2024年3月17日发(作者：)
查尔斯·埃德温·贝克（C. Edwin Baker，1947- ），C. Edwin Baker (May 28, 1947 –
December 8, 2009),是美国宾州大学Nicholas F. Gallicchio讲座教授，专精宪法、传播法、大众传媒法。除本书外，另著有Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech（Oxford 1989），Advertising and a Democratic Press（Princeton 1994），Media Concentration and
Democracy：Why Ownership Matters（Cambridge 2007）等书。
美国宾州大学法学院的教授。他的见解也经由中华民国大法官林子仪在专论言论自由与新闻自由的著作中所引用，因此他的见解是较新、被引入华文圈较早、又具有代表性的见解，其个人资料请见：/cf/faculty/ebaker/
目录
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纪念美国最著名的言论自由学者 Baker教授
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《媒体、市场与民主》
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著作
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参考文献
纪念美国最著名的言论自由学者 Baker教授回目录
译自美国宾夕法尼亚大学法学院网站。
英文网址：ttp:///blogs/news/archives/2009/12/penn_law_professor_c_edwin_
Alex Kreit: "He was as fine a teacher as he was a scholar."
Alex Kreit：“他是个像他的学问一样出色的教师”。
First Amendment Center: "Ed was a modern-day gadfly, albeit one who wore
wide-rimmed glasses that allowed him to see things that many of the rest of us could
not."
宪法第一修正案中心：尽管带着宽框眼睛使他看到了我们中的许多人都看不到的事物，Ed依然是个现代的牛虻。
Legal Theory: "Ed was a significant contributor to fundamental debates in
constitutional theory for decades."
法律理论：Ed为数十年来宪法领域的核心论争，做出了巨大的贡献
Balkinization: "The finest media law scholar of his generation."
Balkinization：他是他那个时代最好的媒体法学者。
Balkinization (2): "I’ve never seen the influence of the ’marketplace of ideas’
on the Supreme Court documented or criticized as thoroughly as Baker does it."
Balkinization（2）：我从来没有见过谁对深受“观念市场理论”影响的最高法院的判决或批评，像Baker先生那样入木三分。
Feminist Law Professors: "He was brilliant, funny, kind and fiercely invested
in building a more just world."
女权主义者法学教授：在构建一个更公正的世界的过程中，他功绩卓越、有趣、良善并且充满活力。
Daily Pennsylvanian: "He loved the underdog.”
Daily Pennsylvanian：他爱生活在社会低层的人。
C. Edwin Baker, the Nicholas F. Gallicchio Professor of Law and Communication
at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and a leading scholar in the fields
of constitutional law, communications law and free speech, died suddenly on Dec.
8 in New York City, where he had lived the past 20 years. He was 62. He collapsed
while exercising and could not be revived.
C. Edwin Baker，宾夕法尼亚大学法学院Nicholas F. Gallicchio法学和传播学教授，卓越的宪法、传播法和言论自由教者，（2009年）12月8日在纽约市，也就是他过去曾经生活过20年的地方，突然辞世。他只活了62岁。他在锻炼身体时轰然倒下，就再也没有复活。
Professor Baker was considered one of the country’s foremost authorities on
the First Amendment and on mass media policy. Most recently, he focused his work
on the economics of the news business, political philosophy, and jurisprudential
questions concerning the egalitarian and libertarian bases of constitutional theory.
在宪法第一修正案和大众传媒政策领域，Baker先生是美国最权威的教授之一。最近，他的研究兴趣集中在新闻业、政治哲学和与宪法理论之基础的平等和自由主义相关的法理问题。
“Ed Baker was a brilliant scholar, a dedicated teacher and a wonderful friend,”
said Penn Law Dean Michael A. Fitts. “Generations of students and lawyers benefitted
from his insights, his high expectations and his caring approach to everyone around
him. His death is a great loss for the Penn Law community as well as for the larger
community of academicians and practitioners focused on free speech, the media and
human rights.”
“Ed Baker是个卓越的学者，有奉献精神的教师和益友”，宾夕法尼亚大学法学院院长Michael A. Fitts说。“有几代在他身边的学生和律师，都得益于他的洞见、他的高瞻远瞩和他的关切。他的死是宾夕法尼亚法律社区和更大范围内关注言论自由、媒体和人权的学者和从业者的巨大损失。”
His work was read and respected by policy makers and students in the United States
and internationally. Just this past summer, he taught a course on communication
policy, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press at Communication University of
China in Beijing. Earlier this year, Professor Baker told a Congressional
subcommittee that "huge actual layoffs of journalists as well as threatened closures
of towns’ only daily are a major threat to democracy. When people are reading
newspapers, corruption goes down." In January, he wrote an essay calling for a
targeted federal tax credit to help newspapers hire more journalists, instead of
laying them off.
美国和美国之外的政策制定者和学生，都阅读并钟爱他的著作。就在刚刚过去的夏天，他还远赴中国北京的中国传媒大学，教授传播政策、言论自由和传媒自由课程。在今年更早的时候，Baker先生给国会的一个专门委员会委员说：“大规模解雇新闻工作者和关闭城镇仅有的日报”的作法，是民主的巨大威胁。今年一月，他针对一项受到攻击的联邦减税政策写过一篇文章，呼吁联邦政府帮助报纸雇用更多的记者，而不是解雇他们。
“It is always a pleasure to read Ed Baker’s work, but it is a pleasure tinged
by envy, for I inevitably come away thinking, ‘I wish I were that good a scholar,’”
said Seth Kreimer, the Kenneth W. Gemmill Professor at Penn Law. “Some of my
colleagues are outstanding lawyers, some are insightful social scientists, and Ed
was both. Rather than deploying a single social science paradigm to illuminate a
legal problem, he deployed two or three, with the result brilliantly illuminating
the discourse of practicing lawyers and judges.”
“阅读Ed Baker的文章是一件非常愉快而伴有淡淡妒意的事情，因为阅读的时候我总是在想，如果我是个像他那样出色的学者，该多好。”在宾夕法尼亚大学法学院工作的Kenneth W. Gemmill 教授Seth Kreimer先生说。“我的同事中有杰出的法学家，有见解深刻的社会科学家，而ED Baker先生同时兼具两者。他不是用单个的社会科学范式阐明某个法律问题，他用两个，甚至三个，结果自然便是，他卓越地阐明了执业律师和从业法官之道。”
Professor Baker was scheduled to participate in the upcoming fifth international
human rights workshop on the subject of “Private Power and Human Rights” in Israel,
and he was working on his fifth book at the time of his death. His first book, Human
Liberty and Freedom of Speech, published by Oxford University Press in 1989, defends
interpreting First Amendment freedom of speech as concerned primarily with
individual freedom and autonomy rather than the more traditional understanding of
it being about a marketplace of ideas. Advertising and a Democratic Press (Princeton
University Press, 1994) became a leading critique of the impact of advertising on
media’s non-advertising content and Media, Markets, and Democracy (Cambridge
University Press, 2002) explores why the free market predictably fails to provide
the media that consumers want or citizens need. His most recent book, Media
Concentration and Democracy: Why Ownership Matters (Cambridge, 2007), evaluates
economic and democratic reason to oppose media concentration.
Baker教授计划参加即将在以色列召开的第十五届“私权和人权”国际人权讲习班，在
他去世之际，他正致力于他的第五本专著。他的第一本巨著，即由牛津大学1989年出版的《人类自由和言论自由》，从最重要的个人自由和自治来捍卫宪法第一修正案保护的言论自由，而不是从更传统的观念市场理论来理解。《广告和民主的传媒》（1994年普林斯顿大学出版社出版），就广告对传媒的非广告内容之影响，给出了最重要的评论。《传媒、市场和民主》（剑桥大学2002年出版）探索了自由市场不可能为消费者或市场提供他们想要的传媒的原因。他最新的著作，即《传媒集中与民主：为什么所有权至关重要》（2007年剑桥），评估的是反对传媒集中的经济和民主方面的理由。
Professor Baker joined Penn Law in 1981 and focused his teaching on
constitutional law, mass media law, the First Amendment, and jurisprudence. Since
2007, he has held a joint appointment in the Annenberg School for Communication at
Penn. During his career he served as a staff attorney for the American Civil Liberties
Union and he held teaching positions at several universities prior to joining Penn
Law.
Baker教授1981年加盟宾夕法尼亚大学法学院并致力于宪法学、大众传媒法、宪法第一修正案和法理学教学工作。2007年起，他又兼任起宾夕法尼亚大学Annenberg传播学院的教职。在其职业生涯中，他还是美国公民自由联盟的法律事务专员。加盟宾大之前，他先后在几所大学担任过教职。
“There was no scholar so committed, passionate, disciplined and wise in thinking
through the relationship between the media and the political system,” said Monroe
Price, the director of the Center for Global Communication Studies at Penn’s
Annenberg School. “He was a quiet and persistent missionary for his own very exacting
and compelling view of the First Amendment and international norms of free speech.”
“对传媒与政治制度之关系的思考方面，没有人能比Baker教授更坚定、更殷切、更严谨，也更睿智。”宾大Annenberg传播学院全球传播研究中心主任Monroe Price说。“他是个平静而坚韧的传教士，献身于传播他自己精致和令人信服的宪法第一修正案观点以及言论自由的国际准则。”
Professor Baker received his law degree from Yale University and his bachelor’s degree from Stanford University. He had been a fellow at Harvard on three occasions,
most recently as a Radcliff Fellow in 2006.
Baker教授毕业于斯坦福大学并在耶鲁大学获得法学学位。他有三段时间，最近的一次是2006以Radcliff研究员的身份，在哈佛大学访学。
A memorial service is being planned for Jan. 31, 2010, in New York City.
Contributions in his memory should be made to the ACLU, the Juvenile Diabetes
Foundation, Oxfam, or any other charity honoring his commitment to human rights and
free speech.
2010年1月31日计划在纽约市举办追悼仪式。在他纪念仪式上的捐款应当捐助给美国公民自由联盟、青少年糖尿病基金会、牛津赈灾委员会和任何赞赏其在人权和言论自由方面之贡献的其他慈善组织。
Professor Baker is survived by his sister, Nancy Baker, of El Granada, Calif.,
who is on the faculty of Fielding Graduate University; her spouse, Cathy Hauer; and
seven first cousins with whom he was very close. He was predeceased by his parents,
Falcon O. Baker, Jr. and Ernestine Magagna Baker.
Baker教授辞世时留下了他的妹妹Nancy Baker，她住在加利福尼亚的El Granada，是Fielding研究生院教师，她的配偶Cathy Hauer；和七个与他关系密切的第一代堂兄弟姐妹。他的双亲Falcon O. Baker和Ernestine Magagna Baker已经先他而去。
（译者说明：可能还有不当之处，欢迎大家批评指正。） （原载：“十九条论纲”的博客）
《媒体、市场与民主》回目录
内容简介
传媒为谁而自由？市场能否确保受众获得期待的传媒内容？政府介入传媒是否纯属多余？贝克教授的这本专著对此提出了自己的看法。全书分三个部分：第一部分从主流经济学所重视的“公共物品”与“外部性”出发，检讨何以美国的市场机制不能提供受众所真正想要的传媒内容；借此铺陈，作者对美国政府应该如何宏观调控传媒市场展开论述。第二部分，作者检视美国精英、共和、自由多元及复合民主理论对于传媒政策的不同意涵，从中表明复合理论何以更为接近公民所需，对于建构多重的传媒体系何以帮助最大。第三部分，作者以国际贸易为案例，对上述分析框架作了进一步补充。本书结合法学、经济学与政治理论，具有前瞻的理论视野，写作清晰，说服效果颇佳。
目录
序言
第一部分 服务受众
第一章 不是烤面包机：传媒产品的特殊性质
第二章 公共物品与垄断式竞争
第三章 外部性的问题
第四章 市场成为测量偏好的机制
第五章 怎么办？政策回应
第二部分 服务公民
第六章 不同的民主理论及其传媒
第七章 新闻理念
第八章 心之所忧与政策回应
第九章 宪法意涵
第三部分 举例：国际贸易
第十章 贸易与经济
第十一章 贸易、文化与民主
结论
结束语：互联网与数字技术
注释
译名对照表
译跋：科斯的传媒论述——与激进的反政府论对话
书摘插图
第一部分 服务受众
第一章 不是烤面包机：传媒产品的特殊性质
持经济理由认定政府不该介入传媒领域的人，通常过度简化了经济学。他们认为如果情况正常，按照市场本身的机能已经足以提供诱因；如果产品成本（比如，生产与分配成本）低于购买者愿意支付的额度，厂商就会愿意生产并贩卖产品。换个方式说，只要边际成本低于边际价格，厂商就有生产意愿。这样一来，市场就创生了生产与分配情境，足以产生偏好的极大化，我称这个说法是“标准模式”。
这个“标准模式”遭到很多的笼统批评，大多是关于市场为何失灵或市场何以造成负功能的。举个例子，负功能的情况可能如后：市场竞争创生了两种诱因，一种诱因是企业家（拥有资本的人）与拥有其他资源的人（如劳工或其他竞争者）产生关系时，目的在于“赢取权力”；另一种诱因才是要让企业“更有效率地生产物品”。然而，卷入市场竞争的利益相关人（或单位），假使（译按：出于第一种诱因而进行）权力斗争，（译按：他们）主要是在
就分配而竞争，非关生产物品的效率。在这个情况下，他们等于是浪费了资源，同时也致使分配不公。
当然，从来没有人声称市场能够完美运作。然而，虽然知道这个道理，许多人还是认为标准模式相对来说还是相当管用，至少够用。据此，他们就自设了理由，认定这是一个足堪依赖的“自由”市场——比如，市场既有效能又有效率，大致正确地生产了、分配了汽车与开罐器等等。„„
著作回目录
Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech (Oxford, 1989) defends interpreting First
Amendment freedom of speech as concerned primarily with individual freedom and
autonomy rather than the more traditional understanding of it being about a
marketplace of ideas
Advertising and a Democratic Press (Princeton, 1994)
Media, Markets, and Democracy (Cambridge, 2002), 2002 winner of the Donald McGannon
Award for Social and Ethical Relevance in Communications Policy Research.[2] This
book has been translated into Chinese.
Media Concentration and Democracy: Why Ownership Matters (Cambridge, 2007)
