解释英文名词
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2023年2月25日发(作者：五氧化二磷有毒吗)Whatisasummary?
Asummaryisashortpieceofwritingthatgivesthemainfactsorideasofastoryorarticle,etc.
Thequalitiesofagoodsummary?
Itshouldbeobjective,thatis,thewriterdoesnotincludeanyideasofhis/herown.
Itshouldbecomplete,thatis,thewriterdoesnotleaveoutimportantfactsorideas.
Itshouldbebalanced,inotherwords,thewritergivesequalattentiontoeachmainidea.
Thegoalofasummary?
Itistogivereadersanobjective,complete,accurateandbalancedviewofsomething(anarticle,a
story,anovel,aplay,etc)
Paragraphunity
Aunifiedparagraphcontainsonlysentencesthatexplainorsupportthegeneralstatementmadein
tencethatdoesnotrelateto(=isnotconnectedinsomeway)themain
ideawillnotdevelopit.
Howtoachieveparagraphunity?
Beginwithadiscussablepointandexpressitinatopicsentence.
Sticktothissinglepointthroughout,thatis,allothersentenceshouldbeaboutthispoint.
Proveordevelopthepoint;don’tmerelyrepeatit.
Linkyoursentencetomakeyourideaseasytofollow.
Howtooutline(=togivethemainfactsaboutsomething)astory?
Dividethestoryintosmallerparts.
Summarizeeachpartinonesentence.
Numberyoursentencesummariestomakethemanoutlineofthestory.
Whatisanarrativeparagraph?
Anarrativeparagraphisonethatbrieflydescribesanincidentorapersonalexperience.
Requirementsthatagoodnarrativeparagraphshouldmeet?
Thoughitslengthislimited,itiscomplete,thatis,ithasabeginning,middleandend.
Itincludesaslittleconversationaspossible.
Itssentencesareconnectedbysuitablelinkingwordsorexpressions.
Herearesomecommontimelinkingwords/expressions.
Afterwardlaterwhenshortlyafterwardsoonwhilethenextday/nightthen
Paragraphcoherence(Coherenceisconnection)
Acoherentparagraphisoneinwhicheverysentenceafterthefirstisconnectedtotheonebefore
it,tothetopicsentence,ortoboth,andreaderscanreadilyfollowthewriter’strainofthought(=a
relatedseriesofthoughts)
Anincoherenceparagraphisoneinwhichthesentencesarebadlyconnectedornotconnectedat
all,andthereadersarelikelytolosetheirway.
Howtoachieveparagraphcoherence?
Arrangesentenceinaclearorder.
Usecorrectpronouns
Usecorrectlinkingwordsandexpressions.
Whatisexposition?
poseistoexplainorclarifyapoint.
Patternsofexposition
Exemplification
Processanalysis
Cause-Effectanalysis
Comparisonandcontrast
Classification
Definition
Analogy
Whatisexemplification?
Exemplificationisamethodofsupportingathesisstatementwithaseriesofspecificexamplesor
sometimes,eofthemostcommonandmostusefulmeans
ofdevelopingaparagraphoranessay.
Whatisanessay?
Anessayisarelatedgroupofparagraphswrittenforsomepurpose.
Typesofessays
Essayscanbeclassifiedintotypes,ormodes,accordingtotheirpurposes.
Narrativeessaysrelateasequenceofevents,whetherfactualornot.
Descriptiveessayscreateawordpictureofascene,aperson,oranobject.
Expositiveessaysexplain--toinform,instruct,clarify,illustrate,ordefine.
Argumentativeessaysstateanopinionanddefenditlogically.
Basicstructureofanexpositiveessay
Anexpositiveessayhasthreeparts:
Abeginningcalledtheintroduction.
Amiddlecalledthebody.
Anendcalledtheconclusion.
Elementsoftheexpositiveessay
Outlining
Thesisstatement
Title
Transition
Whatisanoutline?
istthatshowsthemainideas
rwords,itisaplanforapieceof
uctinganoutlinemakesthewritingofyouressayeasier.
Typesofoutline
utline,whichusesonlykeywordsandphrases.
ceoutline,whichusescompletesentence.
Format(thearrangement,design,ororganizationofsomething)
Atopicoutlinelookslikethis:
Thesis:Inmyfirstyearatcollege,Ilearnedtospendmymoneywisely.
Whatisprocessanalysis?
Aprocessanalysisisastep-by-stepexplanationofhowtodosomething,orhowsomething
works/doneormade,orsomethinghappened.
Whatisprocessanalysisusedfor?
directionstopeoplewhowantorneedtoperformtheprocess.(givinginstructions)
informationtothosewhowanttounderstandtheprocessbutmaynotactuallyperform
it.(givinginformation)
ainhowsomethinghappened.(givingthehistory)
Whatarethemajortypesofprocessanalysis?
iveprocessanalysiswhichisaimedatexplaininghowtodoormakesomething.
ativeprocessanalysiswhichisaimedatexplaininghowsomethingisdone/worksorhow
somethingtookplace/happened.
Whatiscomparison/contrast?
Comparison/isonshows
dcomparisonissometimesusedtomeanboth
comparisonandcontrast.
Whatiscomparison/contrastusedfor?
ifysomethingunknownornotwellunderstood.
anewwayofviewingsomethingfamiliar.
goneorbothofthesubjectsintosharperfocus.
thatonesubjectisbetterthantheother.
Whatisclassification?
Classificationisthemethodofgroupingobjects,people,eofthe
mostusefulorganizationalstrategiesinwriting.
Whatisclassificationusedfor?
nizeandperceivetheworldaroundus.
entamassofmaterialbymeansofsomeorderlysystem.
withcomplexorabstracttopicsbybreakingabroadsubjectintosmaller,neatlysorted
categories.
Whatisdefinition?
tionistheexplanationofthemeaningofawordorconcept.
tionisalsoamethodofdevelopinganessay.
Whatisanalogy?
Analogyisanextendedcomparisonbasedonthesimilarfeaturesoftwothingsofdifferent
classes,onefamiliaroneeasilyunderstood,theotherunfamiliar,abstract,
importantmethodofexposition.
Whataretransition?
Transition,alsocalled”transitionaldevices”,arewords,phrases,andevenwholesentencesthatlink
sentencetooneanother.
Whatisajournal?
Ajournalisarecordofexperiences,ideas,orreflectionskeptregularlyforprivateuse.
Itissomething“foryoueyeonly”.Soyoucanwritefromyourheartandletideasandfeelings
flowfreely.
Journalwritingisaformoffree-writing,whichinvolveswritingwhatevercomestoyourmind
aboutwhathappensaroundyouandwhatyouobserveandthinkabout.
Argumentationandpersuasiondefined.
Argumentation-persuasionisthetypeofwritinginwhichwriterstrytoencouragereadersto
accepttheirpointofviewonacontroversialissue.
Inargumentation,writersuseobjectives,logicalreasoning,facts,andhardevidencetodemonstrate
urposeistoencouragereaderstoaccepttheirpointofview.
Inpersuasion,writersuseemotionallanguageanddramaticappealstoreaders'concerns,beliefsand
values,ofteninthehopeofencouragingthentotakeaspecificaction,besides,encouraging
acceptanceofanopinion.
,thetwotermsare
oftenusedinterchangeably.
Theclaimdefined
Claims,orpropositions,representanswerstowhatyouaretryingtoproveinanargumentative
ghtheyaretheconclusionsofyourarguments,theyoftenappearasthesestatements.
Abstract&concretewords
Concretewordsidentifypersonsandthingsthatcanbeperceivedbythe
senses--seen,heard,tasted,felt,smelled,,boy,rose,etc.
Abstractwordsdenotequalities,concepts,relationships,acts,conditions,ideasthatwecan’tperceive
directlythroughourfivesenses,y,friendship,life,etc.
ebetweenthetwo
extremes,se,rest,answer,etc.
General&specificwords
Specificwordsidentifyindividualitemsinagroup,
Generalwordsrelatetocategories,anoverallgroup,
ebetweenthetwo
extremes,,student,flower,etc.
Thesupportdefined
Theideasandinformationintendedtoconvincereadersthattheclaimissoundorbelievable.
Whatisconciseness?
antwordsorwordywritingisnot
ver-usewordstodeliverthemessageinyourwriting.
Refutationdefined
Refutationisattemptstoproveviewsagainstthewriter’tenan
indispensablepartofanargumentativeessay,foritshowsthatthewriterisawareofopposing
viewpointsandhasthoughtaboutbothsides.
Essaysthatmainlyrefuteopposingviewsareknownasrebuttalarguments.
Fallaciesdefined
Fallaciesarestatementsthatmaysoundreasonableortruebutarenotlogicallydefensibleand
mayactuallybedeceptive.
Theemotionalappealdefined
Emotionalappealisastrategywritersandpublicspeakersusetopersuade,whichistoarousethe
reader’s/audience’sfeelingstoreinforceanargument.
真题：
Whatistheresearchpaper?Whatistheprocessofwritingit?
Aresearchpaperisusuallyaformal,fairlylongandwell-documentedcomposition.
Process：
ngatopic
tinginformation
ingtheinformation,organizingideasandworkingoutanoutline
gthefirstdraft
ngthedraftandfinalizingthepaper.
Whatisthesentence?Whatistheeffectivesentence?
Asentencecontainsatleastasubjectandapredicateverb:iftheverbistransitive,theremustbean
object,iftheverbisalinkverb,theremustbeapredicativeorcomplement.
Theyareunity,coherence,conciseness,emphasisandvariety.
Howmanytypesofsentencesaccordingtotheuse?Whatarethey?
edeclarative,interrogative,imperativeandexclamatorysentence.
Howmanytypesofsentencesaccordingtothestructure?Whatarethey?
esimple,compound,complexandcompound-complexsentence.