考博英语真题试卷
万一网保险网登录-个性说说心情短语
2023年3月17日发(作者：联合国数据库)2018MD
全国医学博士外语统一考试
英语试卷
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国家医学考试中心
PAPERONE
Part1：Listeningcomprehension（30%）
SectionA
Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearfifteenshortconversationsbetweentwo
speakers,Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearaquestion
aboutwhatissaid,Thequestionwillbereadonlyonce,Afteryouhear
thequestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.
Choosethebestanswersandmarktheletterofyourchoiceonthe
ANSWERSHEET.
Listentothefollowingexample
Youwillhear
Woman:Ifeelfaint.
Man:en’thadabiteallday.
Question:What’sthematterwiththewoman?
Youwillread:
ick.
bittenbyanant.
ungry.
lledherpaint.
HereCistherightanswer.
SampleAnswer
ABCD
Nowlet’sbeginwithquestionNumber1.
3pints
7pints
essaboutwork.
rdertoforgetallhertroubles.
ocomplaintsaboutthedoctor.
’tcomplainanything.
goodcondition.
dn’tbeworse.
idding.
lgetaraise.
willgetaraise.
willgetapromotion.
ghterlikesballgames.
ghterisanexcitingchild.
herdaughteraregoodfriends.
herdaughterdon’talwaysunderstandeachother.
theruncle.
therankle.
aswollentoe.
dsaminorsurgery.
kesgambling.
veryfondofhisnewboss.
supsanddownsinthenewcompany.
sapromisingfutureinthenewcompany.
lgetsomeadvicefromthefrontdesk.
lundergosomelabtests.
larrangeanappointment.
lgetthetestresults.
’sanoddcharacter.
erypicky.
asy-going.
esfashions.
eetcorner.
alshop.
d.
nic.
roducts.
oods.
vingagoodtime.
muchlikeshisoldbicycle.
buyanewbicyclerightaway.
dratherbuyanewbicyclelater.
lyacough.
’saminorillness.
tedtwoweeksago.
’sextremelyserious.
anistoooptimisticaboutthestockmarket.
anwillevenlosemoremoneyatthestockmarket.
ckmarketbubblewillcontinuetogrow.
ckmarketbubblewillsoonmeetitsdemise.
llpillsshouldbetakenonceadaybeforesleep.
lowpillsshouldbetakenonceadaybeforesupper.
tepillsshouldbetakenonceadaybeforebreakfast.
geroundpillsshouldbetakenthreetimesadayaftermeals.
SectionB
Direction:Inthissectionyouwillhearoneconversationandtwopassages,after
eachofwhich,achquestion,read
thefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD,Choosethebest
answerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.
Dialogue
ehehaddifficultyswallowingit.
eitwasupsettinghisstomach.
ehewasallergictoit.
eitwastooexpensive.
’tplaysocceranymore.
seriousfootproblem.
sanoperation.
ancer.
transfusion.
rgytest.
test.
y.
fhehasdepression.
fhehasafoodallergy
problem.
ed.
s.
.
sed.
PassageOne
seofCOPD.
leffectsofsmoking.
esusceptibletoharmfuleffectsofsmoking.
oresusceptibletoharmfuleffectsofsmoking.
22.A.954.
B.955.
C.1909.
D.1955.
25inSanDiego.
25inSanFrancisco.
okingexposureishigh.
okingexposureislow.
esubjectsreceivedmedication.
esubjectsstoppedsmoking.
edifferencesinmenandwomen.
cdifferencesbetweenmenandwomen.
’sactivemetabolicrate.
’ssmallerairways.
PassageTwo
90,000.
100,000.
lhundreds.
5,000.
gfromGoddardSpaceFlightCenter.
gfromtheKenyanhealthministry.
encegainedfromthe1997outbreak.
andpromptAidfromNASA.
butingmosquitonets.
dingpeoplenottoslaughteranimals.
peoplenottoeatanimals.
chingdoctorstotheepidemic-strickenarea.
hersurfacetemperaturesintheequatorialpartoftheIndianOcean.
rt-livedmosquitoesthatwerethehostsoftheviruses.
manddryweatherintheHornofAfrica.
vybutintermittentrains.
gfromNASA.
reatRiftValleyfever.
astrouseffectsofRiftValleyfever.
itesandglobalhealth–remotediagnosis.
PartIIVocabulary(10%)
SectionA
Direction:Inthissection,rdsorphrases,
to
rk
youranswerontheANSWERSHEET.
ight’ssleepisbelievedtohelpslowthestomach’semptying,producea
smoother,lessabruptabsorptionofsugar,andwillbetter__________brain
metabolism.
idate
losionandtheoilspillbelowthesurfaceoftheGulfofMexicoleftmy
mindinsucha________thatIcouldn’tgettosleep.
ity
ryheartattacksoccurmorecommonlyinthosewithhighbloodpressure,
intheobese,incigarettesmokers,andinthose_________toprolongedemotional
andmentalstrain.
ted
ldsareacquiredbychildreninschoolandthen___________toadults.
d
lofthemostpopulousnationsintheworld________atthelowerendof
thetableofrealGDPpercapitalastyear.
ed
tlythiskindofanti-depressantisstillinclinical_______,eventhoughthe
concepthasbeenaroundsince1900s.
ors
srevealedthatexposuretolow-levelradiationforalongtimemayweaken
theimmunesystem,________aging,andcausecancer.
rate
orcandidate’spersonalitytraits,beingmodestandgenerous,_______
peopleinhisfavorbeforetheelection.
red
sgracefulmovementsandsalubriouseffectsonhealth,TaiChihasastrong
________toavastmultitudeofpeople.
ation
recatchingatrain,itisalwaysbettertobe_______earlythanevena
fractionofaminutetoolate.
bly
SectionB
Directions:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.
Therearefourwordsorphrasesbeneatheachsentence,Choosethe
wordorphrasewhichcanbestkeepthemeaningoftheoriginal
sentenceifitissubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart,Markyouranswer
ontheANSWERSHEET.
elPrizewinners’successisaprocessoflong-termaccumulation,inwhich
lastingeffortsareindispensable.
ite
en’spresenceimpartedanairofelegancetothedrinksreceptionat
BuckinghamPalaceinLondon.
d
iansareclearthatthyroiddysfunctionismanifestingrowingchildreninthe
formofmentalandphysicalretardation.
ous
hanismthattheeyecanaccommodateitselftodifferentdistanceshas
beenappliedtoautomaticcamera,whichmarksarevolutionarytechnique
advance.
y
encesamongbelieversarecommon;however,itwasthepressureof
religiouspersecutionthatexacerbatedtheirconflictsandcreatedthesplitofthe
union.
d
cassowasparticularlypoor,hemighthavetriedtoobliteratetheoriginal
compositionbypaintingoveritoncanvases.
e
sakeofanimalprotection,environmentalistsdeploredtheconstruction
programofanuclearpowerstation.
osed
calfiguresinparticularareheldtoverystrictstandardsofmaritalfidelity.
ity
ientcomplainedthathisdoctorhadbeennegligentinnotgivinghimafull
examination.
beenhandlingallthecomplaintswithoutwrathforawholemorning.
PartIIICloze(10%)
Directions:h
blank,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andDontherightside.
Choosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceonthe
ANSWERSHEET.
Foryears,scientistshavebeenwarningusthattheradiationfrommobilephonesisdetrimentalto
ourhealth,withoutactuallyhavinganyevidencetobackthese__51__r,researchnow
suggeststhatmobilephoneradiationhasatleastonepositivesideeffect:itcanhelpprevent
Alzheimer’s,__52__inthemicethatactedastestsubjects.
It’sbeensuspected,thoughneverproven,thatheavyuseofmobilephonesisbadforyourhealth.
It’sthoughtthatwalkingaroundwithacellphonepermanentlyattachedtothesideofyourheadis
almostsuretobe__53__tmaywellbetrue,butI’dratherwaituntilit’sproven
beforegivingupthatpartofmydailylife.
Butwhathasnowbeenproven,inaveryperfunctorymanner,isthatmobilephoneradiationcan
haveaneffectonyourbrain.__54__inthiscaseitwasapositiveratherthannegativeeffect.
AccordingtoBBCnews,theFloridaAlzheimer’sDiseaseResearchCenterconductedastudyon
96micetoseeiftheradiationgivenoffbymobilephonescouldaffecttheonsetofAlzheimer’s.
Someofthemicewere“geneticallyalteredtodevelopbeta-amyloidplaquesintheirbrains”
__55__reamarkerofAlzheimer’96micewerethen“exposedtothe
electro-magnetic__56__generatedbyastandardphonefortwoone-hourperiodseachdayforseven
toninemonths.”Theluckythings.
__57__theexperimentshowedthatthemicealteredtobepredisposedtodementiawereprotected
ognitiveabilitieswereso
unimpairedastobevirtually__58__tothemicenotgeneticallyalteredinanyway.
Unfortunately,althoughtheresultsarepositive,thescientistsdon’tactuallyknowwhyexposure
’shopedthatfurtherstudyandtestingcouldresultina
non-invasive__59__forpreventingandtreatingAlzheimer’sdisease.
Autopsiescarriedoutonthemicealsoconcludednoill-effectsoftheirexposuretotheradiation.
However,thefactthattheradiationpreventedAlzheimer’smeansmobilephones__60__ourbrains
’ssuretherearenegativeaswellasthisonepositive.
s
ena
t
ng
g
ting
g
e
s
uum
um
ably
uently
gly
tedly
cal
cial
able
tible
t
ct
ect
cting
aveaffected
PartIVReadingComprehension(30%)
Directions:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfive
hquestiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,
C,thebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceon
theANSWERSHEET.
Passageone
IhavejustreturnedfromMexico,whereIvisitedafactorymakingmedicalmasks.
Facedwithfiercecompetition,theownerhascuthiscostsbyoutsourcingsomeofhis
ofpeopleworkforhimintheirhomes,threadingelasticintomasks
epaidbelowtheminimumwage,withnojobsecurityandno
healthcareprovision.
Usersofmedicalmasksandotherlaboratorygearprobablygivelittlethoughtto
ficantproportionof
theseproductsaremadeinthedevelopingworldbylow-paidpeoplewithinadequate
adstohumanmiseryonatremendousscale.
emadeinIndia,wheremostcottonfarmersarepaidan
unfairpricefortheircropsandfactoryemployeesworkillegalhoursforpoorpay.
One-fifthoftheworld’
visitedtheareaacoupleofyearsagoIfoundmostworkerstoiling12hoursaday,seven
daysaweek,forlessthanadollaraday,exposedtonoise,metaldustandtoxic
ndsofchildren,someasyoungas7,workintheindustry.
Towininternationalcontracts,factoryownersmustofferrock-bottomprices,and
ratory
scientistsinthedevelopedworldmayunwittinglybeencouragingthis:weaskhow
muchourequipmentwillcost,butwhichofusaskswhomadeitandhowmuchthey
werepaid?
eissupposedtobenefithumanity,butbecauseofthe
conditionsunderwhichtheirtoolsaremade,mayscientistsmayactuallybecausing
harm.
Whatcanbedone?Aknee-jerkboycottofunethicalgoodsisnottheanswer;it
need
istostartaskingsupplierstobetransparentaboutwhereandhowtheirproductsare
manufacturedandurgethemtoimprovetheirmanufacturingpractices.
iversitiesarecommittedtofairtradeintheformof
ethicallysourcedtea,delshouldbeextendedtolaboratory
goods.
epastfewyearsIhaveworkedwith
verecentlyinstitutedethical
nceistrulygoingtohelphumanity,itneedstofollowsuit.
emedicalmaskstolabcoats,theauthoristryingtotellus________.
cticeofoccupationalprotectioninthedevelopingworld
elopingcountriesplaguedbypovertyanddisease.
apestlaborinthedevelopingcountries.
anmiserybehindthem.
cerningphenomenontheauthorhasobserved,accordingtothepassage,
________.
ingbuttherepetitionofthemiserablehistory.
avebeenevenexaggerated.
miliartothewealthywest.
ailingacrosstheworld.
horarguesthatwhenresearchersinthewealthywestbuythetoolsof
theirtrade,theyshould___________.
esameconcernwiththedevelopingcountries.
dtotheirsourcesforthesakeofhumanity
goodbargainsintheinternationalmarket.
thoughtforhowtheyweremade.
rcourseofactionsuggestedbytheauthoris___________.
setoimporttheunethicalgoodsfromthedevelopingworld.
cientiststotellthetruthastheprimevalueoftheirwork.
themanufacturerstoaddresstheimmoralissues.
ovethetransparencyofinternationalcontracts.
ngattheendofthepassagethatifscienceistrulygoingtohelphumanity,
itneedstofollowsuit,theauthormeansthat___________.
entificcommunityshouldstandupforallhumanity
mevalueofscientists’workistotellthetruth.
torygoodsalsoneedtobeethicallysourced.
eofscience,thereishopeforhumanity.
Passagetwo
information,ifit’sinaccurateor
confusing,aproblemforanyonetryingtospendorinvestinan
orsarebarragedwithindexespurportingto
describecompanies’eco-credentials,abelsonconsumer
productsareubiquitous,buttheirclaimsarehardtoverify.
TheconfusionisevidentformNewScientist’sanalysisofwhetherpublic
perceptionsofcompanies’sthatmany
companiesconsidered“green”havedonelittletoearnthatreputation,whileothersdo
notgeting
betterinformationiscrucial,becausedecisionsbyconsumersandbiginvestorswillhelp
propelustowardsagreeneconomy.
Atpresent,sclosureofgreenhouse
gasemissions,revoluntaryschemessuchastheCarbonDisclosure
Project,butlittlescrutinyofthefigurescompaniessubmit,whichmeansinvestorsmay
bemisled.
Measurementscanbedifficulttointerpret,too,case,
contextiscrucial:alittlefromrain-soakedIrelandisnotthesameasalittledrawnfrom
theArizonadesert.
Similarproblemsbedevil“green”,the
computerequipmentratingsystemdevelopedbytheGreenElectronicsCouncilshows
teriacomefromtheIEEE,theworld’sleadingprofessional
associationfortechnology/
Otherschemes,suchasthe“sustainabilityindex”plannedbyUSretailgiant
Walmart,pingrigorousstandardsforalargenumberofdifferent
typesofproductwillbetough,placingahugeburdenontheacademic-ledconsortium
thatisdoingtheunderlyingscientificwork.
Ourinvestigationalsorevealsthatmanycompanieschoosenottodisclosedata.
whyweneedlegalrequirementsforfull
disclosureofenvironmentalinformation,withtheclearmessagethatthepolluterwill
rketforceswilldrivecompaniestocleanuptheir
acts.
Let’wecanhaveagreeneconomywe
needagreeninformationeconomy–andit’sthequalityofinformation,aswellasits
quantity,thatwillcount.
66.“Theconfusion”atthebeginningofthe2ndparagraphrefersto________.
ospendorinvestinasustainableway
yofconsumerproductstochoose
unreliablegreeninformation
informationoneco-credibility
eNewScientist’sanalysisitcanbeinferredthatinmanycases
________.
-credibilityisabused
economyiscrucial
ronmentalimpactislessened
redentialspromotegreeneconomy
verifiedclaimstodifficultmeasurementsandthentoindividual
products,theauthorarguesthat________.
-credibilityisagamebetweenscientistsandmanufactures
rscientistsnormanufacturesarehonest
taltobuildagreeneconomy
informationiscritical
esstheissue,theauthoriscryingfor________.
arentcorporatemanagement
ishingsustainabilityindexes
cademic-ledsurveillance
legalweapons
fthefollowingcanbethebestinferencefromthelastparagraph?
ghestchallengeisthebestopportunity.
meforanothergreenrevolution.
ationshouldbefreeforall.
tity,noquality.
PassageThree
Peopleareextraordinarilyskilledatspottingcheats–muchbetterthantheyare
showingjusthowgood
weareatthisaddsweighttothetheorythatourexceptionalbrainpowerarosethrough
evolutionarypressurestoacquirespecificcognitiveskills.
Thestill-controversialideathathumanshavespecializeddecision-makingsystems
ocatespoint
outthattheabilitytoidentifyuntrustworthypeopleshouldbefavoredevolutionarily,
sincecheatsriskunderminingthesocialinteractionsinwhichpeopletradegoodsor
servicesformutualbenefit.
Thetestwhetherwehaveaspecialabilitytoreasonaboutcheating,LedaCosmides,
anevolutionarypsychologistattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,andher
colleaguesusedastandardpsychologicaltestcalledtheWasonselectiontask,which
testsvolunteers’abilitytoreasonabout“if/then”statements.
Theresearcherssetupscenariosinwhichtheyaskedundergraduatevolunteersto
imaginetheyweresupervisingworkerssortingappliancesforadmissiontotwoschools;
agoodoneinadistrictwhereschooltaxesarehigh,andapooroneinanequally
wealthy,otheticalworkersweresupposedtofollowa
rulethatspecified“ifastudentisadmittedtothegoodschool”,theymustliveinthe
highlytaxeddistrict.
Halfthetime,thetestsubjectsweretoldthattheworkershadchildrenoftheirown
applyingtotheschools,thushavingamotivetocheat;therestofthetimetheywere
told
thetestsubjectswereaskedhowtheywouldverifythattheworkerswerenotbreaking
therule.
Cosmidesfoundthatwhenthe“supervisors”thoughttheywerecheckingfor
innocenterrors,just9of33,or27percent,gottherightanswer–lookingforastudent
rast,
whenthesupervisorsthoughttheywerewatchingforcheats,theydidmuchbetter,with
23of34,or68percent,gettingtherightanswer.
Thissuggeststhatpeopleare,indeed,moreadeptatspottingcheatthanatdetecting
mererule-breaking,Cosmidessaid.“Anycuesthatit’sjustaninnocentmistakeactually
inactivatethedetectionmechanism.”
Otherpsychologistsremainskepticalofthisconclusion.“Ifyouwanttoconclude
thatthereforethere’samoduleinthemindfordetectingcheaters,Iseezeroevidence
forthat,”saysStevenSloman,acognitivescientistsatBrownUniversityinProvince,
RhodeIsland.“It’scertainlypossiblethatit’ssomethingwelearnedthroughexperience.
There’snoevidentthatit’sanythinginnate.”
dingsofthestudywereinfavorof____________.
hlydevelopedskillsofcheatingatschool
ationbetweenintelligenceandevolution
nomenonofcheatingatschool
aninnateabilitytocheat
t“supervisors”appearedtobemoreadeptat________.
ngcheatsthandetectingmererule-breaking
ingmererule-breakingthanspottingcheats
ngtheirownchildrencheatingthanothersdoingit
ingcheatsinthehighlytaxeddistrictthaninthelightlytaxedone
esaysthat…thatcan’tbetheonlythinggoingoninthemind,
Cosmidesmostprobablyimpliesthat________.
ngishighlymotivatedinthesocialinteractions
cificcognitiveskillscanserveanevolutionarypurpose
snosuchamentalthingasaspecializeddecision-makingsystem
litytoidentifyuntrustworthypeopleshouldbefavoredevolutionary
onsetoCosmides’claim,Slomanwouldsaythat________.
fgreatpossibility
dbemisleading
nbelievable
’sacquired
fthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?
ngatSchool
ngastheHumanNature
aryIntelligenceandCheating
igenceEvolvedtoRootOutCheats
PassageFour
Formanyenvironmentalists,tural
notunscientific,butitcancreatethe
impressionthatgreensandenvironmentalscientistsareauthoritariantree-huggerswho
esn’tplaywellwithmainstreamsociety,asthe
apparentbacklashagainstclimatesciencereveals.
ornot,wenowliveinthe
anthropocene(人类世)–anageinwhichhumansareperturbingmanyoftheplanet’s
naturalsystems,otwishthat
away;wemustrecognizeitandmanageourimpacts.
JohanRockstrom,headoftheStockholmEnvironmentInstituteinSweden,and
colleagueshavedistilledrecentresearchonhowEarthsystemsworkintoalistofnine
“planetaryboundaries”eliminary
work,pointistooffer
anewwayofthinkingaboutourrelationshipwiththeenvironment–ascience-based
picturethatacceptsacertainlevelofhumanimpactandevenallowsussomeroomto
ultisabreathoffreshair:thoughwearealreadywellpastthreeofthe
boundaries,wehaven’ttrashedtheplaceyet.
Itisinthesamespiritthatwealsoprobethebasisforkeyclaimsinthe
IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange’
reporthasbeenmuchdiscussedsinceourrevelationsaboutitsunsubstantiatedstatement
urntothetopic?Becausethereisasensethat
theIPCCsharesthesameanti-humanagendaand,asaresult,istoocredulousof
hemajorityofthereportisassuredlyrigorous,thereisno
escapingthefactthatpartsofitmakeclaimsthatgobeyondthescience.
Forexample,thechapteronAfricaexaggeratesaclaimaboutcrashesinfarmyields,
andalsohighlightsprojectionsofincreasedwaterstressinsomeregionswhileignoring
proje
eamongthereport’sheadlineconclusions.
Aboveall,weneedadispassionateviewofthestateoftheplanetandourlikely
’snoroomforcomplacency:Rockstrom’sanalysisshowsus
thatwefacerealdangers,butexaggeratingourproblemsisnotthewaytosolvethem.
irstparagraphimplies,thereisbetweenenvironmentalistsand
mainstreamsociety_____________.
derstanding
ontation
boration
nsus
theplanetaryboundaries,asRockstromimplies,___________.
nshavegonefarbeyondthelimitations
anactivitiesareactuallymoderateindegree
inlevelofhumanimpactisnaturallyacceptable
genttomodifyourrelationshipwiththeenvironment
nt,basedonRockstrom’sinvestigation,issimplythat__________.
dethefirstclassificationofEarthsystems
ttodenybuttomanageimpactsontheplanet
pproachingtheanthropocenefasterthanexpected
eingsarerationalandresponsiblecreaturesonearth
aloftheIPCC’s2007report,theauthorarguesthatthey_________.
themostseriousproblemsthere
orlyassembledforthemission
becalledscientistsatall
atureabovepeople
econcludedfromthepassagethatifwearetomanagethe
anthropocenesuccessfully,we________________.
defineourrelationshipwiththeenvironment
nottakeitseriouslybuttotakeiteasy
ewwayofthinkingaboutnature
olerheadsandclearerstatistics
PassageFive
Humanityhaspassedamilestone:
1950,only29%of
peoplelivedincities;by2050,70%areprojectedtodoso–mostoftheminpoorer
anyotherissues,thisrapidconcentrationmakescitiesafrontlinein
ntingthechallengesof
rampanturbanizationdemandsintegrated,multidisciplinaryapproaches,andnew
thinking.
Takethebuildingboomassociatedwiththeincreasedwealthofurbanareas,andits
aalone,theUnitedNationsEnvironmental
Programmeestimatestheenergydemandforheatinghomesbuildoverthenextdecade
couldincreasebysome430terawatt-hours,or4%ofChina’stotalenergyusein2018.
Worldwide,theenergyconsumedbybuildingsalreadyaccountsforaround45%of
greenhouse-gasemissions.
Fortunately,researchersinGermanyandelsewherehavealreadyshownthatthey
canreducethatenergyconsumptionby80-90%justbyoverhaulingobsoletebuilding
ltra-efficientbuildingsdemandthat
planners,architects,engineersandbuildingscientistsworktogetherfromtheoutset,and
chisalsoneeded
todeveloptechnologies,materialsandenergyconcepts,butgreenbuildingresearch
todayisfragmentedandpoorlyfunded.
Expandingcitiesmustembracesuchtechnologiesandstrategies–andnotjustin
orercountrieshavearichtraditionofadaptingbuildings
tolocalpractices,environmentsandclimates–ahome-grownapproachtointegrated
whaveanopportunityto
combinethesetraditionalapproacheswithmoderntechnologies.
Integratedthinkingisalsoneededtomitigateurbanairpollution,whichis
becomingaserioushealthandenvironmentalriskinmanyregions–asshownby
China’sstruggletocleanupBeijing’tandingairpollution
willrequireresearchersfrommultipledisciplines,from
atmosphericchemistrytometeorology,workingoverscalesfromstreetleveltoglobal.
Andreducingitwillrequireintegratedpoliciesforurbanplanning,transportand
housing–notleasttoreducetheuseofcars.
sagebeginswith______________.
balizationofpoverty
allengetomankind
seaseofcivilization
balphenomenonofweatherchange
eillustrationofChina,theauthoristryingtotellusthat__________.
ecitizensneglecttheirimpactongreenhouse-gasemissions
eofurbanizationisbeingacceleratedatanalarmingrate
rbanizationwillincreasegreenhouse-gasemissions
ldingboomisrunningfastertherethanelsewhere
fthefollowingcanmeetthedemandbythechallengesoframpant
urbanization?
ingcitiesby80-90%
ngultra-efficientbuildings
ingtheconventionalbuildings.
ningexistingbuildingtechnologies.
horthinkshighlyofthosepoorercountries_____________.
ucingthedevelopedcountries’greentechnologies
ngmegacitieswhilepromotingenergyefficiency
gawayfrommodernbuildingtechnologies
atingtheirbuildingswithnature
’sstruggletocleanupBeijing’sairfortheOlympics,accordingtothe
passage,isaconvincingexampleof____________.
vitabilityofourcleanandsustainablemetropolitanfuture
essityofencouragingcitizenstousepublictransportations
encyofaddressingclimatechangeinthedevelopingcountries
ortanceofintegratedthinkingtomeetingthechallengesofurbanization
PassageSix
OnJune26,2018,twoscientificteamsannouncedattheWhiteHousethattheyhad
decipheredvirtuallytheentirehumangenome,aprodigiousfeatthatinvolved
d
enthusiasticPresidentClintonpredictedarevolutionin“thediagnosis,preventionand
treatmentofmost,ifnotall,humandiseases.”
Now,10yearslater,ngthegenomehasled
tostunningadvancesinscientificknowledgeandDNA-processingtechnologiesbutit
hasdonerelativelylittletoimprovemedicaltreatmentsorhumanhealth.
Tobefair,manyscientistsatthetimewerewarningthatitwouldbealong,slow
slogtoreapclinicalbenefits.
Andtherehavebeensomeimportantadvances,suchaspowerfulnewdrugsfora
fewcancersandgeneticteststhatcanpredictwhetherpeoplewithbreastcancerneed
originalhopethatclosestudyofthegenomewouldidentify
mutationsorvariantsthatcausediseaseslikecancer,Alzheimer’sandheartailments—
andgeneratetreatmentsforthem—hasgivenwaytorealizationthatthecausesofmost
diseasesareenormouslycomplexandnoteasilytracedtoasimplemutationortwo.
Inthelongrun,ne
thegeneticrootsofsomemajordiseasesareidentified,thereisno
kfacingscienceandindustryincoming
decadesisasatleastaschallengingastheoriginaldecipheringofthehumangenome.
theyear2018,whatwasexcitingaboutthedecipheredgenome?
imattheturnofthenewmillennium.
atpotentialofproducingmedicalvalue.
entClinton’spredictionofamoralcontroversy.
ouncementforthefirsttimeattheWhiteHouse.
ally,accordingtothepassage,theprophecytenyearslater_________.
edtobefairenough.
izedinclinicaltrials.
uttobeareality.
romrealization.
rdisappointmentwehavetorealizethat___________.
mandiseasescannotbeconquered.
ipheringofthehumangenomewasfruitless.
seofdiseasescannotbesimplyexplainedbyamutationortwo.
inicalharvestshavenothingtodowiththedecipheredgenome.
econcludedfromthepassagethat__________.
ultiesarehardtopredictindoingscience.
usefindingthegeneticrootsofdiseases.
istsarenotsupposedtomakeanypredictions.
nicalbenefitsofthegenomicrevolutionwilltaketime.
ter’stoneinthepassageis____________.
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PaperTwo
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学会呼吸可长寿
生命离不开呼吸。人每分每秒都在进行呼吸运动，但你却未必呼吸得正确。英
国一项研究显示，90%以上的成年人都不会有意识地调节呼吸。而据我国呼吸科专
家统计，城市中一半以上人呼吸方式不正确，短浅的呼吸不仅让许多人大脑缺氧，
容易疲惫，而且还容易诱发多种疾病。
深呼吸的几大好处
做腹式深呼吸有哪些好处呢？首先，深呼吸能帮助人们缓解压力和失眠症状。
当人们主动调节呼吸的深度和频率，就能有效放松绷紧的神经，舒缓焦虑的心情。
一些因为压力造成的颈部疼痛，通过瑜伽时的呼吸练习，疼痛感将会减弱。失眠
的人也可用呼吸法来帮助入睡。通过降低呼吸节奏、平缓呼吸，能减轻失眠症状。
其次，深呼吸还可防治高血压。其原理是人的肺部有被称为肺泡的小袋状物，
大约有3亿个。在一般呼吸的情况下，只有其中的80％—90％能充分地工作，剩
下的肺泡处于浪费状态。如果采用深呼吸，就可以使剩下的肺泡工作起来。当采
用胸部深呼吸的时候，位于肺上部的肺泡开放；而在腹式深呼吸时，肺下部的肺
泡也打开了。工作中所有的肺泡都在产生前列腺素，而且通过深呼吸还可使原来
就在工作的80％—90％的肺泡产生比原来更多的前列腺素。这样，更多的前列腺
素进入血管，从而使血管扩张，血压降低。每天早中晚三次，每次10分钟就有效
果。
最重要的是，深呼吸能促进健康长寿。有控制地深呼吸练习，可使大脑尽快消
除疲劳，可以调节神经系统，使人轻松舒畅。深呼吸之所以有这样大的作用，在
于正常人每次吸进与呼出的气体量只有400毫升—500毫升，而做一次最深的呼吸，
男性可达到3500毫升，女性可达到2500毫升，相当于通常吸气的8倍，从而使
生命获得大量的能源。
如何学会正确呼吸
怎样才能学会正确呼吸呢？最关键的有两点，一是要缓和吸，也就是吸气的时
候，要均匀缓慢，尽量深吸，让气体能充满肺泡；二是要用力吐，吐的干净，这
样才能将废弃全部排出体外，保障交换的气体多一些。最科学的呼吸方法为：“吸
—停—呼”的呼吸形式，可使副交感神经兴奋性增强，也可使肠鸣次数增加，有
利于消化吸收，从而有益于健康长寿。
这种呼吸法是以深长的腹式呼吸为基础，逐步使肺肌肉群在呼吸时运动到最大
幅度，让空气充满肺部的“全体呼吸法”。刚开始虽要刻意练习，最终目标却是融
入生活，各种姿势和动作都结合呼吸法去做。如此将更能掌握身体的力量和节奏，
提高效率。例如用呼吸法攀登高山时，比较不会出现头痛等高山症状；打高尔夫
挥杆能挥得更远。这种呼吸方法，在公车上、走路时、工作间隙，或者对着公园
的树都能练习。尤其面对突如其来的负面情境时，呼吸法更能适时调节身心、稳
定情绪。