2023年12月4日发(作者：)
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托福真题讲座historical research
European city planning and design have a long
Greek and Roman settlements were deliberately laid out on the
grid system,within which the siting of key buildings was
carefully thought roots of modern Western urban
planning and design can be traced to the Renaissance and Baroque
periods(between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries)in
Europe,when artists and intellectuals dreamed of ideal
cities,and rich and powerful regimes used urban design to
produce extravagant symbolizations of wealth,power,and
ed by the classical artforms of ancient Greece
and Rome,Renaissance urban design sought to recast cities in
a deliberate attempt to show off the power and the glory of the
state and church.
Spreading slowly from its origins in Italy at the beginning
of the fifteenth century,Renaissance design successfully
diffused to most of the larger cities of ic
advances in weaponry brought a surge of planned redevelopment
that featured impressive geometric-shaped fortifications and
an extensive sloping,clear zone of new
walls,cities were recast according to a new aesthetic of grand
design fancy palaces,geometrical plans,streetscapes,and gardens that emphasized views of dramatic
developments were often so extensive and so interconnected with
each other that they effectively fixed the layout of cities well
into the eighteenth,and even into the nineteenth,century,when
walls and/or open spaces eventually made way for urban
redevelopment in the form of parks,railway lines,or beltways.
As societies and economies became more complex with the
transition to industrial capitalism,national rulers and city
leaders looked to urban design to impose order,safety,and
efficiency,as well as to symbolize the new seats of power and
most important early precedent was set in Paris
by Napoleon III,who presided over a comprehensive program of
urban redevelopment and monumental urban work was
carried out by Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann between 1853 and
ann demolished large sections of old Paris to make
way for broad,new,tree-lined avenues,with numerous public open
spaces and doing so,he made the city not only more
efficient(wide boulevards meant better flows of traffic)and a
better place to live(parks and gardens allowed more fresh air
and sunlight in a crowded city and were held to be a civilizing
influence)but also safer from revolutionary politics(wide
boulevards were hard to barricade;monuments and statues helped to instill a sense of pride and identity).
The preferred architectural style for these new designs was
the Beaux Arts this school,architects were trained to
draw on Classical,Renaissance,and Baroque styles,synthesizing
them in designs for new buildings for the Industrial
idea was that the new buildings would blend artfully with the
older palaces,cathedrals,and civic buildings that dominated
European city ann’s ideas were widely
influential and extensively copied.
Early in the twentieth century there emerged a different
intellectual and artistic reaction to the pressures of
industrialization and was the Modern
movement,which was based on the idea that buildings and cities
should be designed and run like y important to
the Modernists was that urban design should not simply reflect
dominant social and cultural values but,rather,help to create
a new moral and social movement’s best-known advocate
was Le Corbusier,a Paris-based Swiss who provided the
inspiration for technocratic urban ist buildings
sought to dramatize technology,exploit industrial production
techniques,and use modern materials and
unembellished,functional Corbusier’s ideal city featured linear clusters of high-density,medium-rise
apartment blocks,elevated on stilts and segregated from
industrial districts;high-rise tower office blocks;and
transportation routes all separated by broad expanses of public
open space.
After 1945 this concept of urban design became
pervasive,part of what became known as the International
Style:boxlike steel-frame buildings with concrete-and-glass
International Style was avant-garde yet
respectable and,above all,comparatively inexpensive to
tradition of urban design,more than anything
else,has imposed a measure of uniformity on cities around the
world.
【Paragraph 1】European city planning and design have a long
Greek and Roman settlements were deliberately
laid out on the grid system,within which the siting of key
buildings was carefully thought roots of modern Western
urban planning and design can be traced to the Renaissance and
Baroque periods(between the fifteenth and seventeenth
centuries)in Europe,when artists and intellectuals dreamed of
ideal cities,and rich and powerful regimes used urban design
to produce extravagant symbolizations of wealth,power,and ed by the classical artforms of ancient Greece
and Rome,Renaissance urban design sought to recast cities in
a deliberate attempt to show off the power and the glory of the
state and church.
paragraph 1,why does the author mention that most
Greek and Roman settlements were laid out on the grid system
show how they resembled one another in terms of their
layout
support the claim that city planning had a long history
in Europe
help explain why cities of Renaissance and Baroque
design were typically laid out in the form of a grid
contrast the sophistication of Greek and Roman urban
design with the simplicity of the urban design of the
Renaissance and Baroque periods
word“regimes”in the passage is closest in meaning
to
rs
ments
rs
ing to paragraph 1,an important goal of Renaissance urban design was to
as an expression of the wealth and power of the
ruling class
e the classical forms of ancient Greek and Roman
cities
that the state rather than the church was the most
powerful institution in a city
e the religious and civic buildings of a city to
their previous glory
【Paragraph 2】Spreading slowly from its origins in Italy
at the beginning of the fifteenth century,Renaissance design
successfully diffused to most of the larger cities of
ic advances in weaponry brought a surge of planned
redevelopment that featured impressive geometric-shaped
fortifications and an extensive sloping,clear zone of
new walls,cities were recast according to a new
aesthetic of grand design fancy palaces,geometrical
plans,streetscapes,and gardens that emphasized views of
dramatic developments were often so
extensive and so interconnected with each other that they
effectively fixed the layout of cities well into the
eighteenth,and even into the nineteenth,century,when walls and/or open spaces eventually made way for urban redevelopment
in the form of parks,railway lines,or beltways.
aph 2 supports the idea that important features
typical of Renaissance urban design resulted from
sance designers’improved understanding of
geometry
characteristics of new weaponry
increased interest in highly productive gardens
need to reduce the likelihood of fires
【Paragraph 3】As societies and economies became more
complex with the transition to industrial capitalism,national
rulers and city leaders looked to urban design to impose
order,safety,and efficiency,as well as to symbolize the new
seats of power and most important early precedent
was set in Paris by Napoleon III,who presided over a
comprehensive program of urban redevelopment and monumental
urban work was carried out by Baron Georges-Eugene
Haussmann between 1853 and ann demolished large
sections of old Paris to make way for broad,new,tree-lined
avenues,with numerous public open spaces and
doing so,he made the city not only more efficient(wide
boulevards meant better flows of traffic)and a better place to live(parks and gardens allowed more fresh air and sunlight in
a crowded city and were held to be a civilizing influence)but
also safer from revolutionary politics(wide boulevards were
hard to barricade;monuments and statues helped to instill a
sense of pride and identity).
aph 3 mentions each of the following as an
accomplishment of Haussmann’s redevelopment of Paris EXCEPT
ing the flow of traffic
it harder for revolutionaries to be effective
ing housing in large sections of old Paris
ng more fresh air and sunlight into the city
【Paragraph 4】The preferred architectural style for these
new designs was the Beaux Arts this school,architects
were trained to draw on Classical,Renaissance,and Baroque
styles,synthesizing them in designs for new buildings for the
Industrial idea was that the new buildings would blend
artfully with the older palaces,cathedrals,and civic buildings
that dominated European city ann’s ideas were
widely influential and extensively copied.
ing to paragraph 4,what was an advantage of the
Beaux Arts style
was especially well suited for industrial buildings. fit in well with important older buildings in European
cities.
could be easily copied by builders everywhere.
allowed new buildings to be constructed much more
efficiently.
【Paragraph 5】Early in the twentieth century there emerged
a different intellectual and artistic reaction to the pressures
of industrialization and was the Modern
movement,which was based on the idea that buildings and cities
should be designed and run like y important to
the Modernists was that urban design should not simply reflect
dominant social and cultural values but,rather,help to create
a new moral and social movement’s best-known advocate
was Le Corbusier,a Paris-based Swiss who provided the
inspiration for technocratic urban ist buildings
sought to dramatize technology,exploit industrial production
techniques,and use modern materials and
unembellished,functional Corbusier’s ideal city
featured linear clusters of high-density,medium-rise
apartment blocks,elevated on stilts and segregated from
industrial districts;high-rise tower office blocks;and
transportation routes all separated by broad expanses of public open space.
ing to paragraph 5,Modernist urban design differed
from previous urban design styles in that it
to contribute to a new moral and social order
heavily influenced by the work of one urban planner
a reaction to social and economic changes
intended to make cities more beautiful
aph 5 supports the idea that Le Corbusier held
which of the following views
rial production techniques should be used only for
buildings in industrial districts.
ent types of activities that go on in a city should
be kept physically separated from each other.
the buildings in a city should be about the same
height and of similar design.
transportation routes should be kept at a
significant distance from cities.
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