英语文体学
外婆的英语怎么读-MMI系统
2023年2月18日发(作者：工程地质条件)Chapter6SyntacticOverregularity
Syntacticoverregularityinliteratureisrevealedmainlyintherepetitionof
certainlinguisticunitsofatextandinparallelism,wheresomefeaturesvary
xamineeachofthesephenomena.
6.1Repetition
Alltheoverregularfeaturesinliteratureare,insomesense,repetitious.
Thetermrepetition,therefore,isrestrictedtomeanthecaseofexactcopying
ofacertainpreviousunitinatext,suchasaword,phraseorevenasentence
(Leech,1969).
6.1.1ImmediateRepetition
Repetitionmaybeimmediate,eatedunitimmediatelyfollows
isstanzainaDylanThomas'poemforexample.
(1)Donotgogentleintothatgoodnight,
Oldageshouldburnandraveatcloseofday,
Rage,rageagainstthedyingoflight.
(DonotGoGentleintothatGoodNight)
Thelexicalitemrageinthelastlineofthestanzaisrepeatedimmediately.
Ifwereadthewholepoemthrough,wemayactuallyfindthatthelastlineof
thisstanzaisthesecondrefrainofthepoem,andrageappearseighttimesin
ctshowsthatgreatemphasisislaidontheitem,andalsoon
thewholelinewhichexpressesthecentralthemeofthepoem:oneshould
ldalsobenotedthatthevowelsound
/ei/isinassonancewiththe/ei/,the
repetitionservestocombinethelinestogetherandtogiveunitytotheidea
expressed.
Anotherexampleofimmediaterepetitionisfoundinabeautifullywritten
poempartlyquotedbelow.
(2)Gold!Gold!Gold!Gold!
Brightandyellow,hardandcold,
Molten,graven,hammer'dandroll'd,
Heavytogetandlighttohold.
(ThomasHood)
WhatismoststrikingabouttheselinesisthatthewordGoldisrepeated
rcedbythecapitalizationofthefirstletterofthewordand
theexclamationmark"!",dof
beingmonotonousandredundant,therepetitionhereshowsthepoet'sgreat
intensityoffeelingwhentalkingaboutgold.
Nowletusconsiderapoemwhereawholelineisimmediatelyrepeated.
(3)Thewoodsarelovely,dark,anddeep,
ButIhavepromisestokeep,
AndmilestogobeforeIsleep,
AndmilestogobeforeIsleep.
(,StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening)
Therepetitionofthelinemakesthereaderthinkhardaboutwhatit
doesso,hemayrealizethatthelineisprobably
sibleinterpretationhemightarriveatisthat
'thereisalongwaytogobeforeIdie'.Therepetitionalsoshowsthatthe
speakerisratherwearyofthejourneyhetakes.
6.1.2IntermittentRepetition
Anothertypeofrepetitionisintermittentrepetition,knownasplocein
lowingisagoodexampleofthiskind.
(4)O,howthatnamebefitsmycomposition,
OldGauntindeed,andgauntinbeingold.
(Shakespeare,RichardⅡ)
Whatisinterestingaboutthiscaseisthatthesecondoccurrenceofthe
espeaker,JohnofGaunt,is
etitionherevividlycapturestheemotional
stateofthespeaker:hisutterdespairathisoldageandathishealth
condition.
Now,letusconsideranotherexampleofintermittentrepetition.
(5)Notmanylives,butonlyonehavewe;
One,onlyone.
(Anonymous,OnlyOneLife)
Thewordoneisrepeatedintermittentlythreetimesandthewordonly
eatlyemphasizesthefactthatthereisonlyonelifeforaperson
andsuggeststhatoneshouldreallytreasureit.
6.2Parallelism
ersfrom
simplerepetitioninthattheidentitydoesnotextendtoabsoluteduplication.
It"requiressomevariablefeatureofthepattern-somecontrastingelements
whichare'parallel'withrespecttotheirpositioninthepattern"(Leech,1969:
66).
Variouscasesofparallelismhavebeentraditionallyclassifiedaccordingto
mple,thetypeofparallelism
whoseidenticalpartisintheinitialpositionhasbeengiventhelabel
'anaphora'.However,wewillnotincludethisclassificationhereforwe
will
doinsteadisclassifyparallelismintotwomajortypesaccordingtoitssize-
large-scaleparallelismandsmall-scaleparallelism-anddiscusstherhetorical
functionsofeachofthetypes.
6.2.1Large-scaleParallelism
Bylarge-scaleparallelismwemeanthekindwhichconsistsofmorethan
theexampleinthefollowingpoemby
Wordsworth.
(6)MyHeartLeapsUp
MyheartleapsupwhenIbehold
Arainbowinthesky,
Sowasitwhenmylifebegan;
SoisitnowIamaman;
SobeitwhenIshallgrowold,
Orletmedie!
TheChildisfatheroftheMan;
AndIcouldwishmydaystobe
Boundeachtoeachbynaturalpiety.
Inthispoem,thepoethassuccessfullyexpressedhisgreatreverencefor
naturewhichgoesbeyondtheboundsofthepast,
themeisbroughtoutchieflybytheparallelismwhichexistsinlines3,4and
y,
showsthatthespeakerhopesthathisresponsetoseeingarainbowremains
lyandmoreimportantly,theemotional
feelingexpressedgetsstrongeraftereachjuxtaposedunit,reachingitsclimax
rcedbytheimperativemoodandthemeaning
ofthelinefollowingit,line5mosteffectivelyexpressesthespeaker'sstrong
determinationforcontinuingtoholdadeeploveandrespectfornature.
,theclimaxisusually
intcanbefurther
demonstratedbyanexamplefromShakespeare.
(7)Ifyouprickus,dowenotbleed?
Ifyoutickleus,dowenotlaugh?
Ifyoupoisonus,dowenotdie?
Andifyouwrongus,shallwenotrevenge?
(TheMerchantofVenice)
Thefourthjuxtaposedunit,whichistheclimacticpoint,isslightly
differentfromtheprecedinglinesinthatithastheconjunctionandandthe
junctionand
makesthelineprominent,andtheauxiliaryshallformsacontrastwithdoin
aljuxtaposedunitnotonlymakesthecause-effect
relationmuchmoreapparent,butalsodemonstratesthespeaker'sstrong
volitionfortakingrevenge.
Wehaveconsideredtwoexamplesoflarge-scaleparallelismwhich
dbeincorrect,however,toconcludefrom
followingexamplewillrevealthatthisisnotthecase.
(8)Theseedyesow,anotherreaps;
Thewealthyefind,anotherkeeps;
Therobesyeweave,anotherwears;
Thearmsyeforge,anotherbears.
(y,SongtotheMenofEngland)
g
together,theseunitsstronglyreinforcethedegreeofcontrastmadewithin
eachline.
Interestingly,afurtherexampleoflarge-scaleparallelismisfoundinonly
oneline.
(9)Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.
(JuliusCaesar)
y
wemaynoticethatthethreeclausesareshortinlengthandsimplein
neratesafeelingthat
theactsofcoming,seeingandconqueringweresimpleandwerecompleted
ly,wecanseethatthethree
clauseshavethesamestructure,uctural
's
statementthusimpliesthatforhimtheconqueringwasaseasyascomingand
enexhibitsCaesar'smajesticarrogance.
erthe
exampleinthefollowingpassage.
(10)e
edtheway
edhisold,heavyfaceandbig
hands.
(Hemingway,CatintheRain)
Outofatotalofsevensentencesinthisparagraph,sixmaybesaidtobe
ixsentencessharethesamesentencepattern:subject+verb
+blikedisrepeatedinallthesixsentencesandthesubject
jectthewifeinthesecondsentenceis
ingupoftheparallelsentences
pointsthatthewifelikedaboutthehotel-keeperarejustwhatwaslackingin
trast,readthefollowingpassageofthesamestory.
(11)'Iwanttopullmyhairbacktightandsmoothandmakeabigknotat
thebackthatIcanfeel,'shesaid.'Iwanttohaveakittytositonmylapand
purrwhenIstrokeher.'
'Yeah?'Georgesaidfromthebed.
'
wantittobespringandIwanttobrushmyhairoutinfrontofamirrorandI
wantakittyandIwantsomenewclothes.'
'Oh,shutupandgetsomethingtoread,'eading
again.
uitedarknowandstill
raininginthepalmtrees.
'Anyway,Iwantacat,'shesaid.''t
havelonghairoranyfun,Icanhaveacat.'
elookedoutof
thewindowwherethelighthadcomeoninthesquare.
allelismin
stingly,the
ctshowsthatthewifereally
r,thehusbandsimplyignoredherand
edthatthewifewasinsomewayjust
littlewonderthatshedevelopedalikingfortheoldhotel-keeperwhodid
ryendswiththewifebeingsentacatbythe
hotel-keeper.
Anotherexcellentexampleoflarge-scaleparallelisminfictionalproseis
foundinthefirstchapterofDickens'BleakHouse.
(12)heriver,whereitflowsamonggreenaits
andmeadows;fogdowntheriver,whereitrollsdefiledamongthetiersof
shippingandthewatersidepollutionsofagreat(anddirty)he
Essexmarshes,epingintothecaboosesof
collier-brigs;foglyingoutontheyardsandhoveringintheriggingofgreat
ships;he
eyesandthroatsofancientGreenwichpensioners,wheezingbythefiresides
oftheirwards;foginthestemandbowloftheafternoonpipeofthewrathful
skipper,downinhisclosecabin;fogcruellypinchingthetoesandthefingers
ofhisshiveringlittle'peopleonthebridges
peepingovertheparapetsintoanetherskyoffog,withfogallroundthem,as
iftheywereupinaballoonandhanginginthemistyclouds.
Gasloomingthroughthefogindiverseplacesinthestreets,muchasthe
sunmay,fromthespongyfields,beseentoloombyhusbandmanand
theshopslightedtwohoursbeforetheirtime-asthegas
seemstoknow,forithasahaggardandunwillinglook.
Therawafternoonisrawest,andthedensefogisdensest,andthemuddy
streetsaremuddiestnearthatleaden-headedoldobstruction,appropriate
ornamentforthethresholdofaleaden-headedoldcorporation,TempleBar.
AndhardbyTempleBar,inLincoln'sInnHall,attheveryheartofthefog,
sitstheLordHighChancellorinhisHighCourtofChancery.
allelstructurecanbedescribedas
follows:subject+dicateisellipticalandconsistsofeithera
prepositionalphrasewhichmayhavefurtherembeddingsoranon-finite
firstplace,therepeatedelementconsistsofonlyonewordfoganditoccursat
kestheelementhighly
eatedoccurrenceheregeneratesamoodofdensedepression.
terestingly,thecharacter
thatfirstappearsinthenovelistheLordHighChancellorwhomaybeseen
allyhowever,hesitsatthecentreof
theneasilyimaginewhetherornothecanseethingsclearly
andpassfairjudgement.
Secondly,wemayfindthattheparallelismfunctionstoknittheparagraph
stparallelunitwhich
happenstobethefirstsentenceisasummativestatement,thefollowingunits
intcanbeseenfrom
thetablebelow.
_________________________________________________________________
|Subject|Verb|Adverbial|
|___________|_________________|_________________________________|
|fog|-|everywhere|
|___________|_________________|_________________________________|
|fog|-|uptheriver|
|___________|_________________|_________________________________|
|fog|-|downtheriver|
|___________|_________________|_________________________________|
|fog|-|ontheEssexmarshes|
|___________|_________________|_________________________________|
|fog|-|ontheKentishheights|
|___________|_________________|_________________________________|
|fog|-creeping|intothecabooses|
|___________|_________________|_________________________________|
|fog|-lyingout|ontheyards|
|___________|_________________|_________________________________|
||hovering|intheriggingofgreatships|
|___________|_________________|_________________________________|
|fog|-drooping|onthegunwale|
|___________|_________________|_________________________________|
|fog|-|intheeyesandthroats|
|___________|_________________|_________________________________|
|fog|-|inthestemandbowl|
|___________|_________________|_________________________________|
Thisisonlyacruderepresentationofthestructureofthefirsttenparallel
expressionsintherightcolumnaresemanticallycalled
ationbetweenthewordeverywhereandtherestofthe
heremaybeviewedasthesuperordinate
wecanseethehighlycohesivenatureofthisparagraph.
Large-scaleparallelismisalsofoundinthethirdparagraphofthepassage.
Beingawareofthelengthofthissection,wenowhastentopointoutthatthis
parallelismcontributesagreatdealtothedepictionofagloomysettingfor
thenovel.
6.2.2Small-scaleParallelism
Small-scaleparallelismisthecasewhichconsistsofonlytwojuxtaposed
ertheexamplesbelow.
(13)O,myluveislikeared,redrose
That'snewlysprunginJune;
O,myluveislikethemelodie
That'ssweetlyplay'dintune.
(RobertBurns,ARed,RedRose)
(14)Hisfeeswerehigh;hislessonswerelight...
(OHenry)
InBurns'example,d
eyhaveincommonisthat
theybothexpressthespeaker'
contrast,thesecondexamplepresentsastrongcontrastbetweenthetwo
ferenceinfunctionmaybetestedbyinserting'but'in
econdexample,wemayinsert'but'
irstexample,however,wecannot
insertit,withoutchangingtheoriginalmeaningofthelines.
Whensmall-scaleparallelismiscombinedwithanimplicationofcontrast,
lowingaretwomore
examples.
(15)NotthatIlovedCaesarless,butthatIlovedRomemore.
(Shakespeare,JuliusCaesar)
(16)Toerrishuman,toforgivedevine.
(Pope,AnEssayonCriticism)
Beforeconcludingthissection,letuslookatamorecomplicatedcaseof
small-scaleparallelism.
AnIrishAirmanForeseeshisDeath
hatIshallmeetmyfate
ereamongthecloudsabove;
hatIfightIdonothate,
hatIguardIdonotlove;
tryisKiltartanCross,
trymenKiltartan'spoor,
lyendcouldbringthemloss
ethemhappierthanbefore.
,nordutybademefight,
licmen,norcheeringcrowds,
yimpulseofdelight
othistumultintheclouds;
cedall,broughtalltomind,
rstocomeseemedwasteofbreath,
ofbreaththeyearsbehind
ncewiththislife,thisdeath.
()
Linesthreeandfourofthispoemhaveidenticalstructureandrhythm.
Theirdifferenceliesinthateachofthetwoverbsinlinethreeisantonymous
eparallelismurgesa
r,phonologicaland
syntacticequivalenceusuallyhastheeffecttoimplysamenessofmeaning.
Theoppositionsetupbyeachpairofantonymshereisneutralized,andthe
twoantonymousitemsaremadetomeanmoreorlessthesamethinginthis
ore,wemaysaythatforthespeakerthereisnoessential
differencebetweenfightingthoseyoudonothateandguardingthoseyoudo
ng,itseemstohim,isthesamethingasguarding,andhating
chfundamentallydifferent
conceptsarereducedtothesamething,
parallelismherethereforecarriesastrongnoteoffatalism.
Exercises
sthefollowingquestions.
1)Whatismeantbyrepetition?
2)Howdoyoudistinguishimmediaterepetitionfromintermittent
repetition?
3)Whatismeantbyparallelism?
4)Whatseemstobethechieffunctionoflarge-scaleparallelism?
erthestylisticeffectsoftherepetitionsinthepoemsbelow.
1)TheSongoftheLowerClasses
We'relow-we'relow-we'revery,verylow,
Aslowaslowcanbe;
Thericharehigh-fortheymakethemso-
Andamiserablelotarewe!
Andamiserablelotarewe!arewe!
Amiserablelotarewe!
Weploughandsow-we'resovery,verylow,
Thatwedelveinthedirtyclay,
Tillweblesstheplainwiththegoldengrain,
Andthevalewiththefragranthay,
Ourplaceweknow-we'resoverylow,
'Tisdownatthelandlord'sfeet:
We'renottoolow-thebreadtogrow
Buttoolowthebreadtoeat.
We'relow,we'relow,etc.
Down,downwego-we'resovery,verylow,
Tothehellofthedeepsunkmines,
Butwegathertheproudestgemsthatglow,
Whenthecrownofadespotshines;
Andwheneverhelacks-uponourbacks
Freshloadshedeignstolay,
We'refartoolowtovotethetax
Butwe'renottoolowtopay.
We'relow,we'relow,etc.
We'relow,we'relow-mererabble,weknow,
Butatourplasticpower,
Themouldatthelordlin'sfeetwillgrow
Intopalaceandchurchandtower-
Thenprostratefall-intherichman'shall,
Andcringeattherichman'sdoor.
We'renottoolowtobuildthewall,
Buttoolowtotreadthefloor.
We'relow,we'relow,etc.
We'relow,we'relow-we'revery,verylow,
Yetfromourfingersglide
Thesilkenflow-andtherobesthatglow,
Roundthelimbsofthesonsofpride.
Andwhatweget-andwhatwegive,
Weknow-andweknowourshare.
We'renottoolowtheclothtoweave-
Buttoolowtheclothtowear.
We'relow,we'relow,etc.
We'relow,we'relow-we'revery,verylow,
Andyetwhenthetrumpetsring,
Thethrustofapoorman'sarmwillgo
Throughtheheartoftheproudestking!
We'relow,we'relow-ourplaceweknow,
We'reonlytherankandfile.
We'renottoolow-tokillthefoe,
Buttoolowtotouchthespoil.
We'relow,we'relow,etc.
(ErnestJones)
2)TheLamb
LittleLamb,whomadethee?
Dostthouknowwhomadethee?
Gavetheelifeandbidtheefeed,
Bythestreamando'erthemead;
Gavetheeclothingofdelight,
Softestclothing,wooly,bright;
Gavetheesuchatendervoice,
Makingallthevalesrejoice!
Littlelamb,whomadethee?
Dostthouknowwhomadethee?
Littlelamb,I'lltellthee,
Littlelamb,I'lltellthee!
Heiscalledbythyname,
ForhecallshimselfaLamb.
Heismeek,andheismild,
Hebecamealittlechild;
Iachild,andthoualamb,
Wearecalledbyhisname.
LittleLamb,Godblessthee!
LittleLamb,Godblessthee!
(WilliamBlake)
sthesignificanceoftherepetitionsinthefollowingpassages.
1)Dead!Dead,,Right
nandwomen,born
ngarounduseveryday.
(Dickens,BleakHouse)
2)ond,third...shallIcountthem?
No,myboy,thereisnowheretoreportsuchstatistics.
'Yourname?dress?omdidyouhave
contact?ddress?Talk!Talk!Talk,orwe'llbeatyou.'
Howmanyblowscanamanstand?
(Fuchik,NotesundertheGallows)
sthestyleofthefollowingpoemsorpartsofpoems,paying
particularattentiontohowinstancesofparallelismfunctioninthepoetic
discourse.
1)TheYear'sattheSpring
Theyear'satthespring,
Andtheday'satthemorn;
Morning'satseven;
Thehill-side'sdew-pearled;
Thelark'sonthewing;
Thesnail'sonthethorn:
God'sinhisheaven-
All'srightwiththeworld!
(RobertBrowning)
2)InaStationoftheMetro
Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowds
Petalsonawet,blackbough.
(EzraPound)
3)Thenighthasathousandeyes,
Andthedaybutone.
Yetthelightofthebrightworlddies
Withthedyingsun.
Themindhasathousandeyes,
andtheheartbutone;
Yetthelightofthewholelifedies
Whenloveisdone.
(llon)
4)LittleThings
Littledropsofwater,
Littlegrainsofsand,
Makethemightyocean
Andthepleasantland.
Littledeedsofkindness,
Littlewordsoflove,
MakeourearthanEden,
Liketheheavenabove.
()
5)Myheartislikeasingingbird
Whosenestisinawateredshoot;
Myheartislikeanappletree
Whoseboughsarebentwiththick-setfruit;
Myheartislikearainbowshell
Thatpaddlesinahalcyonsea;
Myheartisgladderthanallthese
Becausemyloveiscometome.
(ti)
6)['AgeandYouth']
Crabbedageandyouthcannotlivetogether,
Youthisfullofpleasance,Ageisfullofcare,
Youthlikethesummermorne,Agelikewinterweather,
Youthlikesummerbrave,Agelikewinterbare,
Youthisfullofsport,Age'sbreathisshort,
Youthisnimble,Ageislame,
Youthishotandbold,Ageisweakeandcold,
Youthiswild,andAgeistame.
AgeIdoeabhorthee,YouthIdoeadorethee,
Omylovemyloveisyoung:
AgeIdoedefiethee,OhsweetShepheardhiethee,
Formethinksthoustaiestoolong.
(Shakespeare)
etheexamplesofparallelisminthepassagesbelowand
commentontheirstylisticeffects.
1)Allthesame,forsometimeTomhadbeenawarethathewasworking
e,Louie,gavehimapeckinthemorning
whenheleftfortheofficeand,ifshewerenotataparty,apeckinthe
asobviousthatherlifewas
completelyfilledwiththechildren,withherclothes,withkeepingherfigure
slim,withkeepingthehousecleanandsmart,withhercharities,herbridge,
hertennis,herfriendsandherparties.
(JoyceCary,TheBreakout)
2)Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemen
usethem.
(FrancisBacon,OfStudies)
3)Catharinewatchedhimgrowsmallerinthelongperspectiveof
shadowsandtrees,knewthatifhestoppedandturnednow,ifhecalledto
her,ldhavenochoice.
all."Catharine,"hecalled.
Sherantohim,putherarmsaroundhim,couldnotspeak.
(KurtVonnegut,Jr.,LongWalktoForever)
4)Brutus:Bepatienttillthelast.(Pause)
Romans,countrymen,andlovers!
(Thereareshoutsfromthemob.)
Hearmeformycause,andbesilent,emefor
minehonor,andhaverespecttominehonor,e
meinyourwisdom,andawakeyoursenses,thatyoumaybethebetterjudge.
Iftherebeanyinthisassembly,anydearfriendofCaesar'stohimIsay,that
Brutus'thatfrienddemandwhy
BrutusroseagainstCaesar,thisismyanswer:NotthatIlovedCaesarless,
ratherCaesarwerelivinganddieall
slaves,thanthatCaesarweredead,toliveallfreemen?AsCaesarlovedme,
Iweepforhim;ashewasfortunate,Irejoiceatit;ashewasvaliant,Ihonor
him;but,ashewasambitious,stearsforhislove;joyfor
hisfortune;honorforhisvalor;ereso
basethatwouldbeabondman?Ifany,speak,
isheresorudethatwouldnotbeaRoman?Ifany,speak,forhimhaveI
eresovilethatwouldnotlovehiscountry?Ifany,speak,
forareply.
(Shakespeare,JuliusCaesar)