水力压裂
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2023年3月5日发(作者：明度推移图片)HowFracturingWorks
Engineersdesignafracturingoperationbasedonthe
uniquecharacteristicsoftheformationandreservoir.
Basiccomponentsofthefracturingdesignincludethe
injectionpressure,andthetypesandvolumesofmaterials
(e.g.,chemicals,fluids,gases,proppants)neededto
achievethedesiredstimulationoftheformation.
Thefracturingoperationisintendedtocreatefractures
thatextendfromthewellboreintothetargetoilorgasfor-
edfluidshavebeenknowntotravelasfar
as3,000feetfromthewell.1Althoughattemptsaremade
todesignfracturingjobstocreateanoptimumnetworkof
fracturesinanoilorgasformation,fracturegrowthis
oftenextremelycomplex,unpredictableanduncontrol-
lable.2Computermodelsareusedtosimulatefracture
pathways,butthefewexperimentsinwhichfractureshave
beenexposedthroughcoringormininghaveshownthat
hydraulicfracturescanbehavemuchdifferentlythanpre-
dictedbymodels.3
Diagnostictechniquesareavailabletoassessindividualele-
mentsofthefracturegeometry,butmosthavelimitations
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HYDRAULICFRACTURING
OIL&GAS
ACCOUNTABILITY
PROJECT
AprogramofEARTHWORKS
ontheirusefulness4Oneofthebettermethods,microseis-
micimaging,providesawaytoimagetheentirehydraulic
sexpensiveandis
ingtothe
DepartmentofEnergy,incoalbedmethanewells“where
costsmustbeminimizedtomaintainprofitability,fracture
diagnostictechniquesarerarelyused.”5Andupuntil2006
approximately7,500intheBarnettshalewellshadbeen
drilled,butonly200hadbeenmappedusingmicroseismic
imaging.6
What’sinfracturingfluids?
Asinglefracturingoperationinashallowgaswell(suchasa
coalbedmethanewell)mayu veralhundredsofthou-
aterfracs,whicharecom-
monlyusedinshalegasformations,havebeenknowntouse
uptofivemilliongallonsofwatertofractureononehorizon-
talwell.7Manywellshavetobefracturedseveraltimesover
thecourseoftheirlives,furtherincreasingwateruse.
Asmallproportionofwellsarefracturedusinggases,suchas
nitrogenorcompressedair,
allfracturingjobs,thousandsorhundredsofthousandsof
poundsofproppants(suchassandorceramicbeads)are
injectedtoholdopenthefractures.
Inmostcases,freshwaterisusedtofracturewellsbecauseit
wastewaterisused,thewatermustbeheavilytreatedwith
chemicalstokillbacteriathatcausecorrosion,scalingand
otherproblems.8Evenfreshwaterfracturingoperations,how-
ever,containnumerouschemicalssuchasbiocides,acids,
scaleinhibitors,frictionreducers,surfactantsandothers,but
thenamesandvolumesofthechemicalsusedonaspecific
ral,it
isknownthatmanyfracturingfluidchemicalsaretoxicto
humanandwildlife,andsomeareknowntocausecanceror
areendocrinedisruptors.9
Ithasbeenroughlyestimatedthatchemicalsusedtofracture
somegasshalewellscanmakeup0.44%(byweight)ofthe
amountoffracturingfluids.10Inanoperationthatuses2
milliongallonsofwater,thatmeansroughly80,000pounds
ofchemicalswouldbeused.11Thesechemicalsflowbackout
ofthewellalongwithmuchoftheinjectedwater,and
together,thesewastesareusuallydisposedofbyinjection
intoundergroundformationsratherthanbeingtreatedso
thatthewatercanbere-used.
OurDrinkingWateratRisk
Thereareanumberofwaysinwhichhydraulicfracturing
rillingcompaniesare
developingfairlyshallowoilorgasresources,suchassome
coalbedmethaneformations,drillingmaytakeplacedirect-
thiscase,contaminationmayresultfromthefracturingflu-
availablestud-
ieshaveshownthat20-30%offracturingfluidsmayremain
trappedunderground,butthisnumbercanbemuchhigher
forsomechemicals,whicharepreferentiallyleftbehind(i.e.,
donotreturntothesurfacewiththebulkofthefracturing
fluids).12
Wheredrillingcompaniesaredevelopingdeeperoilor
gasresourcesthereanumberofissuesandconcerns:
•licfracturing
canopenuppathwaysforfluidsorgasesfromothergeo-
y
impactdeepergroundwaterresourcesthatmaybecon-
-
turingwastewaterdisposalisconductedthroughunder-
groundinjectionwells,thereisadditionalopportunityfor
groundwatercontamination.
•ringfluidchemicals
andwastewatercanleakorspillfrominjectionwells,
flowlines,trucks,tanks,ksandspillscan
contaminatesoil,airandwaterresources.
•Depletionanddegradationofshallowdrinking
ompanieswillusemassive
quantitiesofdrinkingwaterresourcesfromshallower
industrialdrawdowncanleadtochangesintraditional
ewaterdisposaloccursin
streams,thechemicalmake-uportemperatureofthe
wastewatermayaffectaquaticorganisms,andthesheer
volumeofwaterbeingdisposedmaydamagesensitive
aquaticecosystems.
ProtectOurDrinkingWater:ClosetheHalliburton
LoopholeintheSafeDrinkingWaterAct
•RepealtheSafeDrinkingWaterActexemptionfor
hydraulicfracturing.
•Requirefullchemicaldisclosureandmonitoringof
hydraulicfracturingproducts.
•Requirenon-toxichydraulicfracturinganddrilling
products.
moreinformation.
HYDRAULICFRACTURING–HOWITWORKS
PAGE2
DevelopedbyOGAP/EARTHWORKS
CITATIONS
1INTHESUPREMECOURTOFTEXAS,No.05-0466,CoastalOil&stalOil&Gas
USA,L.P.,Petitioners,nergyTrustetal.,Respondents,OnPetitionforReviewfromtheCourt
ofAppealsfortheThirteenthDistrictofTexas,ArguedSeptember28,2006.
2Mayerhofer,on,E.P.,Youngblood,nze,J.R.2006.“Integrationof
MicroseismicFractureMappingResultswithNumericalFractureNetworkProductionModelinginthe
BarnettShale.”Paperpreparedforthe2006SPETechnicalConferenceandExhibition,SanAntonio,TX.
Sept.24-27,2006.).:///wattenbarger/public_html/Selected_papers/--
Shale%20Gas/SPE102103%
3Warpinski,N.,Uhl,ler,B.(SandiaNationalLaboratories).1997.
ReviewofHydraulicFractureMappingUsingAdvancedAccelerometer-BasedReceiverSystems.
/publications/proceedings/97/97ng/ng97_pdf/
4Warpinski,N.,Uhl,ler,B.(SandiaNationalLaboratories).1997.
ReviewofHydraulicFractureMappingUsingAdvancedAccelerometer-BasedReceiverSystems.
/publications/proceedings/97/97ng/ng97_pdf/
mentofEnergy.“AppendixAHydraulicFracturingWhitePaper.”:Environmental
tionofImpactstoUndergroundSourcesofDrinkingWaterby
816-R-04-003.
/ogwdw000/uic/pdfs/cbmstudy_attach_uic_append_a_doe_
6Mayerhofer,on,E.P.,Youngblood,nze,J.R.20206.“Integrationof
MicroseismicFractureMappingResultswithNumericalFractureNetworkProductionModelinginthe
BarnettShale.”Paperpreparedforthe2006SPETechnicalConferenceandExhibition,SanAntonio,TX.
Sept.24-27,2006.).:///wattenbarger/public_html/Selected_papers/--
Shale%20Gas/SPE102103%
7InformationforBarnettwells:Burnett,ra,,nationofOilFieldBrine
-TexasA&:///gpri-
new/home/BrineDesal/MembraneWkshpAug06/GlobalPetroleumResearch
Institute(TexasA&MUniversity)website:“ConversionofOilFieldProducedBrinetoFreshWater.”
/gpri-new/home/BrineDesal/;InformationforMarcellus
wells:Arthur,ber23,2008.“HydraulicFracturingConsiderationsforNaturalGasWells
oftheMarcellusShale.”PresentedatGroundWaterProtectionCouncil2008AnnualForum.
/meetings/forum/2008/proceedings/Ground%20Water%20&%20Energy/ArthurWater
8Fichter,J.K.,Johnson,K.,French,,R.2008.“UseofMicrobiocidesinBarnettShaleGas
WellFracturingFluidstoControlBacterially-RelatedProblems.”NACEInternationalCorrosion2008
.2,:///Store/Downloads/7B772A1BA1-
9TheEndocrineDisruptionExchangewebsite:/
10AccordingtoArthur,.(2008)analysisofafracturingfluidusedataFayettevilleshalewellfound
thatitwascomposedof90.6%water(byweight);sandcomprised8.95%;andchemicalscomprised
0.44%.dthissamemake-upforMarcellusshalewells.(Sources:Fayettevilleinfor-
mation:Arthur,D.,Bohm,B.,Coughlin,B.J.,andLayne,tingTheEnvironmental
://-
/shale/;Marcellusshaleinformation:Arthur,D.,Bohm,B.,
Coughlin,B.J.,andLayne,er,2008.“EvaluatingTheEnvironmentalImplicationsOfHydraulic
FracturingInShaleGasReservoirs.”PresentationattheInternationalPetroleum&Biofuels
EnvironmentalConference(Albuquerque,NM,November11?13,2008).p.22.
htpp:///Conf2008/Manuscripts%20&%20presentations%20received/Arthur_73_presenta-
11At80°F,waterweighs8.3176poundspergallon(/water-density-spe-
cific-weight-d_).If2milliongallonsofwaterareusedtofractureaMarcelluswellwhenit's80°F
outside,thewaterweighs16,690,808lbs,i.e.,wateris90.6%ofthetotal
weightofthefracturingfluid(asestimatedbyArthuretal.),thenthetotalfracturingfluidweighs
18,361,148lbs(18.4millionlbls).Ifchemicalsmakeup0.44%ofthefluidsbyweight,thenthechemicals
weigh0.44%of18.4millionlbs,whichis80,makesup8.95%ofthefluidsbyweight,
then1,648,816or1.6millionpoundsofsandareused.
12SeediscussioninSumi,L.(OilandGasAccountabilityProject)..
12and13,:///pubs/
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HYDRAULICFRACTURING–HOWITWORKS