英语元音和辅音

英语元音和辅音

-榆林面积

元音辅音及其差别

元音

12个单元音

长元音

[i:][E:][C:][u:][B:]

短元音

[E][C][Q][e][A]

8个双元音[ai][ei][Ci][iE][ZE][uE][Eu][au]

辅音

10对

清辅音

[p][t][k][f][s][W][F][tF][tr][ts]

浊辅音

[d][g][v][z][T][V][dV][dr][dz]

3个鼻音

[m][n][N]

3个似拼音

[h][r][l]

2个半元音

[w][j]

二，其次我们看理论定义：

元音(vowel)发音时从肺部呼出的气流通过起共鸣器作用的口腔，阻力极小并无

摩擦声音的语音。半元音的发音方法与元音相同。但常被视为辅音；yawn（打呵

欠）中的y音，walk(步行)中的w音是半元音。

元音，又称母音，是音素的一种，与辅音相对。元音是在发音过程中由气流通过

口腔而不受阻碍发出的音。

发元音时，气流从肺部通过声门冲击声带，使声带发出均匀震动，然后震音气流

不受阻碍的通过口腔、鼻腔，通过舌、唇的调节而发出不同的声音。发元音时声

带必然震动，这叫做浊音。也有的语言发元音时声带不振动，发出清元音

(voicelessvowel)。

英语中音素分为元音音素和辅音音素两大类。其中元音音素20个，辅音音素24

个。

辅音：不论声带振动与否，发声时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定阻碍，

这样的语音称为辅音。辅音发音不响亮，口腔中气流受到阻碍，不是构成音节的

主要音。英语中有24个辅音。（有的书将[ts]、[dz]、[tr]、[dr]也归为辅音，

即有28个辅音，共48个音素。）

辅音有清辅音和浊辅音之分，同样的发音位置，如果声带震动就是浊辅音，如果

声带不震动就是清辅音了

如：。[p][t][k]三个音发音时声带不振动，叫做清辅音，[b][d][g]三个

音发音时声带振动，叫做浊辅音。

[f][s][h][W][F]五个音为清辅音，[v][z][r][w][j][T][V]

七个音为浊辅音。

元音字母是26个字母中的aeiou其他的是辅音字母

注意：元音字母和元音不同辅音字母和辅音不同

另外清浊辅音的区别也仅仅与声带振动有关。发清辅音时声带不会振动，发浊辅

音时声带会振动。

ABriefLookattheHistoryofEnglish

ThehistoryofEnglishisconventionally,ifperhapstooneatly,divided

intothreeperiodsusuallycalledOldEnglish(orAnglo-Saxon),Middle

English,liestperiodbeginswiththemigration

ofcertainGermanictribesfromthecontinenttoBritaininthefifth

centuryA.D.,thoughnorecordsoftheirlanguagesurvivefrombefore

theseventhcentury,anditcontinuesuntiltheendoftheeleventhcentury

timeLatin,OldNorse(thelanguageoftheViking

invaders),andespeciallytheAnglo-NormanFrenchofthedominantclass

aftertheNormanConquestin1066hadbeguntohaveasubstantialimpact

onthelexicon,andthewell-developedinflectionalsystemthattypifies

lowingbrief

sampleofOldEnglishproseillustratesseveralofthesignificantways

inwhichchangehassotransformedEnglishthatwemustlookcarefully

tofindpointsofresemblancebetweenthelanguageofthetenthcentury

kenfromAelfric's"ytheGreat"

andconcernsthefamousstoryofhowthatpopecametosendmissionaries

toconverttheAnglo-SaxonstoChristianityafterseeingAnglo-Saxonboys

forsaleasslavesinRome:

Eftheaxode,huðæreðeodenamawæreþæs

geandwyrd,þæthiAnglegenemnodewæron.Þacwæðhe,"Rihtlicehi

sindAnglegehatene,forðanðehienglawlitehabbað,andswilcum

gedafenaðþæthionheofonumenglageferanbeon."

Afewofthesewordswillberecognizedasidenticalinspellingwiththeir

modernequivalents--he,of,him,for,and,on--andtheresemblance

ofafewotherstofamiliarwordsmaybeguessed--namatoname,comon

tocome,wæretowere,wæstowas--butonlythosewhohavemadeaspecial

studyofOldEnglishwillbeabletoreadthepassagewithunderstanding.

Thesenseofitisasfollows:"Againhe[y]askedwhatmight

nsweredtohim

said,'RightlyaretheycalledAngles

becausetheyhavethebeautyofangels,anditisfittingthatsuchas

theyshouldbeangels'companionsinheaven.'"Someofthewordsinthe

originalhavesurvivedinalteredform,includingaxode(asked),hu(how),

rihtlice(rightly),engla(angels),habbað(have),swilcum(such),

heofonum(heaven),andbeon(be).Others,however,havevanishedfromour

lexicon,mostlywithoutatrace,includingseveralthatwerequitecommon

wordsinOldEnglish:eft"again,"ðeode"people,nation,"cwæð"said,

spoke,"gehatene"called,named,"wlite"appearance,beauty,"andgeferan

"companions."Recognitionofsomewordsisnaturallyhinderedbythe

presenceoftwospecialcharacters,þ,called"thorn,"andð,called

"edh,"whichservedinOldEnglishtorepresentthesoundsnowspelled

withth.

Otherpointsworthnotingincludethefactthatthepronounsystemdid

notyet,inthelatetenthcentury,includethethirdpersonpluralforms

beginningwithth-:laspects

t

andverbareinvertedafteranadverb--þacwæðhe"Thensaidhe"--

aphenomenonnotunknowninModernEnglishbutnowrestrictedtoafew

adverbssuchasneverandrequiringthepresenceofanauxiliaryverblike

rdinateclausesthemainverbmustbelast,andsoan

objectoraprepositionmayprecedeitinawaynolongernatural:þe

hiofcomon"whichtheyfromcame,"forðanðehienglawlitehabbað

"becausetheyangels'beautyhave."

PerhapsthemostdistinctivedifferencebetweenOldandModernEnglish

reflectedinAelfric'ssentencesistheelaboratesystemofinflections,

,adjectives,andeventhe

definitearticleareinflectedforgender,case,andnumber:ðæreðeode

"(of)thepeople"isfeminine,genitive,andsingular,Angle"Angles"is

masculine,accusative,andplural,andswilcum"such"ismasculine,

dative,temofinflectionsforverbswasalsomore

elaboratethanours:forexample,habbað"have"endswiththe-aðsuffix

tion,there

weretwoimperativeforms,foursubjunctiveforms(twoforthepresent

tenseandtwoforthepreterit,orpast,tense),andseveralotherswhich

ereModernEnglishretainsaparticularcategory

ofinflection,lishpresentparticiples

endedin-endenot-ing,andpastparticiplesboreaprefixge-(as

geandwyrd"answered"above).

TheperiodofMiddleEnglishextendsroughlyfromthetwelfthcentury

luenceofFrench(andLatin,oftenbyway

ofFrench)uponthelexiconcontinuedthroughoutthisperiod,theloss

ofsomeinflectionsandthereductionofothers(oftentoafinal

unstressedvowelspelled-e)accelerated,andmanychangestookplace

al

prosepassage,especiallyonefromthelaterpartoftheperiod,willnot

havesuchaforeignlooktousasAelfric'sprosehas;butitwillnot

lowingbriefpassage

isdrawnfromaworkofthelatefourteenthcenturycalledMandeville's

ctionintheguiseoftravelliterature,and,thoughit

purportstobefromthepenofanEnglishknight,itwasoriginallywritten

extract

MandevilledescribesthelandofBactria,apparentlynotanaltogether

invitingplace,asitisinhabitedby"fullyuele[evil]folkandfull

cruell."

Inþatlondbentreesþatberenwolle,asþoghitwereofscheep;whereof

menmakenclothes,andallþingþþatcontree

benmanyipotaynes,þatdwellensomtymeinthewater,andsomtymeon

thelond:andþeibenhalfmanandhalfhors,asIhaueseydbefore;and

þeietenmen,whanþþerebenryueresandwatres

þatbenfullebyttere,þreesithesmoreþanisthewaterofthesee.

Inþatcontrébenmanygriffounes,moreplenteeþaninonyothercontree.

Summenseynþatþeihanthebodyvpwardasanegle,andbenetheasa

lyoun:andtreulyþeiseynsothþatþeibenofþ

griffounhaththebodymoregret,andismorestrong,þanneeightlyouns,

ofsuchelyounsasbenothishalf;andmoregretandstrongereþanan

hundredegles,iffounþerewilbere

fleyngetohisnestagrethors,3ifhemayfyndehimatthepoynt,or

twooxen3okedtogidere,asþeigonattheplowgh.

Thespellingisoftenpeculiarbymodernstandardsandeveninconsistent

withinthesefewsentences(contréandcontree,o[griffoun]anda[gret

hors],þanneandþan,forexample).Moreover,intheoriginaltext,

thereisinadditiontothornanotheroldcharacter3,called"yogh,"to

epresentseveralsoundsbutheremaybethought

eolderspellings(includingthosewhere

ustandsforvorviceversa)arerecognizable,however,andthereare

onlyafewwordslikeipotaynes"hippopotamuses"andsithes"times"that

oticeafewwords

andphrasesthathavemeaningsnolongercommonsuchasbyttere"salty,"

othishalf"onthissideoftheworld,"andatthepoynt"tohand,"and

theeffectofthecenturies-longdominanceofFrenchonthevocabulary

isevidentinmanyfamiliarwordswhichcouldnothaveoccurredin

Aelfric'swritingevenifhissubjecthadallowedthem,wordslikecontree,

ryueres,plentee,egle,andlyoun.

Ingeneralwordorderisnowveryclosetothatofourtime,thoughwe

noticeconstructionslikehaththebodymoregretandthreesithesmore

þnoticethatpresenttenseverbsstill

receiveapluralinflectionasinberen,dwellen,han,andbenandthat

whilenominativeþeihasreplacedAelfric'shiinthethirdpersonplural,

same,thenumberofinflections

fornouns,adjectives,andverbshasbeengreatlyreduced,andinmost

respectsMandevilleisclosertoModernthantoOldEnglish.

TheperiodofModernEnglishextendsfromthesixteenthcenturytoour

lypartofthisperiodsawthecompletionofarevolution

inthephonologyofEnglishthathadbeguninlateMiddleEnglishandthat

effectivelyredistributedtheoccurrenceofthevowelphonemesto

somethingapproximatingtheirpresentpattern.(Mandeville'sEnglish

wouldhavesoundedevenlessfamiliartousthanitlooks.)Otherimportant

earlydevelopmentsincludethestabilizingeffectonspellingofthe

printingpressandthebeginningofthedirectinfluenceofLatinand,

toalesserextent,,asEnglishcameinto

contactwithotherculturesaroundtheworldanddistinctivedialectsof

EnglishdevelopedinthemanyareaswhichBritainhadcolonized,numerous

otherlanguagesmadesmallbutinterestingcontributionstoour

word-stock.

英语写作常用修辞方法

发布时间：2010-07-15浏览次数：

英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单

介绍如下:

明喻

明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而

不是事物的自然属性.

标志词常用like,as,seem,asif,asthough,similarto,such

as等.

例如:

1>.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhim

crow.

2>.Iwanderedlonelyasccloud.

3>.Einsteinonlyhadablanketon,asifhehadjustwalkedout

ofafairytale.

or隐喻,暗喻

隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形

成.

例如:

1>.Hopeisagoodbreakfast,butitisabadsupper.

2>.Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefew

tobechewedanddigested.

my借喻,转喻

借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.

I.以容器代替容,例如:

1>.Thekettleboils.水开了.

2>.Theroomsatsilent.全屋人安静地坐着.

II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:

Lendmeyourears,please.请听我说.

III.以作者代替作品,例如:

acompleteShakespeare莎士比亚全集

VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:

Ihadthemuscle,andtheymademoneyoutofit.

我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.

oche提喻

提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.

例如:

1>.Thereareabout100handsworkinginhisfactory.

他的厂里约有100名工人.

2>.HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.

他是本世纪的牛顿.

3>.Thefoxgoesverywellwithyourcap.

这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.

thesia通感,联觉,移觉

这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.

例如:

1>.Thebirdssatuponatreeandpouredforththeirlilylike

voice.

鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.

2>.TastethemusicofMozart.

品尝Mozart的音乐.

ification拟人

拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.

例如:

1>.Thenightgentlylaysherhandatourfeveredheads.

2>.Iwasveryhappyandcouldhearthebirdssinginginthewoods.

ole夸

夸是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效

果..

例如:

1>.Ibegathousandpardons.

2>.thewholeworldtome,andthemoonandthe

stars.

3>.Whensheheardthebadnews,ariveroftearspouredout.

elism排比,平行

这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语

气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.

例如:

1>.Noonecanbeperfectlyfreetillallarefree;noonecan

beperfectlymoraltillallaremoral;noonecanbeperfectlyhappy

tillallarehappy.

2>.Inthedayswhenallthesethingsaretobeansweredfor,I

summonyouandyours,tothelastofyourbadrace,toanswerfor

ayswhenallthesethingsaretobeansweredfor,I

summonyourbrother,theworstofyourbadrace,toanswerforthem

separately.

ism委婉,婉辞法

婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.

例如:

1>.Heisoutvisitingthenecessary.

他出去方便一下.

2>.Hisrelationwithhiswifehasnotbeenfortunate.

他与妻子关系不融洽.

3>.DengXiaopingpassedawayin1997.

ry讽喻,比方

这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为"换个方式的说法".它是一种形象

的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.

例如:

1>.Makethehaywhilethesunshines.

2>.It'stimetoturnploughintosword.

反语

反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误

时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.

例如:

1>.Itwouldbeafinethingindeednotknowingwhattimeitwas

inthemorning.

2>"Ofcourse,youonlycarrylargenotes,nosmallchangeonyou.

"thewaitersaidtothebeggar.

双关

双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁

敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的

幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.

例如:

1>.Sheistoolowforahighpraise,toobrownforafairpraise

andtoolittleforagreatpraise.

2>.Anambassadorisanhonestmanwholiesabroadforthegood

ofhiscountry.

3>.Ifwedon'thangtogether,weshallhangseparately.

仿拟

这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意

的修辞.

例如:

1>.Romewasnotbuiltinaday,norinayear.

2>.Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided.

3>.Ifyougiveagirlaninchnowadaysshewillmakeaddressof

it.

icalquestion修辞疑问

它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,

取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强

烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.

例如:

1>.Howwasitpossibletowalkforanhourthroughthewoodsand

seenothingworthofnote?

2>.Shallweallowthoseuntruthstogounanswered?

esis对照,对比,对偶

这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.

例如:

1>.NotthatIlovedCaeserlessbutthatIlovedRomemore.

2>.Youarestaying;Iamgoing.

3>.Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath.

x隽语

这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修

辞法..

例如:

1>.Morehaste,lessspeed.

2>.Thechildisthefathertotheman.

on反意法,逆喻

这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协

调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.

例如:

1>.Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible.

2>.Thestateofthishouseischeerlesswelcome.

渐进法,层进法

这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐

进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.

例如:

1>.Iamsorry,Iamsosorry,Iamsoextremelysorry.

2>.Eyehadnotseennorearheard,andnothinghadtouchedhis

heartofstone.

imax渐降法

与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排

列.

例如:

1>.Onhisbreasthewearshisdecorations,athissideasword,

onhisfeetapairofboots.

2>.Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeel

potatoes.

TheBronteSisters布朗蒂姐妹/布朗特姐妹

布朗蒂三姐妹是指：CharlotteBronte夏洛蒂.布朗蒂EmilyBronte艾米丽.布

朗蒂和AnneBronte安妮.布朗蒂

艾米莉的小说《呼啸山庄》

安的《艾格尼斯格雷》《女房客》

夏略特《教授》《简爱》《雪莉》《维莱特》

CharlesDickens所有作品中英文名

双城记英文版ATaleofTwoCities

圣诞颂歌英文版AChristmasCarol

大卫.科波菲尔

大卫.科波菲尔英文版DavidCopperfield

艰难时世英文版HardTimes

荒凉山庄英文版BleakHouse

董贝父子英文版DombeyandSon

远大前程

远大前程英文版GreatExpectations

雾都孤儿

雾都孤儿英文版OliverTwist