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2023年2月26日发(作者：大学英语四级题型)(完整word版)功能翻译理论目的论
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方梦之主编：《译学词典》，上海外语教育出版社，第29页
功能翻译理论functionalisttranslationtheory
又称“功能目的论"（Skopostheory）。1971年，德国的莱斯(K。Reiss）首先提
出“把翻译行为所要达到的特殊目的”作为翻译评价的新模式。1984年她在与费米
尔（H。r)合写的GeneralFoundationofTranslationTheory一书中
声称：译者在整个翻译过程中的参照系不应是“对等”翻译理论所注重的原文及其
功能，而应是译文在译语文化环境中所预期达到的一种或若钟交际功能.20世纪90
年代初，德国学者克利斯蒂安·诺德（ChristianeNord）进一步拓展了译文功能
理论。她强调译文与原文的联系，但这种联系的质量与数量由译文的预期功能确定。
这就是说，根据译文语境，原文中的哪些内容或成分可以保留，哪些需调整或改写，
该由译文的预期功能确定。
功能目的理论的两项基本原则是：1.翻译各方面的交互作用受翻译目的所决
定；2。目的随接受对象的不同而变化。按照这两项原则，译者可以为了达到目的
而采用任何他自己认为适当的翻译策略.换句话说，目的决定方式(Theend
justifiesthemeans）。
作为受文化制约的语言符号,原文语篇和译文语篇受到各自交际环境的影响，译
文功能与原文功能可相似或保持一致，也可能完全不同。根据不同的语境因素和预
期功能，选择最佳的处理方法，这是功能翻译理论比以对等为基础的翻译理论或极
端功能主义的翻译理论更为优越之处。翻译功能理论指导下的翻译方法表现出较大
的灵活性,较高的科学性和易操作性。Toury把“功能目的论"看作是“译文文本中
心论”的翻版。
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Skopostheory（pluralSkopostheories)
1.（translationstudies)Theideathattranslatingandinterpreting
shouldprimarilytakeintoaccountthefunctionofboththesourceand
targettext。
o1995，PaulKussmaul，TrainingTheTranslator,JohnBenjamins
PublishingCo，p。149：
ThefunctionalapproachhasagreataffinitywithSkopostheory。The
functionofatranslationisdependentontheknowledge，expectations,
valuesandnormsofthetargetreaders，whoareagaininfluencedby
actorsdetermine
whetherthefunctionofthesourcetextorpassagesinthesourcetext
canbepreservedorhavetobemodifiedorevenchanged.
IntroductiontotheSkoposTheory
TheSkopostheoryisanapproachtotranslationwhichwasputforwardby
HansVemeeranddevelopedinGermanyinthelate1970sandwhichoriented
amorefunctionallyandsocioculturallyconceptoftranslation。Translation
isconsiderednotasaprocessoftranslation，butasaspecificformof
humanaction。Inourmind，translationhasapurpose，andtheword“Skopos"
wasfromGreek。It’susedasthetechnicaltermforthepurposeofthe
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translation。
翻译目的论，"skopos"是希腊语“目的”的意思。其核心概念是翻译过程的最主要
因素是整体翻译行为的目的。
uctiontotheSkoposTheory
TheSkopostheoryisanapproachtotranslationwhichwasputforwardby
HansVemeeranddevelopedinGermanyinthelate1970sandwhichoriented
ation
isconsiderednotasaprocessoftranslation，butasaspecificformof
humanaction。Inourmind，translationhasapurpose,andtheword“Skopos"
’susedasthetechnicaltermforthepurposeofthe
rameworkofthistheory,oneofthemostimportant
factorsdeterminingthepurposeofatranslationistheaddress,whoisthe
intendedreceiveroraudienceofthetargettextwiththeirworldlanguage.
Everytranslationisdirectedatanintendedaudience。Thetheoryfocuses
aboveallonthepurposeofthetranslation，whichdeterminesthe
translationmethodsandstrategiesthataretobeemployedinorderto
rregardsitasan“offer
ofinformation”thatispartlyorwhollyturnedintoan“offerof
information”isview,thestatusofthe
sourceisclearlymuchlowerinSkopostheorythantheequivalencetheory。
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Ⅰ。IntroductionoftheSkoposTheory
SkopostheoryisthenucleusofGermanFunctionalSchool。Themainidea
ofSkopostheoryisthattranslatorsshouldholdthethoughtfromthe
perspectiveofthetargetreadersduringtheprocessoftranslation.
Therefore,translatorsshouldbearinmindwhatthefunctionoftranslation
textis，whatthetargetreaders'demandisandevenwhatcommunicative
situationis。Consequently,thechoiceoftranslationstrategiesisdecided
bythepurposeofthetranslationtext,inordertoachieveabetterfunction
text.
Therearethreemainruleswhichareskoposrule，coherenceruleand
fidelityrule。
Rule
SkoposisaGreekwordfor”aim"or"purpose”."Thetop-rankingrulefor
anytranslationisthusthe'skoposrule’,whichmeansthatatranslation
actionisdeterminedbyitsskopos；thatis，'theendjustifiesthemeans’"by
ReissandVermeer.
Vermeeralsostressesonmanyoccasionsthattheskoposruleisageneral
rule,andtranslationstrategiesandmethodsaredeterminedbythepurpose
andtheintendedfunctionofthetargettext。
2。CoherenceRule
Thecoherencerulestatesthatthetargettext"mustbeinterpretable
ascoherentwiththetargettextreceiver’ssituation".Inotherwords,the
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targettextmustbetranslatedinsuchawaythatitiscoherentforthe
targettextreceivers,giventheircircumstancesandknowledge.
Intermsofcoherencerule，thesourcetextisnolongerofmostauthority
butonlypartofthetranslationbeliefe。Itisonlyanofferofinformation
forthetranslator，whointurnpicksoutwhatheconsiderstobemeaningful
inthereceiver’ssituation.
tyRule
Translationisaprecedingofferofinformation。Itisexpectedtobear
somerelationshipwiththecorrespondingsourcetext。Vermeercallsthis
relationship”intertextualcoherence”or”fidelity"。Thisispostulated
asafurtherprinciple,referredtoasthe”fidelityrule”byReissand
Vermeerin1984。Thefidelityrulemerelystatesthattheremustbecoherence
betweenthetranslatedversionandthesourcetext
4。TheRelationshipamongtheRules
Fidelityruleisconsideredsubordinatetocoherencerule,andbothare
subordinatetotheskoposrule。Iftheskoposrequiresachangeoffunction，
thecriterionwillnolongerbefidelitytothesourcetextbutadequacy
orappropriatenesswithregardtotheskopos。Andiftheskoposdemands
intra—textualincoherence,thestandardofcoherenceruleisnolonger
vivid.
Skopostheory
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Skopostheoryisanapproachtotranslationwhichwasdevelopedin
Germanyinthelate1970s(Vermeer1978）,andwhichreflectsageneralshift
frompredominantlyLINGUISTICandratherformaltranslationtheoriestoa
morefunctionallyandsocioculturallyorientedconceptoftranslation。(cf.
ACTION(THEORYOFTRANSLATORIALACTION)；COMMUNICATIVE/FUNCTIONAL
APPROACHES).Thisshiftdrewinspirationfromcommunicationtheory,action
theory，textlinguisticsandtexttheory，aswellasfrommovementsin
literarystudiestowardsreceptiontheories(seeforexampleIser1978)。
ApartfromHansVermeer,thefounderofskopostheory,otherscholarsworking
intheparadigmincludeMargretAmmann（1989/1990)，HansHönigandPaul
Kussmaul(1982），SigridKupsch-Losereit(1986)，ChristianeNord（1988)
andHeidrunWitte（1987a）；seealsoarticlesinthejournalTEXTconTEXT,
publishedsince1986byGroosinHeidelberg.
Skopostheorytakesseriouslyfactorswhichhavealwaysbeenstressed
inactiontheory，andwhichwerebroughtintosharpreliefwiththegrowing
needinthelatterhalfofthetwentiethcenturyforthetranslationof
non—ranslationofscientificandacademic
papers，instructionsforuse,touristguides，contracts,etc.，the
contextualfactorssurroundingthetranslationcannotbeignored。These
factorsincludethecultureoftheintendedreadersofthetargettextand
oftheclientwhohascommissionedit,and,inparticular，thefunction
theory
isdirectlyorientedtowardsthisfunction.
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Translationisviewednotasaprocessoftranscoding，butasaspecific
yotherhumanaction，translationhasapurpose,
andthewordskopos,derivedfromGreek，isusedasthetechnicaltermfor
mustbedefinedbeforetranslationcan
begin；inhighlightingskopos,thetheoryadoptsaprospectiveattitude
totranslation,asopposedtotheretrospectiveattitudeadoptedintheories
whichfocusonprescriptionsderivedfromthesourcetext.
Inadditiontoitspurpose，comeof
translationalactionisatranslatum（Vermeer1979:174;translatinReiss
andVermeer1984/1991：2),aparticularvarietyoftargettext.
Vermeer’sskopostheory
Vermeer(1978：100)postulatesthatasageneralruleitmustbetheintended
purposeofthetargettextthatdeterminestranslationmethodsand
ispostulate,hederivestheskoposrule：Humanaction
（anditssubcategory：translation)isdeterminedbyitspurpose（skopos），
eisformalizedusing
theformula:IA(Trl)=f（Sk).
Themainpointofthisfunctionalapproachisthefollowing：itisnotthe
sourcetextassuch,oritseffectsonthesource-textrecipient，orthe
functionassignedtoitbytheauthor，thatdeterminesthetranslation
process，asispostulatedbyEQUIVALENCE—basedtranslationtheories，but
theprospectivefunctionorskoposofthetargettextasdeterminedbythe
initiator’s，i.e。client’s,needs。Consequently,theskoposislargely
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constrainedbythetargettextuser（reader/listener)andhis/hersituation
andculturalbackground.
Twofurthergeneralrulesarethecoherenceruleandthefidelityrule.
Thecoherencerulestipulatesthatthetargettextmustbesufficiently
coherenttoallowtheintendeduserstocomprehendit，giventheirassumed
backgroundknowledgeandsituationalcircumstances,Thestartingpointfor
atranslationisatextaspartofaworldcontinuum，writteninthesource
obetranslatedintoatargetlanguageinsuchawaythat
itbecomespartofaworldcontinuumwhichcanbeinterpretedbythe
recipientsascoherentwiththeirsituation(Vermeer1978:100）。
Thefidelityruleconcernsintertextualcoherencebetweentranslatum
andsourcetext,andstipulatesmerelythatsomerelationshipmustremain
betweenthetwooncetheoverridingprincipleofskoposandtheruleof
（intratextual)coherencehavebeensatisfied.
ThegeneraltranslationtheoryofReissandVermeer
IncombiningVermeer’sgeneralskopostheoryof1978withthespecific
translationtheorydevelopedbyKatharinaReiss，ReissandVermeer
（1984/1991）arriveatatranslationtheorythatissufficientlygeneral
(allgemeineTranslationstheorie)，andsufficientlycomplex，tocovera
stractfromphenomenathatare
specifictoindividualculturesandlanguagesanaccountofgeneralfactors
determiningthetranslationprocess，towhichspecialtheoriesthatconcern
individualproblemsorsubfieldscanbelinkedconsistently。
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Atextisviewedasanofferofinformation(Informationsangebot）made
byaproducertoarecipient。Translationisthencharacterizedasoffering
informationtomembersofonecultureintheirlanguage（thetargetlanguage
andculture)aboutinformationoriginallyofferedinanotherlanguagewithin
anotherculture（thesourcelanguageandculture）。Atranslationisa
secondaryofferofinformation，imitatingaprimaryofferofinformation。
Or,tobemoreprecise，thetranslatoroffersinformationaboutcertain
aspectsofthesource-text-in—situation,accordingtothetargettext
skoposspecifiedbytheinitiator（ReissandVermeer1984/1991:76)。Neither
theselectionmadefromtheinformationofferedinthesourcetext，nor
thespecificationoftheskoposhappensatrandom;rather，theyare
determinedbytheneeds,expectations,arget—textreceivers。
Translationisbydefinitioninterlingualandintercultural,itinvolves
bothlinguisticandculturaltransfer;inotherwords，itisa
culture—transcendingprocess(Vermeer1992：40)。
Sinceskoposvarieswithtextreceivers,theskoposofthetargettext
swheretheskoposisthe
sameforthetwotexts,ReissandVermeer(1984/1991：45）speakof
Funktionskonstanz（functionalconstancy),whereascasesinwhichtheskopos
differsbetweenthetwotextsundergoFunktionsänderung（changeof
function）。Incasesofthelattertype,thestandardforthetranslation
willnotbeintertextualcoherencewiththesourcetext,butadequacyor
appropriatenesstotheskopos,whichalsodeterminestheselectionand
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arrangementofcontent.
Althoughatranslatumisnotipsofactoafaithfulimitationofthe
sourcetext，fidelitytothesourcetextisonepossibleorlegitimate
skopos。Skopostheoryshouldnot,therefore，beunderstoodaspromoting
(extremely)freetranslationinall,orevenamajorityofcases.
Althoughtheterms‘skopos'，‘purpose'and‘function’areoften
usedinterchangeablybyReissandVermeer（1984/1991)，functionisalso
sense,
itislinkedtoaspectsofgenre(Textsorte)andtexttype(Texttyp）.The
sourcetextcanbeassignedtoatexttypeandtoagenre，andinmaking
thisassignment，thetranslatorcandecideonthehierarchyofpostulates
whichhastobeobservedduringtarget—textproduction(ReissandVermeer
1984/1991:196).ReissandVermeer’stexttypology，basedonBühler
（1934），includestheinformative，theexpressiveandtheoperativetext
types，whichderivefromthedescriptive，theexpressiveandthe
appellativefunctionsoflanguage，ypologyishelpful
mainlywherefunctionalconstancyisrequiredbetweensourceandtarget
texts.
However，bothVermeer(1989a)andReiss(1988)haveexpressedreservations
abouttheroleofgenre:thesourcetextdoesnotdeterminethegenreof
thetargettext，nordoesthegenredetermineipsofactotheformofthe
targettext，or,indeed，theskopos；rather,itistheskoposofthe
translationthatdeterminestheappropriategenreforthetranslatum,and
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thegenre,beingaconsequenceoftheskopos，issecondarytoit(Vermeer
1989a：187)。
Statusofsourcetextandtargettext
Accordingtoskopostheory，then，translationistheproductionof
afunctionallyappropriatetargettextbasedonanexistingsourcetext，
andtherelationshipbetweenthetwotextsisspecifiedaccordingtothe
skoposofthetranslation。Onepracticalconsequenceofthistheoryisa
reconceptualizationofthestatusofthesourcetext。Itisuptothe
translatorastheexperttodecidewhatroleasourcetextistoplayin
isivefactoristhepreciselyspecified
skopos,andthesourcetextisjustoneconstituentofthecommissiongiven
nslatorisrequiredtoactconsciouslyin
accordancewiththeskopos,andskoposmustbedecidedseparatelyineach
specificcase。ItmaybeADAPTATIONtothetargetculture，butitmayalso
betoacquaintthereaderwiththesourceculture。Thetranslatorshould
knowwhatthepointofatranslationis-thatithassomegoal—butthatany
ortantpointis
thatnosourcetexthasonlyonecorrectorpreferabletranslation（Vermeer
1989a：182），andthat,consequently,everytranslationcommissionshould
explicitlyorimplicitlycontainastatementofskopos。Theskoposforthe
targettextneednotbeidenticalwiththatattributedtothesourcetext;
butunlesstheskoposforthetargettextisspecified，translationcannot,
properlyspeaking,becarriedoutatall.
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Criticismofskopostheory
Objectionstoskopostheorymainlyconcernthedefinitionoftranslation
andtherelationshipbetweensourcetextandtargettext.
IthasbeenarguedthatReissandVermeer，intheirattempttoestablish
atrulygeneralandcomprehensivetranslationtheory，forcetotally
disparatecasesoftextrelationsintoaframewhichtheyattempttohold
togetherbymeansofthenotionofinformationoffer（Schreitmüller
1994:105).Butthereshouldbealimittowhatmaylegitimatelybecalled
translationasopposedto,forexample，ADAPTATION。Intranslationproper
（Koller1990)，thesourcetextistheyardstickbywhichalltranslations
mustbemeasured，independentlyofthepurposeforwhichtheywereproduced。
Inthiscontextitisalsoarguedthat,eventhoughatranslationmay
indeedfulfilitsintendedskoposperfectlywell，itmayneverthelessbe
assessedasinadequateonothercounts,particularlyasfaraslexical，
syntactic,orstylisticdecisionsonthemicrolevelareconcerned(apoint
madebyChesterman1994:153，whootherwiseacknowledgestheimportant
contributionsofskopostheory）。Suchobjectionscomemainlyfrom
linguisticallyorientedapproachestotranslationthatfocusonbottom-up
aspectsoftextproductionandreception。Forexample，Newmark(1991b：
106)criticizestheoversimplificationthatisinherentinfunctionalism，
theemphasisonthemessageattheexpenseofrichnessofmeaningandto
thedetrimentoftheauthorityofthesource—languagetext.
However,proponentsofskopostheoryargueforawidedefinitionof
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translation（1990）.Assoonasoneasksforthepurposeofa
translation，strategiesthatareoftenlistedunderadaptation，forexample
reformulation，paraphraseandtextualexplication,willcomeinnaturally
aspartoftranslation。Andcriticsofmicroleveldecisionsusuallylift
thetextsoutoftheirrespectiveenvironmentsforcomparativepurposes,
ignoringtheirfunctionalaspects。
ReissandVermeer'sculturalapproachhasalsobeenjudgedlessapplicable
toliterarytranslation，duetothespecialstatusofaliteraryworkof
-Hornby(1990：84）arguesthatthesituationandfunctionof
literarytextsaremorecomplexthanthoseofnon—literarytexts，andthat
ore，althoughskopostheoryis
bynomeansirrelevanttoliterarytranslation,anumberofpointsneed
rethinkingbeforethetheorycanbemadefullyapplicabletothisgenre.
Itisalsopossibletoarguethattoassignaskopostoaliterarytext
istorestrictitspossibilitiesofinterpretation。Inliterarytheory
adistinctionisoftenmadebetweentextaspotentialandtextasrealization,
andskopostheoryappearstoseethetextonlyasrealization,andnotas
apotentialwhichcanbeusedindifferentsituationswithdifferent
r,Vermeer（1989a:181)
arguesthatwhenatextisactuallycomposed,thisisdonewithanassumed
function,orarestrictedsetoffunctions,inmind。Skopostheorydoes
notdenythatatextmaybeusedinwaysthathadnotbeenforeseenoriginally，
onlythatatranslatumisatextinitsownright,withitsownpotential
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foruse.
Skopostheoryhashelpedtobringthetargettextintofocus。Asatext，
atranslationisnotprimarilydeterminedbyasourcetext,butbyitsown
iomprovidesatheoreticalargumentfordescribing
translationsintermsoforiginaltextproductionandagainstdescribing
theminthemoretraditionaltermsofEQUIVALENCEwithanothertextin
anotherlanguage（seealsoJakobsen1993:156）.TranslationisaDECISION
teriaforthedecisionsareprovidedbytheskopos,
i。e。theconcretepurposeandaimsinaconcretetranslationcommission。
Theshiftoffocusawayfromsourcetextreproductiontothemore
independentchallengesoftarget-textproductionhasbroughtinnovationto
translationtheory。Asattentionhasturnedtowardsthefunctionalaspects
oftranslationandtowardstheexplanationoftranslationdecisions,the
expertiseandethicalresponsibilityofthetranslatorhavecometothefore。
Translatorshavecometobeviewedastarget-textauthorsandhavebeen
releasedfromthelimitationsandrestrictionsimposedbyanarrowlydefined
conceptofloyaltytothesourcetextalone.
Furtherreading
Ammann1989/1990；Newmark1991b;Reiss1986,1988，1990;ReissandVermeer
1984/1991；Vermeer1978,1982,1989a，1992.
CHRISTINASCHÄFFNER
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