2024年3月22日发(作者：)
今年的讲座名为“Paralinguistic Features of Languages”，主题是辅助语言学，对于英语专业的学生来说，这个话题或许没有专门学过，但并不陌生。讲座类的内容非常突出的特点就是逻辑性强，思绪很清楚，所以在听音频做笔记的时候，要特别注意总起性质的句子。一般来说lecture的第一段会对接下来的内容做总结介绍，假如下文划提成若干个小类别，会概括性地提到这些类别，然后在后文进行具体的例证、再分类。第一段对给考生一个宏观性的思绪非常重要，听漏掉一两点也没关系，下文必然会重新提到。
本次真题的听力原文如下，注意文章中标粗的部分，是记笔记的重点部分：
Paralinguistic features of languages
Good morning, everyone. Today we'll continue our
discussion on
describing language. Last week we examined such features of language as
grammar, vocabulary, the sounds of language, etc. In this lecture, we'll look at
another important aspect of language. Perhaps some of you may wonder what
is this important aspect of language. Let me tell you. It refers to features of
communication that takes place without the use of grammar and
vocabulary. They are called ‘paralinguistic features of language'. These
features fall into two broad categories: those that involve voice and those
that involve the body.
Now, the first category, is what we call vocal paralinguistic
features. Vocal features are actually tones of voice. While they are, perhaps,
not central to meaning in communication in the same way as grammar or
vocabulary, they may, nevertheless, convey attitude or intention in some way.
Let me give you some examples. The first is whispering, which indicates the
needs for secrecy. The second is breathiness. This is to show deep emotion.
The third is huskiness, which is to show unimportants. The fourth is
nasality. This is to indicate anxiety. The last is extra lip-rounding, which
expresses greater intimacy, expecially with babies, for example. So we can
see that there are a number of ways of altering our tone of voice. And when we
do this consciously, we do it to create different effects in communication.
Now, let's come to the second category, physical paralinguistic
features, which involves the body. In addition to convey meanings with tone of
voice, we can also express our intentions through the ways in which we use our
bodies. You may ask: what are the ways, then? Let me sight some brief
examples. The expression on our face, the gestures we make and even
proximity or way we sit, are some of the ways we send powerful messages.
About how we feel, or what we mean. Let me explain some of these in more
detail. First, facial expression. Facial expression is a powerful conveyer of
meaning. We all know smiling is an almost universal signal of pleasure or
welcome. But there are other facial expressions that may not be so common.
For instance, raising eye-brows - suggest that you are surprised or
interested in something. Other facial actions, such as biting your lip, which
indicates that you are deep in thinking, or are uncertain about something;
compressing the lips, which show that you are making decisions; and a
visible clenching of the teeth, to show that you are angry, are all powerful
conveyers of meaning, too. The second in this category is gesture. You see, we
use gesture to indicate a wide range of meanings. Though I have to emphasize
that the actual gestures we use may be specific to particular cultures. That is to
say different cultures have their own favorite gestures in conveying meaning.
Here, a few examples may show you how powerful gestures can be. In British
English behavior, shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of ‘I don't
care', or ‘I don't know'. Crossing your arms may indicate relaxation. But
it can also powerfully show you are bored. Waving can mean welcome and
farewell. While scratching your head may indicate that you are at a loss. In
other cultures, placing your hand upon your heart is to indicate that you are
telling the truth. Pointing your finger at your nose means it's a secret.
That's why we say that gestures are culture bound. The third is proximity,
posture and echoing.
Proximity refers to the physical distance between
speakers. This can indicate a number of things and can also be used to
consciously send messages about intent. Closeness, for example, indicates
intimacy or threat to many speakers. But distance may show formality, or
lack of interest. Once again, I'd like to say, proximity is also both a matter of
personal style, and is often culture bound. So, what may seem normal to a
speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a
speaker from another. And standing close to someone may be quite appropriate
in some situations such as an informal party, but completely out of place in
other situations, such as a meeting with a superior. Next, posture. Posture
means the way in which someone holds his or her body, especially the back,
shoulders and head, when standing, walking or sitting. A few examples.
Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of
whether the person is happy or not. A lowered head when speaking to a
superior, with or without eye contact can convey the appropriate
relationship in some cultures. On the other hand, direct level eye contact,
changes the nature of interaction, and can been seen as either open or
challenging. Last, echoing. Now, what is echoing? Let me start with an
example. Some of you may have noticed this phenomenon in your experience.
When two people are keen to agree each other, they would likely, though
unconsciously adopt the same posture, as if an imitation of each other. They sit
or stand in the same manor. When used in this way, echoing appears to
complement the verbal communication. Of course, when such imitation is
carried out consciously, it often indicates that someone is marking at another
speaker.
Ok, in today's lecture, we looked at some paralinguistic features, such as
tone of voice, gesture and posture. These features, together with linguistic
features of language, like grammar, or vocabulary, are all part of the way we
communicate with each other in face to face encounters. In our next lecture,
we'll watch some video material, and see how people actually use paralinguistic
means in communication to express their intention or desire or mood.
整理一下，整篇文章的要点非常清楚：
I. Vocal Paralinguistic Features
1. whispering- the needs for secrecy
2. breathiness- deep emotion
3. huskiness- unimportants
4. nasality- anxiety
5. extra lip-rounding- greater intimacy
II. physical paralinguistic features
1. facial expression- powerful conveyer of meaning.
--e.g.1 smiling: pleasure or welcome
--e.g.2 raising eye-brows: surprised or interested in something
--e.g.3 biting your lip:deep in thinking/ uncertain about something
--e.g.4 compressing the lips: making decisions
--e.g.5 clenching of the teeth: angry
2. gesture- culture bound
--e.g.1 shrugging shoulders: 'I don't care', or 'I don't know'
--e.g.2 crossing your arms: relaxation/ bored
--e.g.3 waving: welcome and farewell
--e.g.4 scratching your head: at a loss
--e.g.5 placing your hand upon your heart: telling the truth
--e.g.6 pointing your finger at your nose: it's a secret
3. proximity, posture and echoing
1). proximity: personal style & culture bound
--e.g.1 closeness: intimacy, threat
--e.g.2 distance: fomality, lack of interest
2). posture: the way in which someone holds his or her body
--e.g.1 Hunched shoulders and a hanging head: happy or not
--e.g.2 A lowered head, eye contact: the appropriate relationship
--e.g.3 direct level eye contact: open or challenging
3). echoing: to complement the verbal communication
运用各种自己熟悉的笔记符号，将上述列表中的内容快速记下来，只可以更少，不能更多。很多学生在考场上抱着贪多的心理，事无巨细均想记录，反而在不断笔中错过了该要记住的要点。
