2024年3月12日发(作者：)
英语A、B级考试语法辅导讲座
主要内容：1中英文思维习惯差异概述
2．英语语法概述
3．重点语法讲解
一、中英文思维习惯差异概述
Even if he is alone, An Englishman forms（形成） an orderly queue of one.
即使剩下一个人，英国人也整整齐齐地排成一队。
了解英国人的思维方式对我们学习英语是非常重要。
中国的陆地占80%以上是农耕文化的民族,我们的思维方式是将重要的东西放在后面，就象我们所吃的食品--饺子、月饼一样,好东西包在里面。而英国四面环海，历史上以渔业为主，鱼不能存放，所以他们习惯先吃好的。他们的食品如生日蛋糕、比萨饼等，好东西放在面上。文化决定一个民族的语言。英美人写文章同样将重要内容放在前面，他们把要强调的内容放在句首同时他们注重细节往往把小时间、小点放在大时间、大地点的前面，被修饰的中心词常常放在作定语的短语之前。另外，阅读文章时我们重点读文章的前一两句，便能抓住文章中心，所有问题容易迎刃而解。
其实英语只有三种基本句型
▲
英文句子的三种基本模式
1 主+系动词+表（表示状态）
1 这个人 是 一个老师。 The man is a teacher.
主语 系 表语 主语 系 表语（名词）
How are you?
How old are you?
2 这个人 （是） 很忙。 The man is busy.
主语 系 表语 主语 系 表语（形容词）
3 这个人 （是） 在教室里。 The man is
in the classroom.
主语 系 表语 主语 系 表语（介词短语）
●The man is in the classroom on the second floor in the building
in the school in BEIJING .
那个人在 北京市 一所学校的 大楼的 二层的 教室里。
2 谓+主+状 该句型通常用于表达某地存在某物（人）（表示存在）
There 某人某物 某地
1 There is a book on the desk .
桌子上有一本书。
There is a book on the desk in the room. on the second
floor in the building in the school in BEIJING..
北京市的一所学校的大楼里的二层的 桌子上有一本书。
3 主+谓+宾+状（表示动作）
主 谓 宾
1 The students study English .
学生们 学习 英语。
I love you.
主 谓 宾
状
●The students study English hard for the test on Sunday in the
school .
●学生们
星期天
在一所学校
为了考试努力 学习 英语。
句子的扩展—
1名词性从句 请注意英语中的 连词、常用的不过10多个。
主 谓 宾
1.I know the teacher
2.I know that the man is a teacher.
that there is a wallet on the desk.
that he studies English.
2
3
二、英语语法概述：词型+词序（词法和句法）
1.句法：*简单句、并列句和复合句 *倒装句、强调句
A . 简单句：（见结构图）
B并列句：（见结构图）
C. 复合句：（见结构图）
名词性从句 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
形容词性从句定语从句
副词性从句状语从句
名词性从句
种类 作用
在复合句中做主语，相当于名主语从词，一般置谓语之前，也可用句 it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后
常用关联词
that, whether,
if, as if, as
though, who,
whose, which,
例句
Whether he will come or not
doesn’t matter much.
Whoever comes here will be
welcome.
表语从句
宾语从句
同位语从句
how, when,
where, why,
在复合句中做宾语，相当于名what, whatever,
whoever,
词
放在名词之后(news, problem,
wherever
idea, suggestion, advice,
thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容
在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后
It looks as if it is going to snow.
He asked me which team could
win the game.
You have no idea how worried
we are.
The fact that he lied again
greatly surprised us.
状语从句
种类 连接词
when, whenever, while, as, before, after,
until, till, by the time, as soon as,
hardly…when, no sooner…than, the
moment, the minute, immediately, directly,
instantly
where, wherever
because, as, since, now that
注意点
主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。
because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。
时间状语
地点状语
原因状语
条件状语
目的状语
结果状语
比较状语
方式状语
if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on
从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用condition that
一般时代替
so that, in order that, for fear that
so…that, such…that
so that和in order that后常接may,
should, could, would等情态动词
than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the
more
as if, as though, as
as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。
让步状语
though, although, even if, even though, as,
no matter what, whatever, no matter who,
as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；whoever, no matter which, whichever, no
although和though用正常语序，可和matter how, however, no matter when,
yet连用，但不可和but连用
whenever
定语从句
I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注
Do you know the man who is talking whom, which关who
人 主语
系with your mother? 和that在从
代词
whom
人 宾语
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I
am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the
war..
whose
人，物 定语
句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关I like those books whose topics are
系代词不能省略，也不可about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is
以用that
my desk-mate.
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see
very much.
The book (which) I gave you was worth
$10.
The picture which was about the
accident was terrible.
He is such a person as is respected by
as做宾语一all of us.
般不省略
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
I will never forget the day when we met
可用which
there.
I can’t imagine the reason why he
可用which
turned down my offer.
on
that
主语，宾人，物
语
which
物
主语，宾语
as
主语，宾人，物
语
时间
地点
原因
时间状语
关系副词
when
where
why
地点状语
This is the house where I was born.
原因状语
可用in which
for
D倒装句：谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序
倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装的句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面: 在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面
E. 强调句：It iswas +强调的内容+that „(用来强调除谓语之外的任何成分)
2. 词法:
时态
1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：
现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时
一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask
进行 am/is/are was/were shall/will be asking
should/would be asking
asking asking
完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have
should/would have asked
asked
完成进have/has been had been
shall/will have been should/would have been
asking asking
行 asking asking
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)
2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)
I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）
3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：
两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。
4．时间状语从句当中的时态：
一般过去时 所有的过去
用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来
现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成
语态
II. 动词的被动语态：
常用被动构成
语态
1
一般现在am/is/are asked
时
2
一般过去was/were asked
时
3
一般将来shall/will be asked
时
4
过去将来should/would be asked
时
5
现在进行am/is/are being asked
时
6
7
8
9
常用被动语态
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
将来完成时
构成
was/were being asked
have/has been asked
had been asked
will/would have been asked
can/must/may be asked 10
含有情态动词的
语气：语气是动词的一种形式。语气分三种:陈述语气;祈使语气;虚拟语气
1. 陈述语气多见于大多数句子里, 用来陈述事实或就事实提出询问, 广泛用于陈述句和疑问句中。
He could swim, but he didn’t jump into the water to save the boy.
2. 祈使语气仅用于祈使句中，表示说话人向对方提出请求，劝告或命令。
Shut the window before leaving.
3. 虚拟语气表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望，建议或与事实相反的假设等。
If I were a bird, I should fly in the sky.
非谓语动词
I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：
构成
非谓语形式
时态和语态
to do to be done
to be doing to have been
to have done
done
being done
having been
done
done
doing
having
done
being done
having been
done
在非谓语前加not
否定式
复合结构
特征和作用
不定式
for sb. to
具有名词，副词和形容词的do sth.
作用
在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语
具有副词和形容词的作用
在句中做定、表、宾补和状语
分词
doing
现在having
分词
done
过去分词
sb’s
doing
动名词
具有名词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定和表语
主谓一致
主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题，考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：
语法一致原则
意义一致原则
就近一致原则
很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致，在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则，具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。
1.主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔但与插入语无关。
2.定语从句中的主谓一致：取决于其先行词（定语从句所修饰的名词）但注意下列情况：a. He is one of the strongest men who want to take part in the sports-meet.
b. He is the (only) one of the strongest men who wants to take part in the
sports-meet.
3.就前原则：n1 + together withas well as including along with with
accompanied with / by followed by but like + n2
The woman followed by three children is my neighbor
r.
4.就近原则：n1 or n2 either n1 or n2 (neither …nor; whether …or, not only…but
also，not…but ) +v（就近原则）
Not Li lei but we have finished the task.
5. A and B 结构：
（1）可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl) 不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl)
（2）A and B 指同一个东西，同一个概念，同一人谓语动词用单数。这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。a lawyer and teacher law and order 法律法规 war and peace 战争与和平 bread and butter 基本生活必须品
（3）A and B 所指不同，是复数。 a lawyer and a teacher air and water
The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.
The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.
The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.
类似的还有：To love and to be loved is … A lawyer and a teacher are… A lawyer and teacher is …
6。时间/距离/长度/重量做主语，谓语动词单数。 Time is money. 时间就是金钱。
7。百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one + persent of+ n+ v.（由n决定）
Most of the apple is bad. Most of the apples are bad.
8。倒装结构的主谓一致：
a）There be +n 由名词决定动词
b）Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构：Among / Between …+系动词+n. （由名词决定动词）
9。The+adj的主谓一致：
a）当表示“一类人”： The rich are always ridiculous.
b）当表示某一抽象概念时：The good is always attractive.
10。 To do/doing/主从+v-s ；many a +n./ more than one +n./ a day or two/ every
n1. and n2. 谓语动词都是单数。
形、副的比较等级等
三、重点语法讲解：
*倒装结构
学生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分，先看个顺口溜：“副、介、表”提前全倒装，其它句式部分倒；否定提前倒“助系情”，让步状从倒表语；复合句式倒前句（not only „but also„前倒后不倒），省略if的虚拟：主语要到“我-were害-had羞-should”之后，以nor, so等开始的句子表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西: 由so用于肯定句, nor用于否定句, 助系情置于主语前. 不倒装的属特殊(强调主语的不倒装)。下面举例说明：
A、Here comes the bus．(副词提前，全倒装)
B、Here he comes.(代词作主语，不倒装)
C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前，全倒装)
D、Never shall I do this again.(否定词提前，部分倒装)
E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句，表语倒装)
F、Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in．(only 修饰
状语，主句倒装)
G、Only he can save the patient.(only修饰主语．不倒装)
H、Not only will help be given to people, but also medical treatment will
be provided.(否定词提前，部分倒装)
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语，不倒装)
J、
Were I you, I would not do it in this way. (省略if虚拟语气的句子：主语要后置到“我-were害-had羞-should”后面)
K、He can’t play the piano. Neither can I.
A、B级试题回顾
for a moment _____the truth of your explanation about the event.
A. we have doubted B. did we doubt
C. we had doubted D. doubted we
____whether we live or die. We will not make friends with him.
A)cares he B)did he care C)does he care D)cared he
3 “On no account▁to feed the animals,” the warning can be seen on the
signboard in front of every cage.
A).allow visitors B).visitors are allowed C).are visitors allowed D).are
allowed visitors
only▁about the food, but he also refused to pay for it.
A).he complained B).had he complained C).did he complain D).does he
complain
5. ▁, the president is not able to get his own way on every issue.
A).Popular as is he B).As he is popular C).Popular as he is D).As popular
he is
ly had we settled ourselves in our seats in the theatre▁the curtain
went up.
A).than B).when C).as D).after
7．No sooner▁gone out than it started to snow.
A).he had B).he have C).have he D).had he
8．So ___after she learned the good news that she could hardly fall asleep
that night.
A)excited the mother was B)was the mother excited
C)the mother was excited D)excited was the mother
9. So loudly ____that people could hear it out in the street.
A)did the students play the music
B)the students playing the music
C)the students played the music
D)have the students played the music
10. _____got in the wheat than it began to rain heavily.
A)No sooner have they B) No sooner had they
C)No sooner they have D)No sooner they had
*虚拟语气
虚拟语气也是一个难点。所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。它通过句子的谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。现归纳如下：
1)纯假设，用虚拟，动词时态退一级：if条件句，分主从，主句谓语前加would
(should,could，might)，主从时态可一致也可混合；含蓄条件句（with, without , but
for, otherwise, or）无if，时态一样看情况。
2)表愿望,用虚拟，wish后面接宾语(从句)：现在、 过去与将来， 动词时态退一级：
3）提建议，用虚拟，宾语(从句)动词用(should)do，俩建议，三要求，再加坚持与命令(suggest, advise, demand, require, request, insist，order)，以及相应名词的主语从句（suggest：“暗示”，insist“坚持认为”变词义不用虚拟 ）
4）这些句型用虚拟:It is(high)time、would rathersooner和If only
5）部分主从，用虚拟 (It is necessary / important/ natural/ natural/ strange/
strange that„„should do)。 下面举例说明：
6）as if though(好象、似乎)引导的方式状从及表从用虚拟，谓语用过去式或过去完成式；
A、If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. (条件句虚拟)
B、Without air, there would be no living things.( 含蓄条件句虚拟)
C、We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虚拟）
D、He suggested that we (should)start right away.(表示建议虚拟)
E、It is(high)time that we left (should leave)now．(特殊句型虚拟）
F、I would rather you gave me the book．(同上)
G、If only our dream had come true! (同上)
H、It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday，(主语从句虚拟)
I、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English． (方式状从虚拟)
A、B级试题回顾
1．_____with the developed countries , some African countries are left far
behind in terms of people’s living standard.(04/6)
A) Compare B)To compare C)Compared D) Comparing
’s no use (bargain)____any more . It’s a fixed price.(04/6)
(no use doing sth.)
3.I stayed up all night ___to find a new solution to the problem.(04/6)
A)trying B)have tried C)try D)tried
the middle of the room there was a Christmas tree(decorate)___with
colored lights and glass balls.(03/12)
(decorated)
5. _____more time , the scientists will be able to work out a good solution
to the problem.(2000/12)
A) To give B) Giving C)Given D) Be given
6. My secretary asked me if I had anything else for her (type) ____before
she left.
(ask sb. to do sth.)(to type)
*定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等；关系副词有：when, where,
why等。
定从关系代词、副词判断口诀：
1．Who指人which指物；主宾成分都充当；
用来最灵活，以上四种都可用。
可代人或物；就是只能作定语（后面有名词）；
4.先行词是时、地名词要小心。在定从中，作状就用where或 when ,作宾就用which 或that。
只用来代“原状”,跟着reason不会错。具体说明如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
This is the mountain village whichthat I visited last year.
I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
总结：关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
4 that 和 which 的区别：
1)在下列情况下只用which而不用that
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any,
little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
f) whowhich 引导的特殊疑问句中。
举例：
1).He told me everything that he knows.
2).All the books that you offered has been given out.
3).This is the best film that I have ever read.
4).We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
5).He is the only man that I want to see.
6).Who is the man that is making a speech?
6 定从、同从和强调句的区别：
1）同位语与定语从句的区别
（1） 从意义上看，同位语从句是说明其前面的抽象名词的具体内容的，而定语从句是修饰限制或解释说明的。
（2） 从结构上看，同位语从句中的that是连词，一般不能省略，在从句中不作任何成分，无词义只起连接作用。而定语从句的that 关系代词，起连接作用还替代先行词，并在句中可作主语、宾语和表语，作宾语时可省。判定下列句子是：
The news that the bank was robbed yesterday evening is true.
The news that he told us is very interesting.
I have no idea when they will come to visit China again.
I'll never forget the days when we worked together on the farm.
We don't understand the problem why this is the best choice.
The reason why he didn't come to the meeting is that he is ill.
2) 定从和强调句的区别:
a. It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory．(强调句)
b. It was 1990 when I worked in the factory．(定语从句)
在强调句式里，我们把强调结构It is(was)„that除去，句子还很完整。如例句a.而例句b是定语从句就不能。
总之，语法是从语言实践中总结出来的规则，要边学边寻找规律，以提高学习效率。在学习中不能只记一些语法规则，要进行实践练习。通过练习，可以发现和纠正错误，而且有利于巩固所学知识。
