2024年2月17日发(作者:)

语法项目一 │ 动词时态和语态
1.(2021·江苏,31)He’s been informed that he ________ for the scholarship because of his academic
background.
’t qualified ’t qualified
’t qualify ’t qualifying
2.(2022·江苏,22)More efforts,as reported,________ in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.
made be made
being made been made
3.(2021·江苏,30)The real reason why prices ________, and still are, too high is complex, and no
short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
be
been been
1.C [句意:他被告知,由于他的学术背景,他没有资格获得奖学金。此处强调的是“不能获得奖学金”这一客观事实,因此用一般现在时。]
2.B [句意:正如报道的那样,在将来几年内要做出更大的努力去加快供应侧结构改革。依据时间状语in the years ahead可知,此处要用一般将来时,再结合主语More efforts与动词make之间为被动关系。故答案为B。]
3.A [句意:价格过去和现在仍旧过高的缘由是简单的,没有简短的争辩可以令人满足地解释这个问题。依据and still are可以推断出空白处是对过去时态的考查。]
一、动词时态
1.常考动词时态的种类
①一般现在时 ②一般过去时 ③一般将来时 ④现在进行时 ⑤过去进行时 ⑥过去将来时
⑦将来进行时
⑧现在完成时 ⑨过去完成时 ⑩现在完成进行时
2.常用动词时态的句子结构
(S=主语;do=动词原形;does=动词第三人称单数;did=过去式; doing=现在分词;done=过去分词)
一般现在时:S+do/does+...
一般过去时:S+did+...
现在进行时:S+am/is/
过去进行时:S+was/
一般将来时:S+will/shall+do...
过去将来时:S+should/would+do...
现在完成时:S+have/
过去完成时:S+
现在完成进行时:S+have/has
过去完成进行时:S+had
3.动词时态考点透析
(1)在时间状语从句、条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来,这时主句要用一般将来时态。
The volleyball match will be put off if it rains.
假如下雨的话,排球赛就会推迟。
If city noises are not kept from increasing,people will have to shout to be heard 20 years from now
on.
假如不阻挡城市噪音增长的话,20年后人们就得大喊大叫才能让人听见。
(2)一般现在时可表示主语具备的某种力量、某种性能。
I play ping-pong quite well,but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.
我的乒乓球打得不错,不过自从新年后,我就没时间打球了。(“会打球”是主语具备的一种力量,不会短时间内消逝,用现在时)
—Can I help you,sir?
—Yes,I bought this radio here yesterday,but it doesn’t work.
——我能帮你吗,先生?
——好的,我昨天在这里买了个收音机,可是它不能正常工作。(doesn’t work是主语的性能)
(3)过去将来时和过去完成时都是相对过去时间而存在的时态,在答题时,肯定要认真揣摩上下文的时间关系。
We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon.
当他清楚地说很快就要辞职时,我们都惊呆了。
—How long had they known each other before they got married?
—For about a year.
——他们结婚前生疏多长时间了?
——大约一年。
Helen had left her key in the office,so she had to wait until her husband came home.
海伦把钥匙落在办公室了,所以她不得不等她丈夫回来。
(4)leave,go,arrive,take,fly,start,begin,come等动词的现在时可表示方案支配好的将来,它们的进行时也可以表示将来的动作。
The train leaves at four o’’s hurry.
火车四点动身,咱们快点吧。
I’ve won a holiday for two weeks to Florida.I am taking my mum together.
我赢得了去佛罗里达两周的假期, 我将带我妈妈一同前往。
(5)be going to表示早就支配好的将来,或表示依据某种迹象推断将要发生的事情;will/shall表示临时打算要做的动作;be to表示按商定方案或按职责、义务将要发生的动作,强调主语的意志和决心;be about to表示马上就要发生的动作,不能与表示将来的精确 时间状语连用。—What are you going to do this evening?
—I’m going to see a film with my friend.
——今晚你打算做什么?
——我打算和我伴侣一起去看电影。
—Haven’t you known is ill?
—Really? Then I’ll go to see him instead.
——你不知道王先生病了吗?
——真的吗?那么我就去看王先生吧。
—How about seeing a film tomorrow?
—Sorry,I can’t.I am to take the driving test.
——明天去看电影怎么样?
——对不起,明天不行,我要考驾照。
(6)假如句中有so far,since,by now,in/during the last few years,till now,up to now等表示时间的短语,谓语动词只能用现在完成时。
So far they have dug more than 100 wells to get enough drinking water.
到目前为止,为了猎取足够的饮用水,他们已经打了一百多口水井。
I have been busy during the last few days.
最近几天我始终在忙着。
(7)句型“It is the ”,“This is the ”中,从句的谓语要用现在完成时。句型“It was
the ”,“This was the ”中,从句的谓语要用过去完成时。
This is the first time I’ve been here.
这是我第一次来到这儿。
That was the second time that they had witnessed an accident at the crossing.
那是他们其次次在十字路口目睹事故发生。
(8)句中的状语是“by the end of+过去时间”,动词用过去完成时。句中的状语是“by the end of+将来时间”,动词用将来完成时。
By the end of last term,we had learned about three thousand English words.
到上学期末,我们大约学了3 000个英语单词。
By the end of next month,we shall have finished Book Five.
到下个月末,我们已经学完了第五册。
4.高考易混淆的时态用法
(1)一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区分
一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的,与其他时间没有牵连,它所表示的事情纯属过去,与现在状况没有联系;现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的、现在之前的过去某个或某段时间,它所表示的事情与现在状况有关系,是过去事情对现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。
(2)一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区分
一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的,过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。两种时态建立的
时间参照点不同,对过去完成时来说,这个过去时间参照点格外重要,它是过去完成概念建立的基础,也是与一般过去时相区分的重要标准。过去完成时的时间状语常用by和before引导的短语表示。
(3)过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区分
两种时态都常与一段时间的状语连用,但现在完成时表示的是连续到现在或同现在有关的动作,而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或连续到过去某时的动作。
二、动词语态
1.语态的概述
英语中动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
做有关语态的题目可以分为两步走:第一步确定正确的时态,其次步确定正确的语态。推断用主动语态还是用被动语态的依据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系:假如是主谓关系则用主动语态,假如是动宾关系则用被动语态。
2.被动语态的构成(以write为例)
时间 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态
现在
am/is/are written am/is/are being written has/have been written
过去
was/were written was/were being written had been written
将来
shall/will be written
3.动词语态考点透析
(1)进行时、将来时、完成时、情态动词的被动语态的谓语分别是be being done,will/shall be done,have/has/had been done,情态动词+be done,不要遗漏任何部分。
All the work must be finished by Friday.
全部工作都必需在周五前完成。
A railway is being built to connect these two cities.
正在修建一条铁路连接这两个城市。
(2)“get+过去分词”表被动。
He fell and got hurt.
他摔了一跤,受伤了。
(3)主动形式表被动意义。
①系动词look,feel,sound,smell,taste,seem,appear,go,prove,turn等+形容词/名词。
The dish tastes delicious.
这菜很好吃。
His plan proved (to be) practical.
他的方案证明是可行的。
②be worth doing
The book is worth reading.
这本书值得一读。
③need/want/require/bear+doing
=need/want/require/bear to be done
The room needs cleaning.
=The room needs to be cleaned.
屋子需要打扫。
④be+adj.+to do
The place is hard to find in the map.
这个地方在地图上很难被发觉。
⑤当句子的主语是物,同时又是动作涉及的对象,而动词又是表明主语本身的特性时,用主动形式表被动意义。这时,句末有一个表示方式的副词。
The pen I bought yesterday writes smoothly.
我昨天买的钢笔书写流畅。
The cloth washes well.
这种布耐洗。
高考中对动词时态和语态的考查每年都会有2~3个小题,试题的设置大多是在肯定的语境中,所以要求考生必需在所设置的语境中,依据所给信息进行选择。一般来说,命题人在考查时态这个内容时,总是把易混淆或相近的时态放在一起以增加考查的难度。时态的考查主要以一般时、进行时和完成时为主,其中重点考查的时态有一般过去时、现在完成时和现在完成进行时、现在进行时、过去进行时及过去完成时。对动词时态及语态的考查仍将是高考的测试重点。试题将连续呈现在具体语境中考查时态和语态的用法。这就要求考生要把握各种时态的被动语态的形式和用法,生疏并把握不行用于被动语态的不及物动词;把握固定句型中时态的运
用,能够区分易混淆的时态用法。
1.(2021·江苏,31)He hurried home,never once looking back to see if he________.
being followed following
been followed ed
答案 A [句意:他匆忙赶回家,都没回头看看是否有人在跟踪他。此处强调的是过去正在发生的动作。]
2.(2022·江苏,29)Dashan,who ________ crosstalk,the Chinese comedic tradition,for decades,wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
be learning learning
been learning been learning
答案 D [句意:大山已经学习中国传统喜剧——相声几十年了,他期望把相声与西方喜剧整合起来。依据时间状语for decades可知,表示从过去到现在(有可能连续到将来),故此处要用现在完成进行时。]
thousands of years,human beings ________ many ways to avoid risks and make life easier.
figured out figuring out
figured out figure out
答案 C [时间状语“Over thousands of years”通常与现在完成时态连用。故选C项。 ]
let off upon me the speech he ________ to make all along.
died
dying been dying
答案 D [句意:史密斯先生向我不断练习一个他始终就渴望做的演讲。依据语境可知,be dying
to make the speech的动作在let off之前发生,let off是过去的动作,故用过去完成进行时。]
5.—Isn’t it time you went to bed,Mike?
—I ________ painting all afternoon,so I have to finish my homework now.
practicing practiced
been practicing practiced
答案 A [句意:“我整个下午都在练习绘画,所以现在我不得不完成我的作业了。”依据语境可知,paint这动作是在all afternoon这一段时间内发生,故用过去进行时。]
6.—Have you finished typing the report to be used at the meeting?
—Yes.I ________ on it for two hours.
worked worked
been working
答案 C [依据Yes可知“我已经将报告打完了”,所以“我在它上面花了两个小时的时间”指的是过去,故用一般过去时。]
is reported that China will not buy the Euro debt until some thorough search ________.
be done been done
been done have been done
答案 C [句意:据报道,中国在进行深化争辩后,才会购买欧洲债务。until后接的是从句,故用一般现在时,或现在完成时。]
order to escape from being punished,they tried to hide the truth that their neglect ________ the
accident.
cause
caused caused
答案 C [句意:为了躲避惩处,他们努力掩盖是他们的疏忽导致了这场事故的真相。cause这动作发生在tried to hide之前,故用过去完成时。]
9.—What do you think of his lecture?
—I don’t want to make improper comments,for I ________ part of it.
missed
missed miss
答案 B [句意:“你认为他的讲座如何?”“我不想做不恰当的评论,由于我错过了一部分。”这里指错过的动作对现在的影响,故用现在完成时。]
’ll recognize me when you get out of the station.I ________ jeans and a white T-shirt.
be wearing worn
wearing worn
答案 A [依据句意:“你出站的时候,就会认出我来,我将穿一条牛仔裤和一件白衬衫。”可知,wear的动作发生在将来,故选A。]
11.—You seem to know each other quite well.
—Sure! We ________ in the same company for 5 years.
worked
worked working
答案 A [句意:“你们好像很熟。”“当然了。我们在同一家公司工作了五年。”依据语境可知,共事五年这动作已结束,故用过去时。 ]
12.—What do you think of this dress,darling?
—Er...sorry,dear.I ________.What did you say?
’t listen ’t listened
’t listened ’t listening
答案 D [句意:“友爱的,你认为这条裙子如何?”“嗯,愧疚,友爱的。我刚才没听,你说什么?”这里指对方说话时没听,故用过去进行时。]
13.—Why must we get up so early?
—If we ________ the flight we would have to stay here for another week.
missed
miss
答案 C [句意:“我们今日为什么非要起这么早?”“假如我们错过航班,那么我们将不得不在这里再呆一周。”依据语境可知,此处是对现在状况的假设,主句用would+动词原形,从句用一般过去时态。]
14.I ________ part in the yearly singing contest this Saturday you be interested in
coming?
taking take
taken
答案 A [依据“this Saturday afternoon”(本周六下午)和“coming”可知,一年一度的唱歌竞赛还没有开头,故用现在进行时表示将来,即“本周六下午我将参与一年一度的唱歌竞赛”。]
you visit our town next August,a modern sports center ________, for the National Games
are to be held then.
be constructing
been constructing
have been constructed
being constructed
答案 C [句意:当你明年八月参观我们的小镇时,一座现代化的体育中心将被建成,到那时,全运会将在那里进行。sports center与construct之间是动宾关系,故用被动;依据语境可知,到明年八月来参观时所发生的动作,应用将来完成时。]
16.I first met three years had just returned from abroad and ________ English in Senior
One then.
teach
teaching taught
答案 C [句意:三年前我第一次遇到李先生。他刚从国外回来,当时他正在高一班级教英语。过去进行时表示过去的某一时间点或时间段正在进行的动作或所处的状态。故选C项。]
17.—Hey,Bob! Nice to see you you moved to China?
—No,I ________ for a week only.
visit
visited visiting
答案 D [句意:“嘿,Bob!在这里见到你很兴奋,你搬到中国来了吗?”“不,我只是到这里玩一个星期。”依据语境可知,此处指在这一个星期所发生的事,故用现在进行时。]
,the telephone ________.Could you answer it since I am doing the dishes?
rung
ringing
答案 D [句意:哦,电话铃正在响。你能(帮我)接一下吗?由于我正在洗碗。依据其次句的语境可知,电话铃正在响,故应用现在进行时。]
I like about her is that she ________ at the bright side of everything.
always looking looks
looked always looked
答案 A [句意:我宠爱她的一点是她总是看到事情乐观的一面。副词always,constantly,forever与现在进行时连用,表示说话者的一种态度。]
20.—I dropped by at 6:00 pm yesterday but failed to see you at your house.
—I________in a gym at that time.
exercising exercising
exercised exercised
答案 A [句意:“昨天下午六点我顺便访问了你,但是你没有在家。”“那个时间我正在体育馆熬炼。”依据时间状语“at that time”可知,用过去进行时态,故选A。]
21.—Have you moved into your new house?
—Not ________ at present.
be painted painted
being painted painted
答案 C [句意:“你搬进新居子了吗?”“还没有呢。房子现在正在粉刷。”没有搬进去说明“粉刷”这个动作正在发生,主语是房子,要用被动语态。故选C项。]
had just lost his job when,at the precise moment,his girlfriend broke up with
________ salt into his wound.
rubbed
rub rubbing
答案 D [句意:他刚刚丢了工作,就在那个时候,他的女伴侣和他分手了,她这是在他伤口上撒盐。句中“at the precise moment”指就在那时,提示我们此处要用过去进行时。]
’d better not call the manager between 7 and 8 this evening,for he ________ an important
meeting then.
be having have
have have had
答案 A [句中的时间状语“between 7 and 8 this evening”是表示将来的时间。表示将来时间点或者时间段正在进行的动作或所处的状态,要用将来进行时。故选A项。]
mes giving a gift is better than spoken communications,since the message it ________ can
break through barriers of language.
d
offer offered
答案 A [句意:有时赠送礼物比口头沟通要好,由于它所供应的信息可以突破语言障碍。依据语境可知,这里用一般现在时。]
25.—What a heavy rain!
—Yes.I ________ to take an umbrella with me,but I didn’t.
planned plan
planned plan
答案 A [过去完成时与表示方案或打算的词连用时,表示过去未曾实现的方案或打算。故选A项。]
was pleased to see that the seeds she ________ in the garden were growing.
planting planted
plant planted
答案 D [句意:玛丽很兴奋地看到她在花园里种的种子正在生长。依据句意可知,种种子是在种子成长之前,故选D。]
27.—Do you know when your mother ________ to pick you up?
—At 11:40 am.
come coming
come come
答案 B [句意:“你知道你妈妈什么时候来接你吗?”“在上午11:40。”come的动作发生
在将来,故用将来时。英语中come,go,start等动词可以用现在进行时表将来,故选B。]
28.—Do you have any idea why Jenny left the firm?
—Probably,she ________ for a pay rise,but was turned down.
held out
out
out
been holding out
答案 C [句意:“你知道为什么Jenny离开公司吗?”“可能是由于她提出涨工资被拒绝了。”与but 后的时态was turned全都也用过去时,表示过去发生的一个事实,此处是主动意思,故选C。]
29.—Monitor?
—I’m not monitor of our class.I ________with the teacher until the monitor is elected.
just help
just helping
just to help
just helped
答案 C [句意:“班长?”“我不是班长。我现在只是挂念老师做些事情,直到班长选举出来。”依据题意可知,我现在只是挂念老师做一些事情,示意目前我正从事的事情,所以需用现在进行时表示目前正进行的动作。]
30.—It must have taken you quite a long time to check the e-mails that day,boss.
— the e-mails ________ for weeks since I was ill in the hospital.
’t been checked
’t been checked
’t checked
’t checked
答案 C [句意:“老板,那天你应当花了不少时间才查收完全部的邮件吧。”“的确。自从我生病住院以来,邮件已经好几个星期没有查收了。”从It must have taken与that day可以推断,“查收邮件”这个动作发生在过去,因此,“邮件没有查收过”这个动作应从“I was ill”开头连续到that day,故应用过去完成时表示“过去的过去”。]