300.
单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。
尽量使用短句。因为，长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。科技期刊
涉及专业多，英文更是不易掌握，各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。
如果有机会，要多与英语国家同行接触，多请他们改一些国人所撰写的摘要或论
文，积累经验，摸索规律。如果缺少这样的机会，多看英文文献，也会有助于我
们英文写作及水平的提高。
英语论文摘要常用句式与表达方法
本研究尝试调查
Thepresentsurveyattemptstolaunchinvestigationinto….
本研究的设计是建立在人本教育理论和社会互动理论的框架之下。
Thesurveyisdesignedundertheframeworkofhumanisticeducationtheoryand
socialinteractiontheory.
根据研究的发现，作者在文中展开了相关的分析和讨论,并为如何提供有效反馈
提出建议。
Concerningthefindings,interpretationsanddiscussionsareraised,andsuggestions
areputforwardfortheeffectivenessofteacher’sfeedback.
本文试图根据……对影响……的重要因素的总结，从……等三个方面
对……进行分析讨论。
Onthebasisofone’ssumming-upofthemainfactorsthatinfluence…,thispaper
attemptstomakeabriefanalysison…fromthreeaspects.
据此，本文就……等提出了一些教学建议，希望能对……有所裨益。
Basedontheresult,thispaperputsforwardsometeachingsuggestionsintheaspects
of…inthehopethattheywouldbeofsomehelpto….
本文主要探讨……的推广及其应用
Thisthesismainlyprobesintotheextensionandapplicationof….
本文运用两种不同的方法求解了两个式子的值。
Inthispaper,thevaluesoftwoformulascanbeobtainedbytwodifferentmethods.
本文对……的定义和性质进行了归纳整理，并从……的本质联系出发，主要
讨论了……，希望以此来提高高中的数学教学。
Thepaperaimsatgivingasummaryofthedefinitionandpropertiesof….Basedon
theessentialrelationshipbetween…and…,thearticlemainlydiscusses…inthe
hopethatthiswill….
本文利用调查数据并结合国内外关于记忆方面的研究成果对……进行了研究。
Bymakinguseoftheresearchdataandcombiningwiththeinternationalandnational
achievementsaboutmemorystudies,thispaperattemptstostudy….
本文从……的角度出发，研究中国传统政治体制中所受到的制约。
Proceedingfrom…,thispaperprobesintotherestrictionofChina’straditional
politicalsystem.
本文通过论述企业监督机制的职能和重要地位，分析国内外企业监督机制模式，
指出当前我国企业监督机制存在的不足和完善的必要性。
Bydiscussingthefunctionsandimportantpositionsofenterprisesupervision
mechanismandanalyzingdifferentpatternsofsupervisionmechanisminenterprises
bothathomeandabroad.
本文分析我国……的现状特点，并结合欧美国家……的特点，就目前我
国……领域出现的瓶颈和困难进行对策分析，提出相关的解决方法。
Thispaperistoanalyzethecharacteristicsofthecurrentsituationof…inourcountry
bycombiningthefeaturesof…inAmericanandEuropeancountriesandinviewof
ourcountry’sbottlenecksanddifficultiesinthefieldof…atpresent,a
countermeasureanalysiswillbemadeandrelevantsolutionsputforward.
本文介绍了……的背景，讨论了利用……来实现……的数值求解，并
用……系统加以说明这种解法的可行性。
Thispaperintroducesthebackgroundof…,discusseshowtomakeuseof…tocarry
outthesolutionofandfinally,itusesthesystemof…toillustratethefeasibilityof
theelucidation.
Inordertofindout…asurveywascarriedoutinsenioronestudentsof….
Onthebasisof…thispapermakesananalysison….
Thispaperinvestigates….
Thisstudymadearesearchabout….
Thisresearchisanattempttohaveastudyof….
Analysisonthecollecteddatarevealsthat….
Thispapertriestoanalyzethat….
Inthispaper,theauthortriestomakeacomparisonbetween….
Thispaperistodiscusstherelationbetween…onthebasisof….
Thispaperwouldbeconductedinthreeaspects:
Firstly,theauthortriestoanalyze….
Theresultisthat…mainlyfocuseson…while…presents….
Secondly,theauthorstartsfromthedefinitionof….
Theauthorthenbaseson…todiscuss….
Lastly,theauthordiscusses….
Accordingto…,thispaperdivides…intothreekinds:
First,itintroduces…brieflyandexplainsthedefinitionof…soasto….
Thisessayaimsatstudying…throughtheanalysesof…inhopesthatitwillprovide
someusefuladvicefor…,thuspromoting….
AccordingtoAusubel,therearethreeconditionsleadingto….
Thewritertriestogiveteacherssomesuggestionsonhowtodealwith….
Atlast,thepapersuggeststhat…shouldmakefulluseof….
Aswhathasbeendiscussedabove,….
therefore,furthermore,
论文英语摘要与感谢的表达方法
Iowemygreatestdebtofgratitudetomyadvisor,Mr.…,whohasgivenmehis
constanthelp,readthemanuscriptwithgreatcareandofferedmeinvaluableadvice
andinformativesuggestions.
Mythanksgotoalltheteacherswhohavetaughtmeinthefouryears,whohave
helpedmeenrichandbroadenmyknowledge.
Mythanksalsogotoallthestaffofthereferencelibraryofourschool,whoare
alwayskindandpatientinhelpingmetosearchforusefulmaterialsrelevanttomy
study.
Finally,mysincerethanksshouldgotomyfamilymemberswhohavebeenpouring
outtheircare,supportandencouragementtome.
Sample1
Acknowledgement
Firstofall,Iwouldliketoexpressmysincereheartfeltthankstomysupervisor,
Ms…,forherinvaluableadvice,constantencouragementandprecisemodification,
andIadmireherknowledgeandherpersonality.
ThenIwouldalsoliketoexpressmygratitudetotheteacherswhoworkinthelibrary
andthereferenceroombecausetheyprovideuswithgreatconvenienceinwritingour
researches.
Meanwhile,IalsoliketothankProfessor…whotaughtusthecourseindoing
researches.
Finally,Iwouldliketothank…whofriendlyencouragemeinwritingthethesis.
Sample2
Acknowledgement
Ifeelmuchindebtedtomanypeoplewhohaveinstructedandfavoredmeinthe
，Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomy
tutor,Prof.…,forherwarm-heartencouragementandmostvaluableadvice,
especiallyforherinsightfulcommentsandsuggestionsonthedraftofthispaper.
Withoutherhelp,encouragementandguidance,Icouldnothavecompletedthis
paper.
MysincerethanksalsogotoProf....,sIhavedrawngreat
inspiration,ritsalwaysguide
meinthewholeprocessofwriting.
Lastbutnotleast,Iwouldliketoexpressmythankstomyfamilyandmyfriendsfor
theirvaluableencouragementandspiritualsupportduringmystudy.