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托福听力tpo57 section1 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文

发布时间:2024-02-14 作者:admin 来源:讲座

2024年2月14日发(作者:)

托福听力tpo57 section1 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文

托福听力tpo57section1对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文1原文.................................................................................................................1题目.................................................................................................................3答案.................................................................................................................5译文.................................................................................................................5原文.................................................................................................................5题目.................................................................................................................7答案.................................................................................................................9译文.................................................................................................................11原文...............................................................................................................11题目...............................................................................................................13答案...............................................................................................................15译文...............................................................................................................15Conversation1原文NARRATOR:PROFESSOR:HiEric,howarethingsgoing?MALESTUDENT:Oh,I’ofessorsassignsomuchreadingthat…It’PROFESSOR:Oneofthemostimportantthingsyou’,youknow,saynotoasocial

engagementifyouhaveapaperdue,UDENT:PROFESSOR:So,howareyoufindingthematerialwe’recoveringinclass?MALESTUDENT:I’six-month-oldniece,—thatSwisspsychologistyoutoldusabout—PROFESSOR:Yes—histheorythatcognitivedevelopmentinchildrenoccursinfourstagesthatyoucan,ah,UDENT:Yeah,um,somyniece,she’sinthe,um,sen-sor-i-motorstagenow,rightatthepartwhereshethinksthingsdisappearwhenthey’PROFESSOR:bablywon’tunderstandthatobjectscontinuetoexistevenwhenthey’reoutofsightuntilshe’UDENT:day,wewereknockingalittleballaround,PROFESSOR:Becausetoher,UDENT:Yeah.I’veactuallybeentakingnotesonherbehaviorbecauseI’dliketowritemytermpaperabouther,ifit’PROFESSOR:Yourtermpaper?MALESTUDENT:Yeah,I’watchedhiskidsand,like,PROFESSOR:didn’way,yourassignmentisn’ttodoastudy;it’storeseveyoualistofsuggestedtopicstochoosefrom.

MALESTUDENT:Well,whatifIresearchedsomethinglike:Isitpossibletospeedup,uh,cognitivedevelopment?Like,ifIreachedunderthecouchtogettheballwhileshewatchedme,wouldshelearnearlierthatobjectsdon’tdisappear?Orcan’tsix-month-oldbabiesthinkthatwayyet?FEMALEPROFESSOR:Uh,umm…Idoapplaudyourinitiative,r,IsincerelydoubtyoucoUDENT:PROFESSOR:Remember,n’ouhadcometomeearlier,but,youknow,there’UDENT:OK.题目sthestudentgotoseetheprofessor?sthestudentmentionaparticularstageinearlychildhooddevelopment?thathisniecelearnsfasterthanotherchildreninthatstage

toutthathedoesnotagreewithPiaget’stheprofessordiscussPiaget’sresearchmethod?ideacriticismofPiaget’ifythestudent’stheprofessorrejectthestudent’sproposaltowriteabouthisniece?[Clickon2answers.]posaldoesnottakePiaget’dent’stheprofessorsaysthis:wouldshelearnearlierthatobjectsdon’tdisappear?Orcan’tsix-month-oldbabiesthinkthatwayyet?FEMALEPROFESSOR:Uh,umm…Idoapplaudyourinitiative,snothavetimetoanswerthestudent’snotwanttohurtthestudent’sfeelings.

mpressedwiththestudent’sunderstandingoftheclassmaterial.答案CBDADB译文旁白:听学生和教授之间的对话。女教授:嗨,埃里克,最近怎么样?男学生:哦,我的工作量真的很忙。有些教授布置了太多的阅读作业,好像他们认为我们没有其他作业。女教授:在大学里你要学的最重要的事情之一就是如何管理你的时间。如何,你知道,优先顺序。如果你有论文要交,什么时候对社交活动说“不”之类的。男学生:我想是的。Lecture1原文NARRATOR:OFESSOR:Byfarthemostpopulargenreofplaysduringthe18thcentury

,inordertosortofgetourheadsaroundwhatasentimentalcomedyis,whereitcamefrom,andwhyonearthitwassopopular,weneedtounderstandwhatsentimentalitywas,,uh,duringthe18thcentury,somethinkers,uh,philosophers,npointinsentimentalityisthat-thatpeopleareinherentlygood,ast,inothertimes,somepeoplehadbelievedorclaimedthatmenandwomenarenaturallyselfish,ornaturallyevil;duringtheseventeenthcenturytherewasaverypopulartheory,knownas-asthe“socialcontract,”setoutbythinkerslikeThomasHobbes,whicharguedthatpeoplearenaturallyselfish….Eh,duringtheeighteenthcentury,ontheotherhand,ehthinkersassociatedwithsentimentalitycamealongandsaidno,no,no,,Diane,question?FEMALESTUDENT:Yeah,sorrytointerrupt,but…whywasitcalled—thatfirstone,uh,the“socialcontract”—whywasitcalledthat?Imean,ifpeoplearesupposedtobenaturallyselfish,isn’tthattheoppositeofbeingsocial?MALEPROFESSOR:learenaturallyinclinedtodowhat’sintheirownself-interest,then,inordertohavepeoplelivingtogetherinpeace,you-youneededtodevelopsomekindofasocialcontract,asortofagreement—Iwon’thityouovertheheadandtakeyourstuffifyoudon’But,intheeighteenthcentury,thSTUDENT:OFESSOR:rytoarguethatpeoplearenaturallygood,you’regoingtohavetoanswerthequestion:“Whataboutthefactthatbadthingshappen?Howdoweaccountforthefactthatpeopledobadthings?”Sentimentaltheoristscla,peoplecanbepressured,orseduced,,uh,theotherquestionthatcomesupinrelationtosentimentalityis:“Ifyouareled

astray,howcanyouberedeemed?Canyoubebroughtbacktoyourstateofnaturalgoodness?”Whatdoyouthink?MALESTUDENT:Ithink,yeah,ifyouthinkpeoplearebasicallygood,thenyouprobablyalsothinktheycanbe,youknow,OFESSOR:That’ysaidyoudothisbyappealingtoaperson’snaturalinstincts,tryingtoreturnthemorconnectthemtotheirnaturalstate,someonecry,then,,picture,forexample,uh,theevilvillain,smirkingathislatest,uh,robberyandtheft,whohappenstoseealostchild,walkingdownthestreet,sobbing,andhestartstosniffleandcryandmaybehisheartgoesouttothis,thislostchild,andhewantstohethechildandsomehowherealizesthathe’sbeenbad—orrather,beenbehavingbadly—sinceaccordingtosentimentalisttheory,t,that’ssortofthehallmarkofsentimentality,andit’UDENT:I,Idon’tgetwhythey’recomedies—theydon’tsoundfunny…MALEPROFESSOR:You’reright,lisn’ttomaketheaudiencelaugh;infact,thegoal’,asentimentalcomedywillusuallydepictsomeonevirtuous,sagoodvirtuousmanorwomanwho,who’ssufferingfinancialhardships,anduh,weseethemdesperateforfood,barelyabletosurvive,temptedto,in,seeingthis,theaudienceisexpectedtocry,andthusreconnectwiththeirnaturalemotionalstate…题目

thelecturemainlyabout?[Clickon2answers.]stheprofessormentionsocialcontracttheory?ingtotheprofessor,whattwoquestionsdidsentimentaltheoristsneedtoanswerabouttheirtheory?[Clickon2answers.]eopledobadthings?peopleresistbadinfluences?tpossibleforpeopletofeelgoodwhentheydobadthings?plewhodobadthingsbecomegoodagain?ingtotheprofessor,whatisatypicalsentimentalcomedyusuallyabout?nwhoencouragesotherstobehavebadly

estheprofessorimplyisthefundamentalobjectiveofsentimentalcomedies?estheprofessorimplywhenhesaysthis?tknownexactlywherethefirstsentimentalcomedieswerepresented.答案BCAADBDC译文旁白:在戏剧历史课上听一部分讲座。这堂课正在讨论18世纪欧洲和美国的戏剧。

男教授:到目前为止,18世纪最流行的戏剧流派是感伤喜剧。现在,为了弄清楚什么是感伤喜剧,它来自何处,以及为什么它如此受欢迎,我们需要了解什么是感伤,作为一种哲学运动。所以,在18世纪,一些思想家,哲学家,政治理论家,提出了感伤的观点。感伤的主要观点是人天生善良。在过去,在其他时代,一些人相信或声称,男人和女人天生自私,或者天生邪恶;在70世纪,有一个非常流行的理论,被称为“社会契约”,由托马斯·霍布斯这样的思想家提出,认为人天生就是自私的…。嗯,另一方面,在十八世纪,与多愁善感有关的思想家们也来了,他们说不,不,不,人天生就是好人。是的,黛安,有问题吗?女学生:是的,抱歉打断你,但是…为什么第一个叫“社会契约”—为什么这么叫?我的意思是,如果人们应该天生自私,那不是与社交相反吗?男教授:重点是契约部分。如果人们天生就倾向于做符合他们自身利益的事情,那么,为了让人们和平共处,你需要制定某种社会契约,一种协议——如果你不打我的头,拿走我的东西,我就不会打你的头,拿走你的东西。。。但是,在十八世纪,多愁善感的理论家出现了,他们说人天生就是好人。女学生:如果你看晚间新闻,有时很难相信。男教授:恩,如果你试图证明人天生就是好人,你就必须回答这样一个问题:“发生的坏事怎么办呢?我们如何解释人们做坏事的事实?多愁善感的理论家们声称,恶行的发生是因为人们被不良影响引入歧途。也就是说,人们可能会受到压力,或者被引诱,或者被骗去做错事。另外一个与多愁善感有关的问题是:“如果你被引入歧途,你怎么能被救赎?你能回到你自然善良的状态吗?”你觉得呢?男学生:我认为,是的,如果你认为人们基本上是好的,那么你也可能认为他们可以,你知道,重新变好。男教授:没错。他们说你可以通过吸引一个人的自然本能来做到这一点,试着让他们回归自然,或者把他们和他们的自然状态联系起来,特别是通过情感。那么,让一个人哭,可以让他们重新变得好起来。想象一下,那个邪恶的恶棍,对他最近的抢劫和偷窃行为嗤之以鼻,他碰巧看到一个迷路的孩子,走在街上,哭泣着,

他开始抽泣,也许他的心会为这个,这个迷路的孩子,他想帮助这个孩子,不知怎么的,他意识到自己很坏,或者更确切地说,因为根据感伤论,他一开始就表现得很糟糕。好吧,这就是多愁善感的标志,这也成为了感伤喜剧背后的驱动力。男学生:我不明白为什么他们是喜剧,他们听起来不好笑…男教授:你说得对,伤感喜剧并不特别有趣。目的不是让观众发笑;事实上,目的是让观众哭泣。因此,感伤喜剧通常会描绘一个善良的人,但在某种痛苦。也许是一个善良的男人或女人,他正在遭受经济困难,我们看到他们对食物绝望,几乎无法生存,很想抢劫别人。但他们抵抗住了诱惑,最终还是胜利了。再次,看到这一点,观众会哭,从而重新连接到他们自然的情绪状态…Lecture2原文NARRATOR:OFESSOR:Traditionally,astronomersworkedouthowoldgeoecratersinoneplace—say,onalavaflow—themoreasteroidsandcometsthatplacehasencounteredovertime,,oluteage,actualage,toknowexactlyhowoldonesurfaceis—uh,forexample,wedohaveaveryclearideaoftheagesofsomesurfacesofthemoonfromrockswebroughtback—andthenthisinformationcanallowustoextrapo’developmentshavebroughtthistraditionalwayintoquestion.

Forone,arecentstudyofthecratersononeofJupiter’smoons,Europa,suggeststharyimpacts—they’retheimpacmaryimpactreferstotheimpactoritself—asteroid,comet—nthathappens,piecesofrockoricebreakoffandgoflying–andwhenthosechunkscomebackdownandsmashintotheplanet,,usingtheoldwaywewouldhav’sconceivablethataverylargestrikefromanimpactormightthrowupsomefairlylargechunks,onesthat’n’tusesizourseimpactorscomeindifferentsizes…though,actually,allytellsusmore,though,isthearrangement,thewaythecratersareclusteredtogether,mple,onVenus,thecratersaredistributedrandomly;they’reallovertheplace,whichiswhatwe’ggeststhattherehasn’tbeenmuchgeologicactivitylatelyonVenus—uropa,ceasteroidscomefromalldirections,ifthecratersarearrangedinbunches,it’sasignal,especiallyifthey’rearrangedinlongraypatternsfromacenterpoint—primaarycraterstendtobedeeper--morebowl-shaped--andalmostalwayscircular…whichisn’…now,let’uldmeantherearealotmoresecondariesonMarsoronEarth’e’ssomemoreproof:wegotour

handsonsomenicephotosofoneparticularcrateronMars—Zunil—anditturnsoutthatthisoneimpactcausedmanymoresecondarycratersthanwehadthought,Imean,,iftheimpactcausingeachlargeprimarycrater—andZunilisn’teventhatbig—resultsinthismanysecondaries,tmakessense,actually,sinceifallofthecraters,especiallythesmallones,ifallofthemareprimarycraters,well,theresimplywouldn’thavebee,unfortunately,thismeansmostcratersprobablyaren’,forexample,somelavaflowsonMars,whichhadbeendatedatabout5millionyearsold—veryyoung—becauseoftherelativelyfewcratersthere,well,itmightonlymeanthatthisareawasoneoftherandomareasthatwasn’makesitlessclear;case,wecan’tpredicttheagewithanyaccuracyunlesswehaveactualsamplesfromtheplanets.Y’know,we’regettinggreatinformationandphotosfromourspaceprobesallthetime,buttheyalsoremindusofjusthowmuchmoreweneedtolearn…题目thelecturemainlyabout?mswithusingcraterstodatesurfacesofplanetsandmoons

stheprofessormentionrocksfromEarth’smoon?arethesurfaceofEarth’howtoidentifyasecondaryimpactonthesurfaceofEarth’ingtotheprofessor,whataresecondaryimpacts?ingtotheprofessor,whatdoscientistsconsiderwhentryingtodeterminewhetheranimpactwasprimaryorsecondary?[Clickon2answers.]ter’nobservationsofthecraterZunil,whatdoestheprofessorimplyaremorecommonthanpreviouslybelieved?[Clickon2answers.]scausedbysecondaryimpactsonEarth’smoon

estheprofessorimplyaboutinformationobtainedfromspaceprobes?ormationappliesonlytothemoonsofJupiter.答案DCABCBDC译文旁白:在天文学课上听一部分讲座。男教授:传统上,天文学家根据行星和卫星表面标记的数量来计算行星和卫星的地质特征有多古老。一个地方的火山口越多,说明在熔岩流中,随着时间的推移,这个地方遇到的小行星和彗星就越多,所以它一定越古老。这似乎对相对年龄来说是有道理的。也就是说,陨石坑较少的表面特征比有更多陨石坑的表面特征更年轻。但绝对年龄,实际年龄,更为棘手。我们必须确切地知道一个表面的年龄,举例来说,我们确实对月球某些表面的年龄有一个非常清楚的概念,从我们带回的岩石中,我们可以推断出另一个有着类似陨石坑的表面的年龄。这是传统的计算方法。但有两个发展使这种传统方式受到质疑。

首先,最近对木星的一颗卫星木卫二(Europa)上的陨石坑进行的研究表明,木星上至少95%的小陨石坑是由二次撞击形成的。次要影响它们是由于主要撞击而破裂的岩石或冰块的影响。主要撞击是指撞击器本身小行星,彗星撞击行星或月球。当这种情况发生时,岩石或冰碎裂并飞走,当这些大块的岩石或冰块落下来砸到地球上时,这些都是次要的影响。所以,用以前的方法,我们会假设木卫二的表面比实际的要老得多。可以想象,撞击器的巨大撞击可能会抛出一些相当大的碎片,比一些较小的直接撞击要大。所以我们不能用大小来判断陨石坑是一次撞击还是二次撞击的结果。当然,冲击器有不同的尺寸……不过,事实上,我们认为小的比以前少了。不过,真正告诉我们更多的是火山口的排列方式是否聚集在一起。例如,在金星上,陨石坑是随机分布的;它们遍布各地,这是我们所期待的。这表明最近在金星熔岩上没有太多的地质活动。但是在欧罗巴,陨石坑是成簇的。由于小行星来自四面八方,如果陨石坑成束排列,这是一个信号,特别是如果它们从一个中心点以长射线模式排列,表明有一次主要撞击将碎片从撞击地点向外抛出。还有一件事。。。一级冲击器比二级冲击器冲击力大得多,通常更直接。所以原生陨石坑往往更深——更像碗状——而且几乎都是圆形的……而次级陨石坑则不是这样。总之…现在,让我们假设欧罗巴是太阳系内部的代表。这意味着火星、月球或其他天体上的二次行星比我们原先想象的要多得多。这里有更多的证据:我们拿到了祖尼尔火星上一个特定陨石坑的漂亮照片,结果发现这次撞击造成的次级陨石坑比我们想象的要多,我的意思是,多出9000万个。因此,如果造成每一个大的主陨石坑和祖尼尔的撞击并不是那么大,那么火星上的大多数陨石坑肯定是次要的。事实上,这是有道理的,因为如果所有的陨石坑,特别是小陨石坑,如果所有的陨石坑都是原始陨石坑的话,那么,太空中根本就没有足够的小物体来解释所有这些陨石坑。不幸的是,这意味着大多数陨石坑对火星表面的年代测定根本没有用处。例如,火星上的一些熔岩流,它们的年代很早就有500万年了,因为那里的陨石坑相对较少,这可能只意味着这个区域是没有受到主要撞击物撞击的随机区域之一。它只是让它变得不那么清楚了,这条熔岩流可能有1亿年的历史了。在这种情况下,

除非我们有行星的实际样本,否则我们无法准确预测年龄。你知道吗,我们一直从太空探测器上获取大量信息和照片,但它们也提醒我们,我们还需要学习更多的东西…

托福听力tpo57 section1 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文

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