生物专业英语
非晶硅太阳能电池-易经图解
2023年2月21日发(作者：有机化肥)生物专业英语课件Biology
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Biology:TheScienceofOurLives
Biologyliterallymeans"thestudyoflife".Biologyissuchabroad
field,coveringtheminuteworkingsofchemicalmachinesinsideour
cells,tobroadscaleconceptsofecosystemsandglobalclimate
istsstudydetailsofthehumanbrain,the
compositionofourgenes,andeventhefunctioningofour
istsrecentlyallbutcompletedthe
decipheringofthehumangenome,thesequenceofdeoxyribonucleic
acid(DNA)basesthatmaydeterminemuchofourinnatecapabilities
sequenceshaveplayedmajorrolesincriminalcases(n,
aswellasthereversalofdeathpenaltiesformanywrongfully
convictedindividuals),aswellastheimpeachmentofPresident
Clinton(thestainatleastdidnotlie).Wearebombardedwith
headlinesaboutpossiblehealthrisksfromfavoritefoods(Chinese,
Mexican,hamburgers,etc.)aswellasthepotentialbenefitsof
ercialstoutthe
Americansareturningtoherbalremediestoeasearthritispain,
improvememory,aswellasimproveourmoods.
生物专业英语课件Biology
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Canabiologybookgiveyoutheanswerstothesequestions?No,but
itwillenableyoulearnhowtosiftthroughthebiasesof
investigators,thepress,andothersinaquesttocritically
nest,fiveyearsafteryouare
throughwiththisclassitisdoubtfulyouwouldrememberallthe
r,youwillknowwheretolookand
maybealittleabouttheprocessofsciencethatwillallowyouto
ubeascientist?Yes,inaway.
Youmaynotbeformallytrainedasasciencemajor,butyoucanthink
critically,solveproblems,andhavesomeideaaboutwhatscience
ouwillbeabletotelltheshoefrom
theshinola.
ScienceandtheScientificMethod
Scienceisanobjective,logical,andrepeatableattemptto
understandtheprinciplesandforcesoperatinginthenatural
eisfromtheLatinword,scientia,
scienceisnotdogmatic,butshouldbeviewedasanongoingprocess
hehoped-forbenefitsofstudents
takingabiologycourseisthattheywillbecomemorefamiliarwith
theprocessofscience.
生物专业英语课件Biology
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childrendrivetheirparentsbattywithconstant"why"questions.
shop
forgroceries,weareconductingakindofscientificexperiment.
IfyoulikeBrandXofsoup,andBrandYisonsale,perhapsyou
ikeityoumaybuyitagain,evenwhenitis
idnotlikeBrandY,thennosalewillgetyou
totryitagain.
Inordertoconductscience,onemustknowtherulesofthegame
(imagineplayingMonopolyandhavingtodiscovertherulesasyou
play!Whichispreciselywhatonedoeswithsomecomputeror
videogames(beforebuyingthecheatbook).Thescientificmethodis
sciences,such
astaxonomyandcertaintypesofgeology,laboratoryexperiments
d,afterformulatinga
hypothesis,additionalobservationsand/orcollectionsaremade
fromdifferentlocalities.
Stepsinthescientificmethodcommonlyinclude:
ation:definingtheproblemyouwishtoexplain.
esis:oneormorefalsifiableexplanationsforthe
observation.
生物专业英语课件Biology
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mentation:Controlledattemptstotestoneormore
hypotheses.
sion:wasthehypothesissupportedornot?Afterthis
stepthehypothesisiseithermodifiedorrejected,which
causesarepeatofthestepsabove.
Afterahypothesishasbeenrepeatedlytested,ahierarchyof
esisisthemostcommon,with
yisahypothesisthathas
beenrepeatedlytestedwithlittlemodification,ory
oneofthefundamentalunderlyingprinciples
ofhowtheUniverseisorganized,sofThermodynamics,
Newton'eusesthewordtheorydifferently
tomostpeople,
ingeneralnonscientificuse,istscall
thisahypothesis.
Scientificexperimentsarealsoconcernedwithisolatingthe
cienceexperimentdoesnotsimultaneouslytest
severalvariables,butratherasinglevariablethatcanbemeasured
ificcontrolledexperimentsaresituations
whereallfactorsarethesamebetweentwotestsubjects,except
forthesingleexperimentalvariable.
生物专业英语课件Biology
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ants
playsloudrapmusic24hoursadaytoaseriesofpeaplantsgrown
underlight,ndofherexperiment
cher
gradesherprojectverylow,citingthelackofacontrolgroupfor
eturnstoherexperiment,butthistimeshe
hasaseparategroupofplantsunderthesameconditionsasthe
rappingplants,
comestothesameconclusionasbefore,butnowhasabasisfor
chergivesherprojectabettergrade.
TheoriesContributingtoModernBiology
Modernbiologyisbasedonseveralgreatideas,ortheories:
lTheory
oryofEvolutionbyNaturalSelection
eory
tasis
RobertHooke(1635-1703),oneofthefirstscientiststousea
microscopetoexaminepondwater,corkandotherthings,referred
生物专业英语课件Biology
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tothecavitieshesawincorkas"cells",Latinforchambers.
MattiasSchleiden(in1838)concludedallplanttissuesconsisted
1839,TheodoreSchwanncametoasimilarconclusion
Virchow,in1858,combinedthetwoideas
andaddedthatallcellscomefrompre-existingcells,formulating
ereisachain-of-existenceextendingfrom
yourcellsbacktotheearliestcells,over3.5billionyearsago.
Thecelltheorystatesthatallorganismsarecomposedofoneor
morecells,andthatthosecellshavearisenfrompre-existing
cells.
Watson(L)and
FrancisCrick(R),
andthemodelthey
builtofthe
structureof
deoxyribonucleic
acid,
modelmayseema
smallthing,their
developmentofthe
DNAmodelfostered
生物专业英语课件Biology
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increased
understandingofhow
fromtheInternet.
In1953,AmericanscientistJamesWatsonandBritishscientist
FrancisCrickdevelopedthemodelfordeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA),
achemicalthathad(then)recentlybeendeducedtobethephysical
ypothesizedthemechanismforDNA
replicationandfurtherlinkedDNAtoproteins,anideasince
ationfromDNA"language"
isconvertedintoRNA(ribonucleicacid)"language"andthentothe
"language"traldogmaexplainstheinfluence
ofheredity(DNA)ontheorganism(proteins).
Homeostasisisthemaintainenceofadynamicrangeofconditions
ature,pH,andenergy
odynamicsisafield
ofstudythatcoversthelawsgoverningenergytransfers,andthus
orlawsareknown:the
conservationofmatterandenergy,illbe
verseiscomposed
oftwothings:matter(atoms,etc.)andenergy.
生物专业英语课件Biology
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Thesefirstthreetheoriesareveryacceptedbyscientistsandthe
oryofevolutioniswellacceptedby
r,itremainsa
lighteningrodforschoolboards,politicians,andtelevision
thisconfusionresultsfromwhatthetheorysays
andwhatitdoesnotsay.
DevelopmentoftheTheoryofEvolution
Modernbiologyisbasedonseveralunifyingthemes,suchasthecell
theory,geneticsandinheritance,FrancisCrick'scentraldogmaof
informationflow,andDarwinandWallace'stheoryofevolutionby
firstunitwewillexaminethesethemes
andthenatureofscience.
TheAncientGreekphilosopherAnaxiamander(611-547B.C.)andthe
RomanphilosopherLucretius(99-55B.C.)coinedtheconceptthat
alllivingthingswererelatedandthattheyhadchangedovertime.
Theclassicalscienceoftheirtimewasobservationalratherthan
rancientGreekphilosopher,Aristotle
developedhisScalaNaturae,orLadderofLife,toexplainhis
conceptoftheadvancementoflivingthingsfrominanimatematter
toplants,nceptofmanasthe
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"crownofcreation"stillplaguesmodernevolutionarybiologists
(SeeGould,1989,foramoredetaileddiscussion).
Post-Aristotlean"scientists"wereconstrainedbytheprevailing
thoughtpatternsoftheMiddleAges--theinerrancyofthebiblical
bookofGenesisandthespecialcreationoftheworldinaliteral
shopJamesUssherofIreland,
inthelate1600'scalculatedtheageoftheearthbasedonthe
geneologiesfromAdamandEvelistedinthebiblicalbookofGenesis.
AccordingtoUssher'scalculations,theearthwasformedonOctober
22,alculationswerepartofUssher'sbook,History
onologyhedevelopedwastakenasfactual,and
'sideaswere
readilyaccepted,inpartbecausetheyposednothreattothesocial
orderofthetimes;comfortableideasthatwouldnotupsetthelinked
applecartsofchurchandstate.
shopJames
romtheInternet.
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Oftennewideasmust"comeoutofleftfield",appearingaswild
notions,butinmanycasespromptinginvestigationwhichmaylater
revealthe"truth".Ussher'sideaswerecomfortable,theBiblewas
viewedascorrect,thereforetheearthmustbeonly5000yearsold.
Geologistshadforsometimedoubtedthe"truth"ofa5,000year
dodaVinci(painteroftheLastSupper,andthe
MonaLisa,architectandengineer)calculatedthesedimentation
iconcludedittook200,000
o,convictedheretic
forhiscontentionthattheEarthwasnotthecenteroftheUniverse,
studiedfossils(evidenceofpastlife)andconcludedthattheywere
utton,regardedasthe
Fatherofmoderngeology,developedtheTheoryofUniformitarianism,
ingtoHutton's
work,certaingeologicalprocessesoperatedinthepastinmuchthe
samefashionastheydotoday,withminorexceptionsofrates,etc.
Thusmanygeologicalstructuresandprocessescannotbeexplained
iftheearthwasonlyamere5000yearsold.
TheModernViewoftheAgeoftheEarth
Radiometricageassignmentsbasedontheratesofdecayof
radioactiveisotopes,notdiscovereduntilthelate19thcentury,
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thisthought
olderthan4.5billionyears,withtheoldestknownrocksbeing3.96
ictimedividesintoeons,eroas,and
viewofgeologictimemaybeobtainedat
/help/.
logictimescale,hilightingsomeofthefirsts
erticalscalewastruly
toscaletheprecambrianwouldaccountfor7/8ofthegraphic.
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