英语中级口译
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2023年3月20日发(作者：上海牌照拍卖)英语翻译中级口译-25
(总分100,考试时间90分钟)
TRANSLATIONTEST
Economy:theUnitedStatesSystem
Theecstem,
oftenreferredtoasa"freeenterprisesystem",canbecontrastedwithasocialisteconomicsystem,
whichdependsheavilyongovernmentplanningandpublicownershipofthemeansofproduction.
ItshouldbenotedthatalthoughtheUnitedStatesoperatesasystemofprivateenterprise,
governy.
Atthesametime,nshavealwayshadthefreedomtochooseforwhomtheywillwork
portant,theyvoteforofficialswhoseteconomicpolicy.
icsystem,consumers,producersandgovernmentmakeeconomicdecisions
onadailybasis,amicinteractionofthesethreegroups
ket'sprimaryforce,however,istheinteractionof
icsystema"market
economy".
Asarule,consumerslookforthebestvaluesforwhattheyspendwhileproducersseekthe
ment,atthefederal,state,andlocallevel,
seekstopromotethepublicsecurity,assure**petition,andprovidearangeofservicesbelievedto
thesepublicservices
includeeducation(althoughtherearemanyprivateschoolsandtrainingcenters),thepostal(but
notthetelephone)service,theroadsystem,socialstatisticalreportingand,ofcourse,national
defense.
IntheUnitedStatesmostpeoplearesimultaneouslyconsumersandproducers;theyarealso
tureamongconsumers,producers
andmembersofgovernmentchangesconstantly,makingadynamicratherthanastaticeconomy.
Inrecentyearsconsumershavemadetheirconcernknown,andgovernmenthasrespondedby
creatingagenciestoprotectconsumerinterestsandpromotegeneralpublicwelfare.
ulationandthelaborforcehave
moveddramaticallyfromfarmstocities,fromfieldstofactoriesand,abovea11,toservice
industries,y'seconomy,theseproviders
ofticsalsoreveal
aratherstartlingshiftawayfromself-employmenttoworkingforothers.
Generally,therearethreekindsofbusinesses:(1)thosestartedandmanagedpersonallyby
singleownersorsingleentrepreneurs;(2)thepartnershipwheretwoormorepeoplesharetherisks
andrewardsofbusiness,and(3)thecorporationwhereshareholdersasownerscanbuyorselltheir
tterstructure,byfarthemostimportant,permitsthe
amassingoflargesumsofmoneybycombiningtheinvestmentsofmanypeople,makingpossible
large-scaleenterprises.
ckExchange
Whilethereareliterallythousandsofstocks,theonesboughtandsoldmostactivelyare
usuallylistedontheNewYorkStockExchange(NYSE).Thisexchangedatesbackto1792,when
24NewYorkCitystockbrokersandmerchantsgatheredunderabuttonwoodtreeonWallStreetin
ules,known
astheButtonwoodAgreement,setinmotiontheNYSE's**
ahistoryofover200years,theNYSEhasbecometheworld'slargestfinancialmarketandthe
on
theexchangearemorethan3,000enterprises,includingapproximately450**paniesfrom50
differentcountries.
TheNYSE,housedinalargebuildingonWallStreet,doesthebulkoftradinginlisted
radingfloormorethan2,
NYSEhasmorethan1,600members,mostofwhomrepresentbrokeragehousesinvolvedin
y"seats"
are**halfamillion
kilometersoftelephoneandtelegraphwirelinktheNYSEwithbrokerageofficesaroundthe
nationandacrosstheglobe.
InadditiontotheNYSE,ond
largestistheAmericanStockExchange,whichalsooperatesinthesameWallStreetarea,andin
muchthesameway,stocksboughtandsold?Supposeawidowin
ncethetripshedecidestosell100sharesofher
owcallsherstockbrokeranddirectshimtosellatonceatthebest
edayanengineerinFloridadecidestousethesavingshehasaccumulatedtobuy
ineercallshisbrokerandaskshimtobuythestockat
thecurrentprice.
brokers,
onerepresentingthewidowandtheothertheengineer,s,"How
muchdoIhavetopayforahundredsharesofGeneralMotors?"Thehighestbidis$65.25andthe
leastamountforwhichanyonehasofferedtosellis$
**promiseandagreeonabuy/sellat$65.50.
TheNewYorkStockExchangeitselfneitherbuysnorsellsstocks;itsimplyservesasa
ansactioniscarriedoutin
publicandtheinformationissentelectronicallytoeverybrokerageofficeinthenation.
peare
ForanyEnglishman,therecanneverbeanydiscussionastowhoistheworld'sgreatestpoet
enamecanpossiblysuggestitselftohim:thatofWilliam
nglishmanhassomeknowledge,howeverslight,oftheworkofourgreatest
Susewords,phrasesandquotationsfromShakespeare'swritingsthathavebecome
partof**thetimeweareprobablyunaware
ofthesourceofthewordsweuse,ratherliketheoldladywhowastakentoseeaperformanceof
Hamlet**plainedthat"itwasfullofwell-knownproverbsandquotations!"
Shakespeare,moreperhapsthananyotherwriter,madefulluseofthegreatsourcesofthe
USuseaboutfivethousandwordsinournormalemploymentof
English;ShakespeareinIrisworksusedabouttwenty-fivethousand!Thereisprobablynobetter
wayforaforeigner(oranEnglishman!)toappreciatetherichnessandvarietyoftheEnglish
tudyiswell
worththeeffort(itisnot,ofcourse,recommendedtobeginners),eventhoughsomeaspectsof
Englishusage,andthemeaningofmanywords,havechangedsinceShakespeare'sday.
Itisparadoxicalthatweshould**parativelylittleaboutthelifeofthegreatestEnglishauthor.
WeknowthatShakespearewasbornin1564inStratford-on-Avon,andthathediestherein1616.
HealmostcertainlyattendedtheGrammarSchoolinthetown,
knowhewasmarriedtherein1582toAnneHathawayandthathehasthreechildren,aboyand
sis
almostallthatwedoknow.
However,whatisimportantaboutShakespeare'slifeisnotitsincidentaldetailsbutits
products,yyearsscholarshavebeentryingtoaddafewfacts
aboutShakespeare'slifetothesmallnumberwealreadypossessandforanequallylongtime
mes,indeed,itseemsthatthepoetryof
Shakespearewilldisappearbeneaththegreatmassofcommentthathasbeenwrittenuponit.
peare'spoetryandShakespeare'speople
(Macbeth,Othello,Hamlet,Falstaffandalltheothers)havelongdelightednotjusttheEnglishbut
loversofliteratureeverywhere,andwillcontinuetodosoafterthescholars**mentatorsandall
theirworkshavebeenforgotten.
fareState
EveryBritishcitizenwhoisemployed(orself-employed)isobligedtopayaweekly
oyeralsomakesacontribution
foreachofhisemployees,anwasbrought
istopreventanyonefromgoingwithoutmedicalservices,ifheneeds
them,howeverpoorhemaybe;toensurethatapersonwhoisoutofworkshallreceiveaweekly
sumofmoneytosubsiston;andtoprovideasmallpensionforthosewhohavereachedtheageof
retirement.
Everyonecanregisterwithadoctorofhischoiceandifheisillhecanconsultthedoctor
withouthavingtopayforthedoctor'sservice,althoughhehastopayasmallchargeformedicines.
Thedoctormay,ifnecessary,spital;inbothcasestreatment
howishmaybecomeprivatepatients,
payingfortheirtreatment,buttheymuststillpaytheircontributionstothenationalinsuranceand
healthschemes.
Duringillnessthepatientcandrawasmallamounteveryweek,tomakeupforhiswages.
Everyonewhoneedstohavehiseyesseentomaygotoastate-registeredoculistandifhissightis
allpaymenthemay
gotoadentist;ifheneedsfalseteeth,hecanobtaindenturesforlessthantheywouldcostfroma
privatedentist.
Whenamanisoutofwork,hemaydrawunemploymentbenefituntilhefindsworkagain;this
hewillprobablydobygoingtoaJobCentre(anofficerunbytheStatetohelppeoplefindjobs).
Ifheismarried,slytheamountpaidis
comparativelysmall,fortheStatedoesnotwantpeopletostopworkinginordertodrawa
handsomesumofmoneyfordoingnothing!
Whenamanreachestheageofsixty-five,hemayretirefromworkandthenhehastherightto
en,s-to-beandchildren
receivespecialbenefitssuchasfreemilkorcertainfoodstuffsforwhichonlyaminimumchargeis
salsoan
allowanceforfuneral,fortheStateboaststhatitlooksafterpeople"fromcradletograve"!There
arespecialbenefitsforcertainpeople,suchastheblindandthehandicapped.
Theamountofmoneyneededtooperatetheseschemesisenormousandalargepartofthe
**esnotfromthecontributionsbutfromtaxation.
Itisthissocialinsurancescheme,togetherwiththeGovernment'sdeterminationtoseethat
thereisfullemployment(orasnearascanbe),thatconstituteswhatwecancallthe"Welfare
State".