元音和辅音
-家长会课件
2023年2月14日发(作者：个人意见).
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元音辅音及其差别
元音
12个单元音
长元音
[i:][E:][C:][u:][B:]
短元音
[E][C][Q][e][A]
8个双元音[ai][ei][Ci][iE][ZE][uE][Eu][au]
辅音
10对
清辅音
[p][t][k][f][s][W][F][tF][tr][ts]
浊辅音
[d][g][v][z][T][V][dV][dr][dz]
3个鼻音
[m][n][N]
3个似拼音
[h][r][l]
2个半元音
[w][j]
二，其次我们看理论定义：
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元音(vowel)发音时从肺部呼出的气流通过起共鸣器作用的口腔，阻力极小并无摩
擦声音的语音。半元音的发音方法与元音相同。但常被视为辅音；yawn（打呵欠）
中的y音，walk(步行)中的w音是半元音。
元音，又称母音，是音素的一种，与辅音相对。元音是在发音过程中由气流通过
口腔而不受阻碍发出的音。
发元音时，气流从肺部通过声门冲击声带，使声带发出均匀震动，然后震音气流
不受阻碍的通过口腔、鼻腔，通过舌、唇的调节而发出不同的声音。发元音时声
带必然震动，这叫做浊音。也有的语言发元音时声带不振动，发出清元音(voiceless
vowel)。
英语中音素分为元音音素和辅音音素两大类。其中元音音素20个，辅音音素24
个。
辅音：不论声带振动与否，发声时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定阻碍，
这样的语音称为辅音。辅音发音不响亮，口腔中气流受到阻碍，不是构成音节的
主要音。英语中有24个辅音。（有的书将[ts]、[dz]、[tr]、[dr]也归为辅音，即
有28个辅音，共48个音素。）
辅音有清辅音和浊辅音之分，同样的发音位置，如果声带震动就是浊辅音，如果
声带不震动就是清辅音了
如：。[p][t][k]三个音发音时声带不振动，叫做清辅音，[b][d][g]三个音发音时
声带振动，叫做浊辅音。
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[f][s][h][W][F]五个音为清辅音，[v][z][r][w][j][T][V]七个音为浊辅音。
元音字母是26个字母中的aeiou其他的是辅音字母
注意：元音字母和元音不同辅音字母和辅音不同
另外清浊辅音的区别也仅仅与声带振动有关。发清辅音时声带不会振动，发浊辅
音时声带会振动。
ABriefLookattheHistoryofEnglish
ThehistoryofEnglishisconventionally,ifperhapstooneatly,dividedintothreeperiods
usuallycalledOldEnglish(orAnglo-Saxon),MiddleEnglish,
earliestperiodbeginswiththemigrationofcertainGermanictribesfromthecontinent
toBritaininthefifthcenturyA.D.,thoughnorecordsoftheirlanguagesurvivefrom
beforetheseventhcentury,anditcontinuesuntiltheendoftheeleventhcenturyorabit
timeLatin,OldNorse(thelanguageoftheVikinginvaders),andespecially
theAnglo-NormanFrenchofthedominantclassaftertheNormanConquestin1066
hadbeguntohaveasubstantialimpactonthelexicon,andthewell-developed
inflectionalsystemthattypifiesthegrammarofOldEnglishhadbeguntobreakdown.
ThefollowingbriefsampleofOldEnglishproseillustratesseveralofthesignificantways
inwhichchangehassotransformedEnglishthatwemustlookcarefullytofindpointsof
kenfrom
Aelfric's"ytheGreat"andconcernsthefamousstoryofhowthat
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popecametosendmissionariestoconverttheAnglo-SaxonstoChristianityafterseeing
Anglo-Saxonboysforsaleasslavesin
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Rome:
Eftheaxode,huðæreðeodenamawæreþæsgeandwyrd,þæthi
Anglegenemnodewæron.Þacwæðhe,"RihtlicehisindAnglegehatene,forðanðehi
englawlitehabbað,andswilcumgedafenaðþæthionheofonumenglageferanbeon."
Afewofthesewordswillberecognizedasidenticalinspellingwiththeirmodern
equivalents--he,of,him,for,and,on--andtheresemblanceofafewotherstofamiliar
wordsmaybeguessed--namatoname,comontocome,wæretowere,wæstowas--
butonlythosewhohavemadeaspecialstudyofOldEnglishwillbeabletoreadthe
seofitisasfollows:"Againhe[y]asked
nsweredtohim
said,'RightlyaretheycalledAnglesbecausethey
havethebeautyofangels,anditisfittingthatsuchastheyshouldbeangels'companions
inheaven.'"Someofthewordsintheoriginalhavesurvivedinalteredform,including
axode(asked),hu(how),rihtlice(rightly),engla(angels),habbað(have),swilcum(such),
heofonum(heaven),andbeon(be).Others,however,havevanishedfromourlexicon,
mostlywithoutatrace,includingseveralthatwerequitecommonwordsinOldEnglish:
eft"again,"ðeode"people,nation,"cwæð"said,spoke,"gehatene"called,named,"wlite
"appearance,beauty,"andgeferan"companions."Recognitionofsomewordsisnaturally
hinderedbythepresenceoftwospecialcharacters,þ,called"thorn,"andð,called"edh,"
whichservedinOldEnglishtorepresentthesoundsnowspelledwithth.
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Otherpointsworthnotingincludethefactthatthepronounsystemdidnotyet,inthe
latetenthcentury,includethethirdpersonpluralformsbeginningwithth-:hiappears
laspectsofwordorderwillalsostrikethereaderas
tandverbareinvertedafteranadverb--þacwæðhe"Then
saidhe"--aphenomenonnotunknowninModernEnglishbutnowrestrictedtoafew
adverbs
subordinateclausesthemainverbmustbelast,andsoanobjectoraprepositionmay
precedeitinawaynolongernatural:þehiofcomon"whichtheyfromcame,"forðan
ðehienglawlitehabbað"becausetheyangels'beautyhave."
PerhapsthemostdistinctivedifferencebetweenOldandModernEnglishreflectedin
Aelfric'ssentencesistheelaboratesystemofinflections,ofwhichwenowhaveonly
,adjectives,andeventhedefinitearticleareinflectedforgender,case,
andnumber:ðæreðeode"(of)thepeople"isfeminine,genitive,andsingular,Angle
"Angles"ismasculine,accusative,andplural,andswilcum"such"ismasculine,dative,
temofinflectionsforverbswasalsomoreelaboratethanours:for
example,habbað"have"endswiththe-aðsuffixcharacteristicofpluralpresent
tion,thereweretwoimperativeforms,foursubjunctiveforms
(twoforthepresenttenseandtwoforthepreterit,orpast,tense),andseveralothers
ereModernEnglishretainsaparticularcategoryof
inflection,lishpresentparticiplesendedin-ende
not-ing,andpastparticiplesboreaprefixge-(asgeandwyrd"answered"above).
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TheperiodofMiddleEnglishextendsroughlyfromthetwelfthcenturythroughthe
luenceofFrench(andLatin,oftenbywayofFrench)uponthelexicon
continuedthroughoutthisperiod,thelossofsomeinflectionsandthereductionof
others(oftentoafinalunstressedvowelspelled-e)accelerated,andmanychangestook
alprose
passage,especiallyonefromthelaterpartoftheperiod,willnothavesuchaforeignlook
tousasAelfric'sprosehas;butitwillnotbemistakenforcontemporarywritingeither.
Thefollowingbriefpassageisdrawnfromaworkofthelatefourteenthcenturycalled
Mandeville'ctionintheguiseoftravelliterature,and,thoughitpurports
tobefromthepenofanEnglishknight,itwasoriginallywritteninFrenchandlater
extractMandevilledescribesthelandofBactria,
apparentlynotanaltogetherinvitingplace,asitisinhabitedby"fullyuele[evil]folkand
fullcruell."
Inþatlondbentreesþatberenwolle,asþoghitwereofscheep;whereofmenmaken
clothes,andallþingþþatcontreebenmanyipotaynes,þat
dwellensomtymeinthewater,andsomtymeonthelond:andþeibenhalfmanandhalf
hors,asIhaueseydbefore;andþeietenmen,whanþþereben
ryueresandwatresþatbenfullebyttere,þreesithesmoreþ
þatcontrébenmanygriffounes,moreplenteeþseyn
þatþeihanthebodyvpwardasanegle,andbenetheasalyoun:andtreulyþeiseynsoth
þatþeibenofþiffounhaththebodymoregret,andismorestrong,
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þanneeightlyouns,ofsuchelyounsasbenothishalf;andmoregretandstrongereþan
anhundredegles,iffounþerewilberefleyngeto
hisnestagrethors,3ifhemayfyndehimatthepoynt,ortwooxen3okedtogidere,as
þeigonattheplowgh.
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Thespellingisoftenpeculiarbymodernstandardsandeveninconsistentwithinthese
fewsentences(contréandcontree,o[griffoun]anda[grethors],þanneandþan,for
example).Moreover,intheoriginaltext,thereisinadditiontothornanotherold
character3,called"yogh,"epresentseveralsoundsbuthere
eolderspellings(includingthosewhereu
standsforvorviceversa)arerecognizable,however,andthereareonlyafewwordslike
ipotaynes"hippopotamuses"andsithes"times"thathavedroppedoutofthelanguage
oticeafewwordsandphrasesthathavemeaningsnolonger
commonsuchasbyttere"salty,"othishalf"onthissideoftheworld,"andatthepoynt
"tohand,"andtheeffectofthecenturies-longdominanceofFrenchonthevocabularyis
evidentinmanyfamiliarwordswhichcouldnothaveoccurredinAelfric'swritingevenif
hissubjecthadallowedthem,wordslikecontree,ryueres,plentee,egle,andlyoun.
Ingeneralwordorderisnowveryclosetothatofourtime,thoughwenotice
constructionslikehaththebodymoregretandthreesithesmoreþanisthewaterofthe
noticethatpresenttenseverbsstillreceiveapluralinflectionasinberen,
dwellen,han,andbenandthatwhilenominativeþeihasreplacedAelfric'shiinthethird
personplural,same,thenumberofinflections
fornouns,adjectives,andverbshasbeengreatlyreduced,andinmostrespects
MandevilleisclosertoModernthantoOldEnglish.
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Th
earlypartofthisperiodsawthecompletionofarevolutioninthephonologyofEnglish
thathadbeguninlateMiddleEnglishandthateffectivelyredistributedtheoccurrenceof
thevowelphonemestosomethingapproximatingtheirpresentpattern.(Mandeville's
Englishwouldhavesoundedevenlessfamiliartousthanitlooks.)Otherimportantearly
developmentsincludethestabilizingeffectonspellingoftheprintingpressandthe
beginningofthedirectinfluenceofLatinand,toalesserextent,Greekonthelexicon.
Later,asEnglishcameintocontactwithotherculturesaroundtheworldanddistinctive
dialectsofEnglishdevelopedinthemanyareaswhichBritainhadcolonized,numerous
otherlanguagesmadesmallbutinterestingcontributionstoourword-stock.
英语写作常用修辞方法
发布时间：2010-07-15浏览次数：
英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介
绍如下:
明喻
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而
不是事物的自然属性.
标志词常用like,as,seem,asif,asthough,similarto,suchas
等.
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例如:
1>.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohear
himcrow.
2>.Iwanderedlonelyasccloud.
3>.Einsteinonlyhadablanketon,asifhehadjustwalked
outofafairytale.
or隐喻,暗喻
隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形
成.
例如:
1>.Hopeisagoodbreakfast,butitisabadsupper.
2>.Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,and
somefewtobechewedanddigested.
my借喻,转喻
借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.
I.以容器代替内容,例如:
1>.Thekettleboils.水开了.
2>.Theroomsatsilent.全屋人安静地坐着.
II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:
Lendmeyourears,please.请听我说.
III.以作者代替作品,例如:
acompleteShakespeare莎士比亚全集
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VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:
Ihadthemuscle,andtheymademoneyoutofit.
我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.
oche提喻
提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.
例如:
1>.Thereareabout100handsworkinginhisfactory.
他的厂里约有100名工人.
2>.HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.
他是本世纪的牛顿.
3>.Thefoxgoesverywellwithyourcap.
这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.
thesia通感,联觉,移觉
这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.
例如:
1>.Thebirdssatuponatreeandpouredforththeirlilylike
voice.
鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.
2>.TastethemusicofMozart.
品尝Mozart的音乐.
ification拟人
拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.
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例如:
1>.Thenightgentlylaysherhandatourfeveredheads.
2>.Iwasveryhappyandcouldhearthebirdssinginginthe
woods.
ole夸张
夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达
效果..
例如:
1>.Ibegathousandpardons.
2>.thewholeworldtome,andthemoon
andthestars.
3>.Whensheheardthebadnews,ariveroftearspouredout.
elism排比,平行
这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语
气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.
例如:
1>.Noonecanbeperfectlyfreetillallarefree;noonecanbe
perfectlymoraltillallaremoral;noonecanbeperfectlyhappytill
allarehappy.
2>.Inthedayswhenallthesethingsaretobeansweredfor,
Isummonyouandyours,tothelastofyourbadrace,toanswer
ayswhenallthesethingsaretobeanswered
for,Isummonyourbrother,theworstofyourbadrace,toanswer
forthemseparately.
ism委婉,婉辞法
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婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.
例如:
1>.Heisoutvisitingthenecessary.
他出去方便一下.
2>.Hisrelationwithhiswifehasnotbeenfortunate.
他与妻子关系不融洽.
3>.DengXiaopingpassedawayin1997.
ry讽喻,比方
这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为"换个方式的说法".它是一种形象
的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.
例如:
1>.Makethehaywhilethesunshines.
2>.It'stimetoturnploughintosword.
反语
反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,
用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.
例如:
1>.Itwouldbeafinethingindeednotknowingwhattimeit
wasinthemorning.
2>"Ofcourse,youonlycarrylargenotes,nosmallchangeon
you."thewaitersaidtothebeggar.
双关
双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲
侧击,从而达到意想不到的
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幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.
例如:
1>.Sheistoolowforahighpraise,toobrownforafairpraise
andtoolittleforagreatpraise.
2>.Anambassadorisanhonestmanwholiesabroadforthe
goodofhiscountry.
3>.Ifwedon'thangtogether,weshallhangseparately.
仿拟
这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意
的修辞.
例如:
1>.Romewasnotbuiltinaday,norinayear.
2>.Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided.
3>.Ifyougiveagirlaninchnowadaysshewillmakeaddress
ofit.
icalquestion修辞疑问
它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,
取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈
的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.
例如:
1>.Howwasitpossibletowalkforanhourthroughthewoods
andseenothingworthofnote?
2>.Shallweallowthoseuntruthstogounanswered?
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esis对照,对比,对偶
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.
例如:
1>.NotthatIlovedCaeserlessbutthatIlovedRomemore.
2>.Youarestaying;Iamgoing.
3>.Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath.
x隽语
这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修
辞法..
例如:
1>.Morehaste,lessspeed.
2>.Thechildisthefathertotheman.
on反意法,逆喻
这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协
调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.
例如:
1>.Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible.
2>.Thestateofthishouseischeerlesswelcome.
渐进法,层进法
这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐
进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.
例如:
1>.Iamsorry,Iamsosorry,Iamsoextremelysorry.
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2>.Eyehadnotseennorearheard,andnothinghadtouched
hisheartofstone.
imax渐降法
与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排
列.
例如:
1>.Onhisbreasthewearshisdecorations,athissidea
sword,onhisfeetapairofboots.
2>.Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeel
potatoes.
TheBronteSisters布朗蒂姐妹/布朗特姐妹
布朗蒂三姐妹是指：CharlotteBronte夏洛蒂.布朗蒂EmilyBronte艾米丽.布朗蒂和
AnneBronte安妮.布朗蒂
艾米莉的小说《呼啸山庄》
安的《艾格尼斯格雷》《女房客》
夏略特《教授》《简爱》《雪莉》《维莱特》
CharlesDickens所有作品中英文名
双城记英文版ATaleofTwoCities
圣诞颂歌英文版AChristmasCarol
大卫.科波菲尔
大卫.科波菲尔英文版DavidCopperfield
艰难时世英文版HardTimes
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荒凉山庄英文版BleakHouse
董贝父子英文版DombeyandSon
远大前程
远大前程英文版GreatExpectations
雾都孤儿
雾都孤儿英文版OliverTwist
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