2024年1月11日发(作者：)
初高中英语知识衔接讲座
第一讲 语音知识
一、英语字母
英语一共有26个字母，其中有5个元音字母（a、e、i、o、u），一个半元音字母（y），20个辅音字母。现就其发音归纳如下表：
A
E
I
O
U
二、国际音标
英语中一共有48个音标，其中20个为元音音标：[ʌ] [ɑ:] [ei] [e][əu] [au] [ai] [ae] [iə] [ɔi]
[ɛə] [uə] [ə] [ə:] [i:] [i] [ɔ] [ɔ:] [u] [u:]。
辅音音标有28个，见下表：
清浊分
发音
清 浊 清 浊 清 浊 清 浊 清 浊 清 浊 清 浊 清 浊
方法
爆破音
摩擦音
鼻音
舌侧音
破擦音
p
ts
b
w
m
l
dz
t
f
tr
d
v
n
dr
k
θ
tʃ
g
ð
ŋ
dʒ
s
z
r
ʃ
ʒ
j
h
H J K
B C D G P T V
Y
O
Q W
R
F L M N S X Z
[ei]
[i:]
[ai]
[əu]
[ju:]
[ɑ: ]
三、元音字母在重读开音节和闭音节中的读音（音节、开音节、闭音节）
1.音节：英语单词是由字母组成的，音节是语音结构的基本单位，它由一个元音或一个元音加一个或几个辅音构成。只有一个音节的词叫单音节词，含有两个、三个或更多的音节 1
的单词，分别称为双音节词和多音节词。
2.开音节：以一个元音字母结尾的重读音节称为开音节（或称绝对开音节）。例如：be，no，hi，we，go，so等。包含一个元音字母的重读音节中，在元音字母后面有一个辅音字母（r除外），还有一个不发音的字母e，这种重读音节也叫开音节（或称相对开音节）。例如：name，time，bike，cake，nose等。不论是绝对开音节还是相对开音节，其元音字母读它们本身的发音，即a [ei] e[i:] i[ai] o[əu] u[ju:]。
3.闭音节：包含一个元音字母，而以辅音字母（r，w除外）结尾的重读音节，称为闭音节。例如：cap，desk，big，bus，hat等。元音字母在重读闭音节中读它的短音，即a[ae] e[e]
i[i] o[ɔ] u[ʌ]。
4.重读音节和非重读音节：只有一个音节的词都是重读音节，不标出重读符号。在双音节或多音节词中，其中有一个需要读得较响亮的音节，这个音节就叫重读音节。重读音节用―＇‖符号表示。例如：family[＇f aemili]，table[＇teibl]。重读音节之外的音节称为非重读音节。非重读音节读的较轻。例如：about[ə＇b aut]，today[t ə＇dei]。
下面按元音字母a，e，i，o，u的顺序，把一些最常见的拼读规则列表如下：
四、语调
说话时语言的上升和下降称为语调。不同的语调往往代表不同的含义和感情色彩。英语中有两种基本语调：升调和降调。它们的区别在于句子末尾音调的升或降。
第二讲名词
（一） 概述
名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：
人的名字 Li Ming, Tom 地方名称 China, London 职业称呼 teacher, doctor
物品名称 pencil, dictionary 行为名称 study, invention 抽象概念 history, grammar
（二）普通名词和专有名词
1．普通名词
凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型：
1）个体名词
个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如：
He has two aunts. 他有两个姑姑。
Most classrooms have computers. 多数教室里都有电脑。
也可指抽象东西，例如：
We‘ve lived here for twenty years. 我们在这里住了二十年了。
I had a dream last night 我昨晚做了一个梦。
个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用，如：a week, a problem,
an old man.
2）集体名词
集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词：
family（家，家庭） army（军队） company（公司；全体船员） enemy（敌人） government（政府） group（小组，团体） public（公众） team（队；组） police（警方）
集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待，想到它的成员时作复数看待有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如：
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作单数看待
His family isn't large.
他家人不多。
The government is planning to build a dam
here.
政府打算在这里建一座水坝。
The public was unlikely to support it.
公众支持它的可能性不大。
作复数看待
His family are all music lovers.
他家的人都喜欢音乐。
The government are discussing the plan.
政府在讨论这个计划。
The public were deceived by the newspaper.
公众受到报纸的蒙骗。
Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 我们公司将派他去柏林工作。
有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如：
The police are looking for him. 警察正在找他。
3）物质名词
物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有：
beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper,
rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool等。
一般说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：
a．有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示―一份‖，―一杯‖：
Tree beers, please. 请来三杯啤酒。
A chocolate ice-cream for me. 给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。
b．有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示―一种‖：
It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms. 这是一种特别的茶，有桔子花叶。
It was a delicious wine. 那是一种美味的红酒。
c．个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义：
It was now the time of the spring rains. 现在是春天雨季的时候。
Here are the snows of last year. 这是去看的积雪。
d．抽象名词
抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，因此没有复形，前面也一般不加不定冠词a/an。常见的抽象名词有：
age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health, help, history, industry, joy,
labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, safety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel,
trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。
在多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。例如：
safety first! 安全第一！ It‘s wonderful weather. 天气好极了。
但有时也加定冠词the,或不定冠词a/an.
例如： I shall never forget the beauty of that lake. 我永远不会忘记那个湖的美丽。
There‘s a beauty in simplicity. 朴实之中有一种美。
2．专有名词
专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如：
1）人名：Mary, Mrs Green, Zhang Hua 2）地名：Beijing, West Lake
3）某类人的名称：Americans, Russians 4）某些抽象事物的名称：English, Chinese
5）月份、周日及节日名称：May, Saturday, Easter 6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称：Cone with the
Wind
7）对家人等的称呼：Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
（三）可数名词和不可数名词
名词按所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词一般没有复数形式。
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普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的，所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词a或an连用，复数则要使用其复数形式。例如：
单数 复数
a country countries
a class classes
a sheep sheep
a tomato tomatoes
普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的，这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰，也不存在复数形式，如ice (冰)，water (水), rice (稻子)等。
在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词，又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同，它们的意思往往也不大相同，对这些名词要特别注意。 例如
作不可数名词 作可数名词
glass 玻璃 玻璃杯；镜子；眼镜
paper 纸张 报纸；文件；考卷
time 时间 次数；时代
word消息 单词；话语
一般说来，汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词，而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词，对这些名词也要特别注意，发如：fun ，work ，advice ，weather ，homework ，news ，money ，information ，bread ，hair )，chalk ，furniture 等。
（四）可数名词复数形式的构成
可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es，现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下：
情况 构成方法 例词 读音
desk→desks
一般情况 在词尾加-s -s在请辅音后发[s]音
map→maps
day→days
-s在元音私浊畏音后发[z]
girl→girls
bus →buses
以s, x, ch, sh在词尾加-es es发[iz]音
box→boxes
结尾的词
watch→watches
fish→fishes
以辅音字母加y结尾的词
以元音字母y结尾的词
以f或fe 结尾的词
变y为I再加-es
family→families
-ies发[iz]音
factory→factories
party→parties
day→days
boy→boys
key→keys
-s发[z]音 在词尾加-s
变f或fe为v再加-es
knife→knives
life→lives
wife→wives
half→halves
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-ves发[vz]音
以辅音字母加o结尾的词
在词尾加-es
potato→potatoes
-es发[z]音
tomato→tomatoes
hero→heroes
radio→radios
以元音字母加在词尾加-s -s发[z]音
zoo→zoos
o结尾的词
少数以辅音字母加o结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos 等。
有些以f结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如：handkerchief→handkerchiefs, roof→roofs等。
英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的，必须把它们牢记在心。如：man→men,
woman→women, Frenchman→Frenchmen, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet,
goose→geese, mouse→mice, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, fish→fish等。
（五）名词的所有格
在英语中，有些名词的词尾 可以加上‘s，用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的所有格。
1．名词所有格的构成
名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况：
1）如果名词是单数，只在词尾加‘s。
例如： the boy‘s schoolbag 这男孩的书包 the worker‘s shoes 这个二人的鞋
2）复数名词如果以s结尾，只加‘（在s的右上角）即可
如： the teachers‘ office 老师们的办公室 the students‘ classroom 学生们的教室
3）复数名词如果不以s结尾，则在词尾加‘s
如： Women‘s Day 妇女节 the People‘s Park 人民公园
2．名词所有格的用法
名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法：
1）表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。
例如： He is Mary‘s younger brother. 他是玛丽的弟弟。
They are reading Lei Feng‘s Diaries. 他们在读雷锋的日记。
2）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。
例如： Our school is half an hour‘s walk from here. 我们学校离这儿步行有半小时的距离。
Beijing is China‘s capital. 北京是中国的首都。
3）表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系，一般使用与of构成的短语结构。
例如： The front door of the house was painted red. 那屋子的前门被漆成了红色。
There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图。
4）名词所有格后面跟地点，往往要将地点名词省略。
例如： My sister often goes to my uncle‘s. 我的妹妹经常到我叔叔家去。
You look ill. You‘d better go to the doctor‘s. 你脸色不好，最好去看看病。
5）被名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提出到过，一般可以省略。
例如： I am using my dictionary. You can use Tom‘s. 我们字典我正在用，你可以用汤姆的。
Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dick‘s. 我们的寝室比约翰私迪克的大得多，
（六）可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达
1．两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of等。
例如： Please give me some paper. 请给我一些纸。
I don‘t want to borrow any magazines. 我不想借什么杂志。
2．用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。
例如： You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition. 你的俄文中有很多拼写错误。
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Several days later, a group of students went to help the old man. 几天以后，一群学生去帮助了那位老人。
3．用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, quite a
little, little,等。
例如： I want a piece of red chalk. 我想要一支红粉笔。
Please give her a bit of bread. 请给她一点面包。
（七）名词的用法
1．作主语 例如： The radio says that it may stop raining later. 广播说一会儿雨可能会停。
2．作表语 例如： Class 3 were the winners. 三班获胜了3．作宾语 例如： I told him a story. 我给他讲了个故事。
4．作宾语补足语 例如： He named her Jenny. 他给她取名詹妮。
5．作定语 例如： We are discussing the population problem. 我们正在讨论人口问题。
6．作状语 例如： He sat here a long time. 他坐在这儿很久了。
7．与介词组成词组 例如： I am working hard on my Chinese. 我正在努力学习汉语。
8．作介词宾语 例如： Give the money to your sister. 把钱给你姐I. 写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. house _________ 2. village ___________ 3. map __________
4. orange _________ 5. bag ___________ 6. exercise ___________
7. brush __________ 8. family ___________ 9. bus ___________
10. city __________ 11. box ___________ 12. baby __________
13. class __________ 14. factory _________ 15. glass __________
16. dictionary __________ 17. watch _________ 18. woman _________
19. match __________ 20. man _________ 21. wish __________
22. German __________ 23. tomato _________ 24. policeman ___________
25. kilo __________ 26. human _________ 27. potato ___________
28. Chinese __________ 29. shelf __________ 30. Japanese __________
31. leaf ___________ 32. American __________33. life ___________
34. tooth __________ 35. wife ___________ 36. foot ___________
37. knife __________ 38. sheep __________ 39. half ___________
40. child __________
II. 将下列词组译成英语：
1、一群孩子 2、两箱子苹果
3、三篮子蔬菜 4、九块面包
5、十杯牛奶 6、五块肉
7、多种植物 8、一副眼镜
9、两块冰 10、三张纸
11、四瓶橘汁 12、五杯茶
13、六碗米饭 14、七袋米
15、八块木头 16、九块金属
III. 写出下列各词的名词形式：
1. work _________ 2. teach ___________3. sing __________ 4. ill ___________
5. fight _________6. invent ___________ 7. wait _________ 8. woolen __________
9. win ____________10. thankful _________ 11. foreign _________12. cloudy ________
13. run __________ 14. dirty ____________15. visit ____________ 16. funny __________
17. wooden ________18. medical __________19. operate ________ 20. hot __________
21. invite __________22. worried __________23. build ____________24. please ________
25. help ___________ 30. noisy ___________
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名词练习题
1. There are fifty six________in China.
A. people B. peoples C. people‘s D. of people
2. There is not enough________in the corner to put the table.
A. place B. room C. floor D. ground
3. The new pair of ________which I bought yesterday is made of .
A. glasses; glass B. glass; glass C. glasses; glasses D. glass; glasses
4. The Whites________to China for holiday this summer.
A. is going to fly B. fly C. are going to fly D. flies
5. He told us he had some________, some________, two dogs, and a cow on his farm.
A. sheeps; chickens B. sheep; chickens C. sheep; chicken D. sheeps; chicken
6. There have been a lot of________in our city since 1990.
A, woman doctors B. woman doctor C. women doctor D. women doctors
7. These visitors are from_______. But they are probably not______, because they speak
A. German; German; French B. Germany; Germen; France
C. Germany; Germans; French D. German; Germans; France
8. They got much ________from those new books.
A. ideas B. photo C. information D. message
9. If there is a big football match, several ________will watch the traffic.
A. hundreds polices B. hundreds police C. hundred polices D. hundred police
10. The old teacher is a friend of .
A. my eldest brother‘s B. my eldest brother
C. my eldest brothers‘ D. my eldest brothers
11. This book will be ________ in your studies.
A. of great use B. of helpful C. with care D. great importance
12. The teachers who are coming to us are ________ mothers.
A. Rose and Dick‘s B. Rose‘s and Dick‘s C. Rose and Dicks‘ D. Rose and Dick
13. ——Is this ________ newspaper? ——Yes, it‘s my ________ .
A. today‘s; father B. today‘s; father‘s C. today; father‘s D. today; father
14. The new shop sells ________ clothes and shoes.
A. women B. women‘s C. womens‘ D. woman‘s
15. It is about ________walk from here to the station.
A. half an hours‘ B. a half hours‘ C. half a hour‘s D. half an hour‘s
16. What ________ we are having today!
A. the fine weather B. a fine weather C. fine a weather D. fine weather
17. Please keep quiet. If you make a lot of________, you may disturb others.
A. voice B. noise C. sound D. singing
18. ——Would you like some drinks, boys?——Yes,________, please.
A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D. two bottles of orange
19. This is________room. The twin sisters like it very much.
A. Lucy‘s and Lily‘s B. Lucy‘s and Lily C. Lucy and Lily‘s
20. After playing football for more than a half hour, the students took________ rest.
A. a few minute‘s B. a few minutes‘ C. a little minute‘s D. a little minutes‘
21. _____ are going to England for a holiday.
A. The Wang B. Wang‘s C. The Wang‘s D. The Wangs
22. There are many _____ in the school.
A. women teachers B. woman teachers teacher D. woman teacher
23. _____ turn yellow in autumn.
A. Leaf B. Leaves C. Leave D. Leafs
24. Will you please show me the way to the _____ shop?
A. shoe B. shoes‘ C. shoes D. shoe‘s
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.
25. Help yourselves to some _____ , dear children!
A. fishs B. fishes C. fish D. the fish
26. _____ hard work it is!
A. What a B. How C. What D. How a
27. Do you believe that there are two _____ in my class?
A. Maries B. Marys C. Mary‘s D. Marys‘
28. His family _____ a happy one.
A. be B. are C. is D. was
29. My grandparents like _____ very much, so they grow some in their _____ garden every year.
A. vegetable, vegetable B. vegetable, vegetables
C. vegetables, vegetables D. vegetables, vegetable
第三讲冠词
（一）概说
1．冠词是一种虚词，不能独立担任一个成分，只能附着在一个名词上，帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词：
1）定冠词the 2）不定冠词a/an
定冠词the通常读作[]，在元音前读作[i]，特别强调或单念时读作[i:]。
不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用an这个形式，读作[n]；在其他情况下则使用a，读作[]。
2．冠词的基本意义
不定冠词a/an与数词one同源，表示―一个‖的意思，用在可数名词单数前。
例如：She is a nurse. 她是个护士。
He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife. 他是一位英国人，有一个爱尔兰妻子。
定冠词the，与this同源，有―这（那）个‖的意思，但比较弱，表示一（几）个特定的人或东西，有时可译作―这个（些）‖或―那个（些）‖。
例如： That‘s the book you want. 这就是你要的那本书。
Who‘s the young man over there? 那边那个年轻人是谁？
但在很多情况下，―这‖或―那‖这类词在译文中并不出现。
例如： Put it on the table. 把它放在桌上。
Shut the door, please. 请把门关上。
3．特指和泛指
一般来说，名词有特指和泛指两种情况，请比较下面的句子：
A gentleman is asking to see you. 有位先生要求见你。（泛指）
Ask the gentleman to come in. 请那位先生进来。（特指）
在特指时一般前面要加定冠词，而泛指时则有三种情况：
1）在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。 例如： She sent me a postcard 她寄给我一张明信片。
2）在可数名词复数前可不加冠词，可使用some, any这类词。
例如： These are new words. 这些是生词。
She sent me some flowers. 她送给我一些花。
3）在不可数名词前多不加什么，有时也可加some, any等。
例如： It‘s lovely weather. 天气真好。
Do you want any sugar in your tea? 你茶里要放点糖吗？
Give us some help. 给我们一些帮助。
（二）不定冠词的基本用法
1．泛指某一类人或事物中的一个，代表某一类别（不一定译为―一‖）
例如： His father is a doctor. 他父亲是医生。
2．代表某一类人或事物，相当于any（+名词）（不必译为―一‖，但必须用a，表示类别）
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例如： A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。
3．指某人或某物（不是指某一类），但不具体说明何人或何物（一般译为―一‖）
例如： This book was written by a worker. 这本书是一位工人写的。
4．表示数量，有―一‖的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈（一般译为―一‖）
例如： Wait a moment. 等一下。
5．表示单位，相当于―每‖的意思
例如： We have three meals a day. 我们每日吃三餐。
6．用于某此固定词组中
例如： a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。
（三）定冠词的基本用法
1．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物
例如： Give me the book. 把那本书给我。
2．指谈话双方都知道的人或事物
例如： Where is the doctor? 医生在哪儿？
3．再次提到上文提到过的人或事物
例如： I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home. 昨天我买了一本词典。词典在家里。
4．用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物
例如： The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun. 地球比月亮大，但比太阳小。
5．用在序数词和形容词最高级前
例如： Mr Wang teaches the first class. 王先生上第一节课。
Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth. 在所有的恒星中，太阳离地球最近。
6．用在单数可数名词，表示某一类人或事物
例如：The horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。
7．与下列专有名词连用
1）在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前
例如： the Changjiang River, the Great Lake
2）在姓氏的复数名词前，表示夫妇二人或全家人
例如： The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table. 格林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。
8．和某些形容词连用，表示一类人
例如： the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人 the dead
死人
9．在一些习惯说法中
the east (west, south, north) in the morning (afternoon, evening) on the left (right)
in the end go to the cinema
（四）不用冠词的几种情况
1．在专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前
例如： Have you ever been to Shanghai? 你到过上海吗？ We love science. 我们爱好科学。
2．在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前
例如： Girls can be scientists. 女孩子可以当科学家。
3．在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前
例如： It is hot in summer. 夏天天气热。 Have you had breakfast? 你吃过早饭没有？
It‘s Tuesday, August the 22nd. 今天是八月二十二日，星期三。
4．称呼语或表示头衔，职务的名词前
例如： What‘s the matter with you, Mike? 怎么啦，迈克？ He is headmaster of our school. 他 9
是我们学校的校长。
5．学科和球类运动的名称前
例如： We study English. 我们学习英语。 Do you like to play football? 你喜欢踢足球吗？
6．名词前已有用作定语的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代词时，不用冠词
例如： That is her bike。 那是她的自行车Each student in his class studies hard. 这个班的每个学生都努力学习。
7．在某些固定词组的名词前
如： at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。
三、随堂监测A组
I. 在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词，不需要的地方用―/‖表示：
1. This is ______ old map. It is ______ useful map.
2. We have no classes in ______ afternoon on _______ Saturday.
3. ______ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _______second.
4. Beijing is ______ capital of ______ China. It is _______ beautiful city.
5. Roman was not built in ______ day.
6. Chinese is quite ______ difficult language for Mike.
7. Many ______ students will take ______ active part in sports meet.
8. There is ______ interesting picture on ______ wall.
9. Jenny found ______ wallet lying on ______ground. ______ wallet was Mr. Black‘s.
10. Which is ______ biggest, ______ sun, ______ moon, or ______ earth?
11. --- Which picture is more beautiful? --- ______one on ______ left, I think.
12. --- Which is _____ way to ______ hospital? --- Go down this road and turn left on ______
second crossing.
13. _______ more, _______ better.
14. _______ Turners are sitting at breakfast table.
15. Joe Hill was _______ fighter for ______ working class.
16. When was ______ People‘s Republic of China founded?
17. In China ______ first English textbooks were published in _____late nineteenth century.
18. After ______ breakfast he went to ______ school on ______ foot.
19. ______ Huanghe River lies in ______ north of China.
20. He likes playing ______ football. His sister likes playing ______ piano.
II. 单项选择：
1. 上学 A. go to school B. go to the school C. go to a school
2. 住院 A, in the hospital B. in a hospital C. in hospital
3. 此刻 A. at the moment B. at a moment C. at moment
4. 在课堂上 A. in class B. in a class C. in the class
5. 在地球上 A. on earth B. on an earth C. on the earth
6. 步行 A. on foot B. on the foot C. on feet
7. 吃饭 A. at a table B. at the table C. at table
8. 乘公共汽车A. take bus B. by bus C. by the bus
9. 在家 A. at the home B. at a home C. at home
10. 在工作 A. at work B. at the work C. at works
11. 跳高 A. jump high B. high jump C. the high jump
12. 坐飞机 A. by air B. by the air C. on air13. 乘火车 A. by the train B. by train C. on train
14. 在校学习 A. in the school B. in school C. in schools
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15. 睡觉 A. go to bed B. go to the bed C. go to a bed
16. 感冒 A. have a cold B. have the cold C. have cold
17. 乘船 A. by ship B. on ship C. by a ship
18. 玩得痛快A. have good times B. have a good time C. have good times
19. 事实上 A. in the fact B. in facts C. in fact
21. 从早到晚A. from morning to the evening B. from morning to evening
C. from a morning to an evening
四．用适当的冠词填空，不需要冠词的空白处填―X‖:
1. The car is running about sixty miles _____hour.
2. My friend is interested in ______science.
3. Don‘t worry; we still have ______ little time left.
Hurry up; we have _______little time left.
4. John is______cleverest boy in his class.
5. March 8 is _________ Women‘s Day.
6. ______Greens will come to see you tomorrow.
7. Here is ______ black blouse; _____ blouse is hers.
8. They always have ________ bread for __________ dinner.
9. I prefer playing _______ piano to playing _________ basketball.
10. ________ harder we study, _________ more we‘ll learn.
五．选择题
can‘t see ______ sun at ______ night.
A. a; / B. a; the C. the; / D. the; the
2. Students often play ___ volleyball in __ afternoon.
A. /; an B. /; the C. the; an D. a; the
3. Is Canada _______ English speaking country.
A. / B. a C. an D. the
4. This is _______ orange. It is _______ small orange.
A. an; an B. an; a C. /; the D. the; a
5. _____ UN report says that there will be standing room only on ____ earth then.
A. A; the B. A; / C. An; / D. An; the
7. There is _______ ―x‖ in ______ word ―six‖.
A. a; the B. a; an C. an; the D. a; a
8. Look! _______ fine weather it is today!
A. What a B. what C. how a D. how
9. _____ Yellow River is ____ second longest river in China.
A. The; the B. /; a C. The; a D. The; /
10. John Smith is __ of the two young men.
A. strong B. a stronger C. the stronger D. the strongest
11. –--What color is ______ orange? -----It‘s _______ orange.
A. an; an B. an; the C. an; / D. /; an
12. Look! ______ good time the children are having!
A. How B. How a C. What D. What a
13. London is _____ capital of _____ England.
A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; /
14. There‘re ___ few mistakes (错误) in your homework. Don‘t make __ same mistakes again.
A. a; a B. a; the C. the; the D. /; the
15. _____ Most of the students in our class go to _____ school by bike every day.
A. /; / B. the; a C. /; a D. the; the
16. Don‘t give up. You can try for _______ second time.
A. the B. an C. a D. /
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17. She took me by ___ hand and led me into ____ room.
A. my; a B. the; the C. a; the D. my; the
18. What ____ interesting game it is! It must be ____ great fun.
A. an; a B. a; the C. the; / D. an; /
19. The house in ______ front of the river is on ______ fire.
A. /; / B. the; the C. the; / D. /; a
20. He often says ______ rich should help _______ poor.
A. the; a B. a; the C. the; the D. /; /
21. －What can you see by the lake?
－I can see ____ old man sitting on the chair. (2000杭州)
A. a B. an C. the D. /
22. －Have you had ______ lunch yet? ---No, not yet. (2000广州)
A. / B. a C. the D. an
23. One morning he found a bag. There was _ ―s‖ on the corner of _ bag. (2000甘肃)
A. a; a B. a; the C. an; a D. an; the
24. There‘s ______ egg on the plate. _____ egg is for you. (2000内蒙古)
A. a; A B. an; An C. an; The D. the; An
25. Did you enter for (报名/进入，参加)_____ high jump or _____ 400-metre race? (2000上海)
A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the
26. ____ old man in black has waited for you for half ______ hour. (2001汕头)
A. The; an B. The; a C. An; a D. An; 不填
27. ＿＿＿ elephant is ___ useful animal. (2002汕头)
A. An; an B. An; a C. The; an D. A; an
28. －I saw ___ story-book on the teacher‘s desk?
－___ book is Li Ming‘s. (2003汕头)
A. a; A B. the; The C. the; A D. a; The
29. There is ______man over there, _____man is from Renhua, and he is studying in
_______Beijing University.
A. the, the ,the B. a, a, a C. a , the, the D. a, the, /
31. Sunday is _____ day of the week.
A. one B. the first C. first D. the one
32. Which is _____ , the sun, the earth or the moon?
A. bigger B. biggest C. the biggest D. big
33. There is a desk in his bedroom. On _____ desk there is _____ pencil-box.
A. a, the B. the, the C. the, a D. a, a
34. What _____ good idea it is!
A. a B. an C. the D. /
35. Yesterday I went to _____ school on _____ foot.
A. the, the B. /, / C. a, / D. the, /
37. Though he is rich, he has _____ friends.
A. a little B. a few C. a lot ofD. few
38. There is a tall tree _____ our classroom.
A. in the front of B. in front C. in front of D. at front the
39. September 10th is _____ in China.
A. Teachers‘ Day B. Teacher‘s Day C. Teacher‘s Day D. the Teachers‘ Day
40. People often go skating in _____ winter.
A. / B. a C. an D. the
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第四讲 代词
一、内容概述
1．代词的作用
严格地讲，代词是代替名词的，在句子中起名词的作用，可用作：
1）主语 例如：This is our new home. 这是我们的新家。Who is on the phone?谁在打电话？
2）宾语 例如： Take good care of yourself. We should help each other.
3）表语 例如： That‘s not mine. Who is it? —It‘s me.
4）同位语 例如： We both live in the dormitory. He ate them all.
5）呼语 例如： Be patient, everybody.
2．代词的分类
代词通常可分为以下八类：
1）人称代词（I, you, he , we等）
2）物主代词（our, your, their, his等）
3）反身代词（myself, ourselves, yourself, itself等）
4）相互代词（each other, one another）
5）指示代词（this, that, these, those等）
6）疑问代词（who, what, which, whose等）
7）关系代词（who, that, which, whose等）
8）不定代词（both, all, some, any等）
二、重点知识归纳及讲解
数
格
人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
主格
I 我
you 你
he 他
she 她
it 它
宾语
me
you
him
her
it
复数
主格
we 我们
you 你们
他们
they 她们
它们
宾格
us
you
them
（一）人称代词
1．人称代词的单数、复数和主格、宾格
2．人称代词的用法
1）人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语
例如： I am studying English now. 我现在正在学英语。
We love our country. 我们热爱我们的国家。
如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语，它们的顺序是：
单数形式 you, he and I
复数形式 we, you and they
2）人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。
例如： Can you help us? 你能帮助我们吗？
We are waiting for them. 我们正在等他们。
Who is there? It‘s me. 是谁呀？是我。
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（二）物主代词
物主代词用来表示人和物之间的所有关系，这类代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，并有不同的人称和单复数之分。
2．形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的主要用法区别
1）形容词性物主代词不能独立使用，只作定语，用来修饰后面的名词。
例如： My parents are both doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
We saw a film yesterday. Its name was Speed. 我们昨天看了一场电影，片名是《生死时速》。
2）名词性物主代词应独立使用，后面不跟名词，相当于形容词性物主代词+名词，它们在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。
例如： Is this her pen? No, hers is red. （主语） 这是她的钢笔吗？不，她的是红色的。
Let‘s clean their room first, and then clean ours. （宾语）
咱们先打扫他们的房间，然后再打扫我们的。
These letters are his.（表语） 这些信是他的。
（三）反身代词
反身代词用来表示反射或强调。
1．反身代词的形式
人称 一 二 三
单数
复数
2．反身代词的用法
1）在句子中作宾语，表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。
例如： My grandmother is too old to look after herself.
我奶奶年纪太大了，照顾不了她自己。
Lei Feng was always ready to help others, he never thought of himself.
雷锋总是乐于帮助别人，从不考虑自己。
2）在句中作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强语气，常可译为―亲自‖、―本人‖等。
在这种情况下，反身代词可以紧跟名词或代词之后，也可以放到句末。
例如： We ourselves will build the factory. 我们将自己建造这个工厂。
He spoke to me myself. 他对我本人说话。
3）反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。
例如：
by oneself 亲自 for oneself 为自己
call oneself 称自己 teach oneself 自学
help oneself to 随意吃 lose oneself 迷路
speak to oneself 自言自语 seat oneself 就座
make oneself understood 让别人懂得自己的意思
（四）指示代词
指示代词是表示―这个‖、―那个‖、―这些‖、―那些‖等指示概念的代词，如：this, that, these,
those等。英语中指示代词的用法同汉语中的情况相似。this和these一般用来指较近的事物，that和those则指较远的事物。
指示代词可以充当句子中的主语、定语、宾语或表语。
例如： This is a difficult question. 这是个难题。
That basketball isn‘t ours. 那个篮球不是我们的。
Do you like these? 你喜欢这些吗？
（五）不定代词
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myself
ourselves
yourself
yourselves
himself
themselves
herself itself
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词的代词。
1．不定代词有以下形式：
some, somebody, someone, something, any, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, all,
both, neither, none, either, each, everybody, everyone, everything, other, another, much ,one
2．不定代词在句子中的作用：
1）作主语
例如： Everyone has come. Let‘s begin. 大家都到了，我们开始吧。
Both of his parents are doctors. 他的父母都是医生。
One is the teacher, the others are students. 一人是老师，其余的是学生。
2）作宾语
例如： This one is too small, please show me another. 这个太小，请另外拿一个给我看看。
Please introduce me to the others. 请把我介绍给所有其他的人。
3）作表语
例如： That‘s all for today. 今天就到这儿吧。
It‘s too much for me. 这件事非我力所能及。
3．常见不定代词的用法讲解
1）some和any
a．some常用于肯定句，any多用于否定句，疑问句或条件状语从句，两者都可以代替可数或不可数名词。
例如： Some say yes and some say no.
I don‘t like any of them.
Does any of them know this?
b．如果在提问时期待对方肯定回答，或鼓励别人说yes时，疑问句中的不定代词要用some，不用any。
例如： Would you like some of the tickets? 你想要些票吗？
c．在强调―任何一个‖意思的时候，any也可用于肯定句。
例如： You can take any of the newspapers here.
2）either和neither
either用于肯定，neither用于否定，二者均限于两个个体的情况。
例如： You can see tall trees on either of the river banks. 在河的两岸你们能看到高大的树。
Neither of them wants to see the film with me. 他们两个谁也不想和我去看电影。
3）one和ones（one的复数形式）
one可以指某人，人人或某物，也可以用来代替上文中提及的可数名词，以避免用词的重复。当one指人时，其反身代词为oneself，所有格形式是one‘s。
例如： One should follow the laws. 人人应该遵守法律。
The one in red is our monitor. 穿红衣服的那位是我们的班长。
Shanghai has a lot of new buildings, but it also has many old ones.
上海有很多新的建筑物，也有不少老的建筑物。
4）复合不定代词
复合不定代词是由some, any, no, every同body，one, thing等词构成的代词。复合不定代词都可看作单数，表示―某人‖或―某物‖，并在句中作主语、宾语或表语。同some和any在用法上的区别一样，some, someone和something一般用于肯定句，anybody, anyone和anything一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。
例如： We want somebody to help us. 我们想要有人来帮助我们。
Have you found anything here? 你们在这儿发现什么了吗？
If anyone comes to visit us, tell him we have gone to the cinema.
如果有人来访，就告诉他我们去电影院了。
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表示人的复合不定代词后面都可以加‘s构成所有格。
例如： Somebody‘s wallet has just been stolen. 有人的钱包刚刚被偷了。
复合不定代词要求后置定语。
例如： We will have something important to do this afternoon.
（六）疑问代词
疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词，如who, whom, whose, what和which等。
在疑问句中，疑问代词一般都放在句首，并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
例如： Who is your maths teacher?（表语）
Whose bag is that?（定语）
Who teaches you English?（主语）
Whom are you talking about?（宾语）
（七）相互代词
相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，其形式如下表。
主格和宾格 所有格
each other
each other‘s
one another
one another‘s
在当代英语中，each other和one another意思上没有区别，它们在句中可以作宾语，其所有格可以作定语。 （互相）（彼此的）
例如： Do you often help each other? We are interested in one another‘s work.
代词练习题
1. ________ bedroom is larger than________ .
A. Our; your B. Yours; theirs C. Theirs; ours D. Their; ours
2. ——Li Gang and Wang Lin have been away. They can‘t help us with the work.
——Let‘s do it________ .
A. ourselves B. themselves C. yourselves D. myself
3. Look at the cat.________washing ________ paws.
A. Its; its B. It; its C. It‘s; its D. It‘s; it‘s
4. All the students have gone to the Science Museum except________ .
A. her and his B. him and me C. she and him D. he and I
5. ________ will be sent to Germany for the training.
A. I, you and he B. He, I and you C. You, she and I D. I, you and they
6. The population of China is larger than________ of India.
A. one B. those C. these D. that
7. The players from Europe are taller than ________ from Asia.
A. those B. these C. that D. they
8. He found________ impossible to work out the problem by .
A. that; ourselves B. it; myself C. it; himself D. that; himself
9. ________ took us two hours to repair the refrigerator.
A. This B. It‘s C. That D. It
10. ——Who is singing in the next room? —— ________ must be Mary.
A. She B. This C. It D. He
11. ——Hello, may I speak to Peter?—Hello,________ Peter speaking.
A. I‘m B. this is C. that‘s D. its
12. ——When shall we go fishing next week, Saturday or Sunday?
—— ________ day is OK. You decide.
A. Neither B. either. C. both D. all
13. There are forty pupils in Class 3. ________ of them are Young Pioneers.
16
A. All B. Either C. Both D. Each
14. You can take________ of the two bags, but leave one to your sister.
A. each B. both C. neither D. either
15. ——Which do you prefer, coffee or milk?— _____ , thanks. I‘d like some cool water.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
16. ——Is he interested in all the games? ——No. he likes________ .
A. all B. any C. none D. neither
17. ________ of us has been told about it, so we don‘t know it at all.
A. both B. nobody C. Each D. None
18. The colour of Lingling‘s skirt is different from of theirs.
A. that B. this C. these D. those
19. Granny Li keeps one white cat and three yellow________ .
A. one B. once C. one‘s D. ones
20. ——Would you like a banana? ——No, thank you. I‘ve already had________ .
A. one B. it C. that D. this
21. ——Can you see________ students on the playground? ——Yes, I can see________ .
A. any; a few B. any; few C. some; little D. any; any
22. If Lin Tao can‘t win the race, does________ want a go?
A. else everybody B. somebody else C. else anybody D. anybody else
23. Here are two letters, Bob,________ is for you and________ is for your father.
A. one; another B. one; the second C. one; the other D. one; others
24. After supper some people like to stay at home watching TV. _____like to go out for a walk.
A. another B. other C. others D. the others
25. ―He‘s the tallest in the class‖ means ―He‘s taller than ________ in the class‖.
A. every boy B. any students C. each boy D. any other student
26. Let‘s ask Jim about the Internet. He knows________ about it.
A. a few B. few C. a little D. little
27. I can‘t give you any ink because I have________ left.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
28. A lot of climbers have tried to climb the Qomolangma, but only _______have succeeded.
A. many B. few C. a few D. much
29. —May I use your pencil sharpener?—Yes. I have two, and you can use______ of them.
A. every B. all C. any D. either
30. ________ of the five girls knows how to get there.
A. all B. neither C. both D. none
31.I have four cousins. One is a lawyer, ________ is an artist, ________ are workers.
A. the other; the others B. another; others
C. another; the others D. the other; others
32. This pair of glasses is too dark. Could you show me /
A. the others B. another one C. the other D. another pair
33. Miss Gao gave the exam papers to all the pupils except _____who had not passed the exam.
A. the ones B. ones C. them D. the other
34. A:I‘m very thirsty. Could I have________ to drink?
B:What would you like? A:________ will do.
A. anything; something B. something; anything
C. something; something D. anything; anything
35. ——What are you doing here, Mary and Kate?
——We are looking at ________ pictures.
A. each‘s other B. each other‘s C. each other D. each‘s other‘s
第五讲 数词 17
一、本周内容概述
表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词可分为基数词和序数词两类。二、重点知识归纳及讲解
（一）基数词
基数词用来表示数目，或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下表所示。
1 one 11 eleven 100 a hundred
2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 1000 a thousand
3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty
1，000，000 a million
4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty
10，000，000 ten million
5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty
100，000，000 a hundred million
6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty
1，000，000，000 a billion
7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy
8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty
9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety
10 ten
说明：
1．13—19是由个位数加后缀-teen构成。注意其中13、15的拼写是thirteen和fifteen。
2．20—90由个位数加后缀-ty构成，注意其中20—50的拼写分别是twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼写是eighty。
3．其它非整十的两位数21—99是由整十位数加连字符―-‖，再加个位数构成。如： 81
eighty-one。
4．101—999的基数词先写百位数，后加and再写十位数和个位数。如： 691 six hundred and
ninety-one。
5．1000以上的基数词先写千位数，后写百位数，再加and，最后写十位数和个位数。
如：5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。 在基数词中只有表示―百‖、―千‖的单位词，没有单独表示―万‖、―亿‖的单位词，而是用thousand（千）和million（百万）来表达，其换算关系为：1万=10 thousand;1亿=100 million; 10亿=a thousand million=a billion。
6．多位数的读法：
1）1000以上的多位数，要使用计数间隔或逗号―，‖。即从个位起，每隔三位加一个间隔或逗号。第一个间隔或逗号前是thousand（千），第二个间隔或逗号前是million（百万），第三个间隔或逗号前是a thousand million或a billion(十亿)。
2）每隔三位分段以后就都成了101—999。读的时候十位数（或个位数）的前面一般要加and。如： 888，000，000读作：eight hundred and eighty-eight million。
（二）、基数词的用法
1．基数词的复数形式表示大量的 的数目。
在这种情况下，表示单位的基数词(hundred, thousand, million, billion)不能在词尾加-s。
例如：
two hundred students 二百个学生 five thousand years 五千年
2．基数词的复数形式表示大量的 的数目，在这种情况下，表示单位的基数词词尾加-s，要与of短语连用。
3．基数词在句中的作用
基数词的作用相当于名词和形容词，它在句子中可充当主语，宾语，表语和定语。
例如： Three and five is eight. 3+5=8
主语 表语
How many oranges do you want?你要多少桔子？
I want eight. 我要八个。
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宾语
There are eight boats in the lake. 湖里有八条小船。
定语
（三）序数词
表示顺序的词，叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外，序数词一般都由相应的基数词加后缀-th构成。 请见下表：
第一到第十 第十一到第十九 第二十以上
first eleventh twentieth
second twelfth thirtieth
third thirteenth fortieth
fourth fourteenth fiftieth
fifth fifteenth sixtieth
sixth sixteenth seventieth
seventh seventeenth eightieth
eighth eighteenth ninetieth
ninth nineteenth hundredth
tenth thousandth
说明：
1．英语中表示第一、第二、第三的序数词属特殊形式，要注意它们的拼写。
2．表示―几十‖的序数词通常是将基数词词尾y变成i再加上后缀-eth。
3．其余的二位数序数词是以相应的整十基数词加个位序数词。如：fifty-first（第五十一）。
4．少数序数词拼法不规则，如：fifth（第五），eighth（第八），ninth（第九），twelfth（第十二）等。
注意：
1．序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。 例如：
第一：(the) first=1 st 第二：(the) second=2 nd 第三：(the) third=3 rd
第五：(the) fifth=5th第九十七：(the) ninety-seventh=97 th
第一百零一：(the) one hundred (and)first=101st
2．编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序，但是基数词要后置。 例如：
第一课：Lesson One 第三十二页：Page 32
第305房间：Room 305 第12路公共汽车：Bus No.12
五、序数词的用法
序数词和基数词一样，也能起名词或形容词作用，在句子中作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
例如：
The first is bigger than the second. 第一个比第二个大。
主语
Give me the first. 把第一个给我。
宾语
She‘s often the first to go to school. 她经常第一个去上学。
表语
We‘re going to learn the eighth lesson. 我们将要学习第八课。
定语
六、年、月、日和时间的表达法
1．年份用基数词表达，分两位一读，年份前用介词in。
例如：
1999 nineteen ninety-nine
19
2000 two thousand
2001 two thousand and one
2．月份的第一个字母要大写，有些月份名称有缩写形式。 例如：
一月January(Jan.), 二月February(Feb.), 三月March(Mar.), 四月（Apr.）,
五月May, 六月June, 七月July, 八月August(Aug.)，九月September(Sep.),
十月October(Oct.), 十一月November(Nov.), 十二月December(Dec.)。
3．日期的表达要用序数词，读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。
例如： 在6月1日：on June 1 st 读作：on June the first.
年、月、日同时表达时，一般应先写月、日、后写年。 例如:在2001年5月4日：on May 4th, 2001。
4．年代用基数词的复数表示。 例如：
20世纪90年代：nineteen nineties
21世纪20年代：twenty twenties
5．时间表达法：时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。 例如：
顺读法 倒读法
5：00 five (o‘clock)
6：18 six eighteen eighteen past six
12：15 twelve fifteen fifteen (a quarter) past twelve
4：30 four thirty half past four
5：50 five fifty ten to six
6：45 six forty-five a quarter to seven
注意：
1）表示整点时间，直接用基数词表达，后边可接o‘clock (也可不加)。表达―几点几分‖时，绝不能用o‘clock。
2）表达―15分‖或―45分‖时，常用quarter（刻）。
3）在倒读法中，如果钟点不过半，须用―分钟数+past+钟点数‖的形式；如果钟点过半，则用―差多少分钟数+to+全钟点（下个钟点数）‖的形式。 例如：
8:20 twenty past eight
8:40 twenty to nine
6．分数的表达法
1）分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母用复数。
2）小数的读法：小数点前面的数按照基数词的读法，小数点后面的数按照数本身读，小数点读point。 例如：
0.38 zero point three eight
96.89 ninety-six point eight nine
3)百分数，在数词后加percent。
例如： 15%读作：fifteen percent 60%读作：sixty percent
7．表示语数
1）…几倍大小（长短，数量）=…几倍（或分数）+the size(length, amount)。
例如： The earth is forty-nine times the size of the moon.
2）…比…几倍=…倍数（或分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+than+被比部分。
例如： His house is three times bigger than mine.
3）…是…倍=…倍数（或分数）+as +形容词+as +被比部分。
例如： This factory is four times as big as that one.
8．表示约数
1）―多于‖用more than或over。
例如： The street is over(more than) 500 metres long. 这条街有500多米长。
20
2）―小于‖用less than。
例如： Three are less than 30 people in the classroom. 教室里不到三十人。
3）―或…以上‖用or more。
The building can hold 5000 people or more. 那座建筑物可容纳5000人或5000人以上。
4）―或…以下‖用or less。
例如： We can finish the work in two weeks or less.
我们可以在两周内或不到两周完成这件工作。
5）―大约‖用about, around, nearly等。
例如： The box weighs about 50 pounds.
这箱子重约50镑。6）―左右‖用or so.
例如： In the past ten years or so, they have changed a lot.
在过去的十年里，他们改变了许多。
三、随堂监测A组
I. 写出下列基数词相应的序数词：
1. one __________ 2. two _________ 3. three _________ 4. five ________
5. eight __________ 6. nine _________7. twelve _________8. twenty ________
9. thirty-one __________ 10. forty-four ___________ 11. fifty-seven ____________
II. 把下列短语译成英语：
1. 第12课 ________________________ 2. 304号房间 _______________________
3. 半小时 ________________________ 4. 每日三次 _______________________
5. 第25页 _______________________ 6. 20世纪90年代 ___________________
7. 4路公共汽车 _____________________ 8. 第15中学 _____________________
9. 21世纪 _________________________ 10. 两吨半 ______________________
11. 差一刻三点 _____________________ 12. 第二册 ________________________
13. 在他五十几岁时 ___________________14. 二年级八班 ____________________
15. 10:45 _____________________________16. 第十五单元 ____________________
17. 第三册第十三课 ___________________18. 三分之一 __________________
19. 三百英镑 _______________________20. 1994年3月22日 __________________
数词练习
1 There are ___ days in a year.
A. three hundreds sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five
C. three hundred and sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty five
2 There are____ students in this school.
A. eight hundreds and forty-six B. eight hundred and forty six
C. eight hundred and forty-six D. eight hundred forty-six
3 ______people visit this museum every day.
A. Hundred B. Hundreds C. Hundred of D. Hundreds of
4 There are two___ people in the meeting room.
A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of D. hundred of
5 Every year ___ watch NBA on TV.
A. million people B. millions of people C. millions people D. million of people
6 ____ trees have been planted in our school in the past 10 years.
A. Thousands of B. Two thousands C. Thousand of D. Two thousand of
7 Look! There are ___ in the sky.
A. thousand stars B. thousand of stars C. thousands of stars D. thousands of star
8 My brother is in____.
21
A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One
C. Grade One, Class Three D. class three, grade one
9 We are going to learn___ this term.
A. book six B. six book C. the book six D. Book Six
10 Please turn to___. Let's read the text aloud.
A. Page Two B. the page two C. second page D. page second
11 We can say the number 78, 645 in English like this____.
A. seventy-eight thousand and six hundred and forty-five
B. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty five
C. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty-five
D. seventy eight thousand six hundred and forty-five
12 "The year 1999" should be read "The year____".
A. nineteen and ninety-nine B. nineteen ninety-nine
C. one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine D. nineteen hundred and ninety-nine
13 He will come here ____ tomorrow morning.
A. at fifth B. at ten C. on two D. till tenth
14 Every day he begins to do his homework ___.
A. at ten past seven B. at seven pass ten C. on ten past seventh D. until ten
15 He was doing some washing ____.
A. at eight yesterday morning B. yesterday morning eight
C. yesterday morning at eight D. by eight yesterday morning
16 He began to work there____.
A. on his fifty B. at age of fifty C. when he fifty D. in his fifties
17 They moved to Beijing _
A. in 1980s B. in the 1980 ' C. in the 1980s D. on the 1980's
18 We all like the boy______.
A. of ten years old B. ten-year-old C. at ten old D. of age of ten
4 She was ___ her early twenties when she went abroad.
A. at B. on C. of D: in
19 There are____ months in a year. December is the____month of the year.
A. twelve; twelve B. twelve; twelfth C. twelfth; twelve D. twelve; twelveth
20 During____ century, the world population has already reached 6 billion.
A. twenty B. the twentieth C. twentieth D. the twenty
21 Sunday is the____ day of the week.
A. seventh B. first C. second D. third
22 Autumn is season in a year.
A. the fourth B. the third C. a third D. the threeth
23 Tom was to get to school and I was ______.
A. first; ninth B. a first; a ninth C. the first; the ninth D. the second; the nineth
24 -What's the date today?-Its___.
A. Friday B. time to go C. cloudy D. June 4th
25 Jenny was born
A. on July 10, 1987 B. in July 10, 1987 C. in 1987, July 10 D. on 1987, July 10
26 Monday is the second day, and_______.
A. Tuesday is the fourth B. Thursday is the fifth
C. the second is Tuesday D. the second is Thursday
27 About____ of the books in our school library are written in Chinese.
A. four-fifth B. four-fifths C. fourth-fifths D. fourths-fifth
28 ___ of the students are girls in our class.
A. Two three B. Two threes C. Two thirds D. Second three
29 ___ of the world's books and newspapers are written in English.
A. Three quarters B. Three quarter C. Thirds four D. Threes fourth
22
30 Tom is____ in the row.
A. a second B. the second C. two D. second
31 The girl wanted to sing____ song in English.
A. the others B. a second C. other D. the second
32 Now let me have____.
A. the third try B. a third try C. third try D. this third try
参考答案：
C C D A B A C B D A C B B A A D C A D B B B B C D A B B C A B B B
第六讲 形容词和副词
一、考点聚焦
1、形容词、副词的作用与位置
形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词，其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记；
（1）形容词短语作定语，定语后置。
a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high
（2）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置。如a man
alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语，ill如作定语意为―bad‖。
（3）用作定语，修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时，通常后置。如：
I have something important to tell you.
（4）else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。
（5）enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。
（6）几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：
We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.
（7）频度副词如often、always、usually等在be动词后，行为动词前。
（8）副词作定语，定语后置。如：
The person there is waiting for you.
（9）几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（大小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。如：
a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man‘s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings
23
（10）以-ly结尾的词性辨析。
①下列单词以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等。
②表愿意（无-ly）和引申意(有-ly)的副词：
deep深 wide宽广 high高 low位置低
deeply深入地 widely广泛地 highly高度地 lowly地位卑微
③有无-ly意义大不相同的副词：
dead完全，绝对be dead asleep
deadly非常be deadly tired
pretty相当be pretty certain that…
prettily漂亮地be prettily dressed
close近Don‘t sit close.
closely密切地Watch closely!
late晚、迟arrive late, come late
lately最近I haven‘t seen him lately(recently).
2、复合形容词的构成
（1）形容词 + 名词 + ed
kind-hearted好心的，white-haired白发的
(2)形容词 + 形容词
red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的
（3）形容词 + 现在分词
good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的
（4）副词 + 现在分词
hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的
（5）副词 + 过去分词
hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的
（6）名词 + 形容词
life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的
（7）名词 + 现在分词
peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的
（8）名词 + 过去分词
24
snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的
（9）数词 + 名词 + ed
four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的
（10）数词 + 名词（名词用单数）
ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的
3、形容词和副词的比较等级
（1）原级的构成和用法。
构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。
用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用―as + 原级形容词/副词 + as‖的结构；表示双方不相等时，用―not so(as) + 原级形容词/副词 + as‖的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用―倍数 + as + 原级形容词/副词 + as‖的结构。如：
Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.
This building looks not so (as)high as that one.
Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .
This room is three times as large as that one.
（2）比较级和最高级的构成。
掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则，熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。
（3）比较级的用法。
①对方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用―比较级 + than‖的结构表示。如：
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
②表示一方不及另一方时，用―less + 原级 + than‖的结构表示。如：
This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修饰。如：
He works even harder than before.
注意：英语的比较级前如无even、still或yet等时，译成汉语时可用―较‖或―…一些‖或不译出，一般不可有―更‖。如：
She is better than she was yesterday
Please come earlier tomorrow.
另注意：by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加―the‖。如：
He is taller by far than his brother.
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He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用―the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语），the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语）‖的结构（意为―越……越……‖）。如：
The harder he works, the happier he feels.
⑤不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用―比较级 + and + 比较级‖的结构。如：
The weather is getting colder and colder.
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
⑥某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior（劣等的，次的）、superior（较好的，优于……）、junior（资历较浅的）、senior（资格较老的）、prior（在……之前）等。
He is superior to in chemistry.
⑦在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。
The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.
A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.
⑧倍数表达法。
（A）A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B. 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）。The new bui9lding is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。
（B）A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as
Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
（C）A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three
times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.
(4)最高级的用法。
①三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用―the + 最高级‖的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如：
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.
He works(the)hardest in his class.
②最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等词语所修饰。如：
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This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / notquite / nothing like
the biggest.
How much did the second most expensive hat cost?
③表示―最高程度‖的形容词，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。
④形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。如：
He is the tallest (boy) in his class.
⑤作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。如：
Of all the boys he came (the) earliest.
(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。
①形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。
②形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示―非常‖。如：
He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very)
The film is most interesting.(most=very)
③表示两者间―较……的一个‖比较级前加the。如：
who is the older of the tow boys?
④在―the + 比较级…，the + 比较级…‖结构中。
⑤在same前一般要加the。
⑥有些形容词前加the 成为名词。如the poor、the rich 等。
（6）由as / so组成的形容词或副词短语。
① as much as + 不可数名词数量。
Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.
She could earn as much as ten dollars a week.
②as many as + 可数名词数量 多达
I have as a many as sixteen reference books.
③as early as早在
As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.
④as far as远到；就……而知（论）
We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.
As far as I know（就我所知），he has been there before.
⑤may (might, could)as well不妨、不如
Then you might as well stay with us here.
⑥as … as can be到了最……的程度，极其
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They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。
⑦as … as one can
He began to run, as fast as he could.
⑧as … as possible
Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.
(7)几组重要的词语辨析。
①very 和much的区别。
（A）可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very不用much。
（B）表示状态的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child, a very
complicated problem, 一般的情况下，以-ing、-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。如：We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom. I was much amused by Jack‘s
attitude。
（C）已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：very interesting / worrying / exciting。
（D）too前用much或far,不用very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外，在too many
/ much, too few / little前用far。 There‘s far too little opportunity for adventure these ‘ve
got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.
（E）关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：
（a）修饰绝对意义的形容词，一般不用very,而用quite completely、well、entirely。如：quite
wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、quite impossible、quite perfect等。
（b）修饰以a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone, very much alone, wide awake,
fast asleep, very much afraid。
（c）修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有：be well worth, much the same, freezing cold, quite
different, terribly cold / frightening。
②so … that … 与such … that … 的区别。
so + 形容词 / 副词 + that …
so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that …
so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that …
such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that …
注意：下列结构中只能用so不可用such,当名词前有many、much、little、few等表示―多、少‖的词修饰时，如 so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。但当 28
little表示―小‖时用such。如：These are such little boys that they can‘t dress themselves.下列so的用法是错误的：so a difficult problem,so difficult problems, so hot weather。
③其他几组词的辨析。
（A）ago、before:ago表示以现在为起点的―以前‖；before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的―以前‖。泛指―以前‖用before而不用ago。
（B）already、yet、still:already表示某事已经发生；yet表示期待某事发生；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句。
（C）too、also、either:too和also用于肯定句，too多用于口语，also多用于书面语，either用于否定句。
（D）good、well:与good不同的是，well作形容词，只能在系动词后作表语，表示―身体状况好‖，也作副词修饰动词。
（E）quick、fast:作形容词皆表―快‖。fast多指运动的物体，含持续的意思。quick多指一次动作的敏捷、突然，而且持续的时间较短。
（F）real、true:形容词表―真的‖。real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定语；true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在句中作表语或定语。
（G）hard、difficult:均表―困难‖，但hard通常指体力上困难；difficult则指智力或技能上的困难，困难程度大于hard。它们都可作定语和表语。
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形容词练习题
1. Let‘s go and have a drink. We‘ve got ________ time before the train leaves.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
2. The ______ you eat, the better your health will be.
A. little B. few C. less D. fewer
3. They have just cleaned the windows, so the room looks _______.
A. more brighter B. more bright C. less bright D. much brighter
4. Which is the _______, the train station, the bus station or the airport?
A. far B. farthest C. father D. more far
5. Now the air in our home town is ________ than it was before. Something must be done.
A. much better B. more worse C. more better D. much worse
6. I was feeling tired last night, so I went to bed _______ than usual.
A. early B. earlier C. late D. later
7. Either of them can take this job, but what I‘m interested in is who is _______.
A. the most careful B. more careful C. careful D. even careful
8. In our city, it‘s _______ in July, but it is even _______ in August.
A. hotter; hottest B. hot; hot C. hotter; hot D. hot; hotter
9. I think Yao Ming, the famous basketball player, will be ______ new star in NBA.
A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. the hottest
10. Of the two Australian students, Masha is _______ one. I think you can find her easily.
A. tallest B. the taller C. taller D. the tallest
11. It‘s good for your health to do _______ sports.
A. much B. least C. more D. most
12. –Our holiday was _______. –Yes. I‘ve never had _______.
A. such; a better one B. greatly; a good one
C. so great; a better one D. very good; the best one
13. –Mum, could you buy me a dress like this?
--Certainly, we can buy _______ one than this, but ________ this.
A. a better; better than B. a worse; as good as
C. a cheaper; as good as D. a more important; not as good as
14. –Why don‘t you ask Tom to do it?
--I don‘t know whether he is ______ to. He sometimes makes things worse.
A. possible B. able C. afraid D. easy
15. Lots of visitors come to Nanjing because she is ______ city.
A. so a beautiful B. very a beautiful C. such beautiful a D. quite a beautiful
16. If you like the chicken, you may have as _______ as you can.
A. much B. many C. more D. little
17. The Changjiang River is one of _______ rivers in the world.
A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest
18. ______ children there are in a family, _______ their life will be.
less; the better B. The fewer; the better C. Fewer; richer D. More; poorer
19. The boy is _______ young to carry the box. Let‘s go and help him.
A. too B. so C. very D. quite
20. The coat I bought last week is too big for me. I‘d like to change it for a _____ one.
A. small B. large C. nicer D. smaller
21. 30,000 dollars is a large amount of money, but it‘s ______ than we need.
A. far more B. very much C. far less D. very little
22. China has _______ population in the world.
A. bigger B. larger C. the biggest D. the largest
23. Lucy‘s handwriting is good, but Rose‘s handwriting is much ______.
A. good B. best C. better D. the best
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24. The day is bright and ______. Let‘s go for a walk.
A. sunny B. dark C. cloudy D. windy
25. As a result, _______ people like to travel by air than before.
A. much more B. many more C. more much D. more many
26. Why not make a kite yourself? You don‘t need _______ for it.
ng special B. something specialC. special anything D. special something
27. This computer is as good as a new one but _______ expensive.
A. much less B. more less C. more much D. much more
28. The young scientist decided to work _______ in the _______ forest.
A. lonely; alone B. alone; lonely C. alone; alone D. lonely; lonely
29. _______ you eat butter, cream and chocolate, _______ you will become.
A. The more; the thinner B. The less; the fatter C. More; fatter D. The more; the fatter
30. The old man next door was found _______ in the living room. Maybe he died from a heart
attack.
A. dead B. die C. dying D. death
31. I paid a visit to Mrs Smith yesterday evening. She didn‘t look _______, but she said she was
getting on all right.
A. as worried as ever B. as happy as usual C. happier than D. as happily as usual
32. The ______ boy had been sent to hospital before his mother got back home.
A. ill B. dangerous C. sick D. sleeping
33. She is ______ she can not reach the top of the blackboard.
A. such a tall person that B. much shorter than C. as short that D. so short that
34. Try to make as _______ mistakes as possible.
A. less B. little C. few D. a few
副词练习
1. They young man is _______ carry that heavy bag.
A. strong enough to B. enough strong to C. not strong enough D. strong enough
2. Yang won the women‘s 500 meters in the sports meeting. She did _______ of all.
A. best B. better C. well D. good
3. –It‘s so cold today.
–Yes, it‘s _______ colder than it was yesterday.
A. some B. more C. very D. much
4. --_____ did it _____ the conductor to check the tickets this morning. --Half an hour.
A. How soon; take B. How long; cost C. Hoe often; spent D. How long; take
5. –Excuse me, _______ is the nearest bookshop?
--Go down the street and turn left at the second corner.
A. how B. what C. where D. who
6. --_______ is it from our school to Lupu Bridge?
--About half an hour‘s bus ride. Shall we go and visit it?
A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How much
7. Tom does his homework _______ Lucy.
A. as carefully as B. so careful as C. as careful as D. so carefully as
8. Pass my glasses to me, Jack. I can _______ read the words in the newspapers.
A. hardly B. really C. rather D. clearly
9. –Please write to me when you have time. --Sure. But _______ is your e-mail address?
A. when B. where C. what D. which
10. –How far is it from your home to your school? --It‘s a quarter‘s walk, _______.
A. here and there B. now and then C. up and down D. more or less
11. –It‘s a nice car. _______ have you been in it? --Just to Shanghai.
A. How much B. How long C. How soon D. How far
12. --_______ were you away from school last year? --About two weeks.
A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. When
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13. –George looks strong. Has he ever been sick?
--He‘s a superman! He _______ goes to the doctor.
A. already B. even C. often D. seldom
14. –Does Liu Hua ever guess the meanings of English words?
--He _____ guesses the meanings of new words. He uses his dictionary all the time.
A. usually B. always C. never D. sometimes
15. You must drive _______ next time, or there may be another accident.
A. more carefully B. carefully C. careful D. more careful
16. --_______ do you go to the library? -- Four times a month.
A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. How much
17. I can‘t say _______ I want to see you again. It‘s a year since I last saw you.
A. how long B. how often C. how much D. how soon
18. Don‘t worry, sir. I‘m sure I can run _______ to catch up with them.
A. slowly enough B. enough slowly C. fast enough D. enough fast
19. This question is _______ more difficult than that one.
A. rather B. quite C. very D. a little
20. It‘s twelve o‘clock at night, but he is _______ working.
A. already B. ever C. still D. yet
21. A noise was coming from _______, and after a while a man in black came downstairs and
disappeared in the street.
A. the bedroom over B. the bedroom below C. the above bedroom D. the bedroom above
22. –What a nice motorbike! ________ have you been on it? -- Just to Beijing.
A. How long B. How soon C. How far D. How often
23. All the black people refused to take the city buses. ________.
A. Neither did some whites B. So some whites did
C. Neither some whites did D. So did some whites
24. –What about having a picnic here, John? --Good idea! I‘m feeling ____ hungry, too.
A. much B. a bit C. not a bit D. a bit of
25. It‘s a pity that I didn‘t think of ringing you _______.
A. soon B. sooner C. early D. earlier
26. –It‘s very dark. Let‘s go _______. –All right. Let‘s return.
A. not far B. no far C. no farther D. not farther
27. I got to the station _______ than Jim.
A. early 20 minutes B. earlier 20 minutes C. 20 minutes early D. 20 minutes earlier
28. John came to work ______of them all yesterday because his bike had broken down.
A. late B. later C. latest D. latter
29. Asia is _______ the largest continent in the world.
A. by far B. far away C. in the distance D. a little
30. Mike is still _______ with his work as he was when I saw him last.
A. more careful B. the most careful C. as careful D. as carefully
31. There was _______ to weight the elephant.
A. nothing enough big B. big nothing enough
C. nothing big enough D. big enough nothing
32. Kate said that she didn‘t feel very _______ today.
A. well B. good C. nice D. better
33. -- _______ will Jim be back? --In five minutes.
A. How long B. How often C. How soon D. How about
34. The old gentleman has ________ been to the Great Wall before, has he?
A. always B. already C. ever D. not
35. Now China has joined WTO, so I think English is _______ useful than before.
A. more B. most C. much D. many
36. Jane‘s brother didn‘t work so _______ as the others did in his class.
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A. harder B. hard C. hardest D. hardly
37. I was ill yesterday. But now I feel much _____. I think I can go to school tomorrow.
A. worse B. bad C. better D. well
38. My parents are _______ busy that they have no time to do housework.
A. so B. very C. too D. quite
39. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _______ to carry all the way home.
A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much
第七讲 动词（I）
一、概述
动词是表示动作或状态的词。句子中的谓语成分是由动词充当的，谓语通常是句中不可缺少的成分，因此动词是英语词类中最重要的一种。动词可以通过本身的变化来表示动作发生的时间以及说话人的语气、态度等。
1．动词的种类
动词按其词义和在句中的作用可以分为：行为动词（或称实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。详见下表：
动词分类 特征 例词 例句
行为 动 表示动作或状态。有完整help帮助（vt.）
He often helps me.
I can see a bird in the tree.
词 的词义。能独立作谓语。see看见（vt.）
Planes can fly.
vt./vi.
按其带不带宾语、分为及go去（vi.）
物动词（带宾语）和不及fly飞（vi.）
物动词（不带宾语）
He is an English teacher.
连 系 动 本身有词义，但不能独立be是
They look the same.
词 作谓语，必须和表语一起look看起来
link v.
构成谓语（名词性合成谓seem似乎
语） get变得
become变成，成为
助 动 词 本身无词义，不能独立作be; have; do; will; He doesn't speak English.
We are playing basketball
v. aux.
谓语，只能和实义动词一shall
Do you have a brother?
起构成谓语。可用来表示否定，疑问、时态、语态、语气等。
情 态 动 本身有一定词义，但不完can; many; must; She can speak a little English.
词 整。不能独立作谓语，只need; dare; will; May I come in?
mod v.
能和行为动词一起构成would; shall; should We must go now.
谓语，表示说话人的态度
注意：
1）行为动词又可分为及物动词（vt.）和不及物动词（vi.）两种。及物动词作谓语，后面必须跟宾语意思才完整。不及物动词作谓语，后面不能跟宾语，只有加上介词后才可接宾语。
2）英语中有些动词常常是既作及物动词又作不及物动词；既作连系动词工作及物动词。
例如：
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He speaks English very well. (vt.)He spoke at the meeting. （vi.）
另外，动词按其在句中能否作谓语，又可分为谓语动词（finite verb）和非谓语动词（non-finite verb）两大类。
说明： 谓语动词又称限定动词，非谓语动词又称非限定动词。
非谓语动词初中阶段主要学习动词不定式的用法。
2．动词的基本形式
英语动词有五种基本形式，即动词原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词和第三人称单数形式。如：work—worked—worked—working—works。它们的构成及形式详见下表。
形式 构成 例词
动词原形 不带to的动词不定式形式（也就是词典中一般给be, have, do, come
予的形式）
work→worked
过去式与过1．在动词原形后加-ed
去分词（规2．以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y变为i再carry→carried
stop→stopped
则变化） 加-ed
3．以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母再加-ed
read→reading
现在分词 1．在动词原形后加-ing
write→writing
2．以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ing
3．以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双swim→swimming
die→dying
写结尾的辅音字母再加-ing
4．少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y，再加-ing
第三人称单数形式
1．在动词原形后加-s
2．以ch, sh, s, o, x结尾的动词后加-es
3．以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y变为i，再加-es
4．以元音字母+y结尾的动词后加-s
run→runs
teach→teaches
wash→washes
go→goes
pass→passes
try→tries
stay→stays
说明：
1）词尾-ed在清辅音后读[t]；在浊辅音和元音后读[d]；在[t]和[d]后读[id]。
2）词尾-es或-s在[s ]、[z]、[t ]、[d ]后面读[iz]；在清辅音后读[s]；在浊辅音及元音后读[z]；在[t]，[d]后读[ts]、[dz]。
3）不规则动词的过去式与过去分词则要根据不规则动词表逐渐记住。
二、动词的时态
在英语中，由于谓语动作发生的时间不同，或表达不同时间存在的状态，谓语动词都要发生相应的变化。这些动词的变化形式就叫做动词的时态。
初中阶段主要学习，掌握以下八种时态。
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1．一般现在时
1）构成
动词一般现在时，除主语为单数第三人称以外，谓语动词一律用原形，若主语为第三人称单数，则谓语动词的词尾应发生变化（加-s或-es）。另外be和have有特殊的人称变化形式。
详见下表：
动词to be 动词to have
I am a student I have a pen.
You are a student You have a pen.
He (She) is a student. He (She) has a pen.
We (You, They) are students We (You, They) have pens.
2）用法
a．表示经常发生的动作、行为或存在的状态。
常用的时间状语有：often, usually, always, every day等。
I go to school every day except Sunday.
除了星期日，我每天上学。
There are fifty students in our class. 我们班上有五十个学生。
b．表示主语的身份或特征。
His father is a doctor. 他的父亲是医生。
Tom is tall. 汤姆个子高。
c．表示一种客观事实或普遍真理
The earth is round. 地球是圆的.
The sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。
d．在条件状态从句和时间状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
If you don't go soon, you'll be late. 如果你不快去的话，你就要迟到了。
I will wait for you until you come back. 我将一直等到你回来。
2．一般过去时
1）构成
一般过去时其谓语动词使用动词过去式形式。
2）用法
a．表示在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, just now, upon a time, in 1989, in the old days,
when I was at middle school等。
He left for Beijing yesterday morning. 他昨天上午到北京去了。
She wasn't at home last night. 她昨晚上在家。
Did you finish your work at four yesterday afternoon? 你昨天下午四点完成工作了吗？
b．表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
I got up very early at that time. 我那时总是起得很早。
Mary always got up too late and never had enough time for breakfast when she was at middle
school. 玛丽上中学时总是起得很晚，从来都没有足够时间吃早饭。
3．一般将来时
1）构成
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动词一般将来时由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成。shall用于第一人称作主语，will用于第二、三人称作主语。除英国以外的说英语的国家，在陈述句中，即使在第一人称作主语时一般也使用助动词will，在英国现在也有这种趋势。在口语中，shall，will常缩写成I‗ll
You'll, We'll等。在否定句中，will not缩写成won't shall not缩写成shan't。
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I (We) shall / will go I (We ) shall / will not go Shall I (we) go there?
there there
You (He, She, They) You (He, She, They) will not Will you (he, she, they) go there?
will go there go there
2）用法
a．表示将要发生的动作行为或存在的状态。
常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow, next time, next year, in a few days等。
I'll go and see her next Friday. 我下周五去看她。
He won't go there tomorrow morning. 他明天上午不到那儿去。
Will you do it again? 你再做一遍好吗？
b．有时没有时间状语，根据上下文判断其谓语动作是将要发生的。
I don't know who will do it. 我不知道谁将做这件事。
Don't worry, he will be there on time. 别着急，他会准时在那儿。
c．表示将来经常发生的动作。
From now on I'll get up early every morning. 从今以后，我每天早晨早起。
注意：
1）表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，除了用上述的一般将来时外，还可以用be going
to 来表示。be going to这个结构表示：a．即将发生的动作；b．主语打算或准备要做的事；c．说话人根据已有的迹象判断即将发生的事。be going to 结构中的be随着句子中主语的人称而变化。
例如：
We are going to learn English. 我们将学习英语。
How are you going to spend your holidays? 你们打算怎样度过假期？
Look at these black clouds. I think it's going to rain. 看这些黑云，我想天要下雨了。
2）在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，一般将来时要用一般现在时代替。
例如： He will come to see you when he has time. 他有空时会来看你的。
They will ring you up as soon as they get back. 他们一回来就打电话给你。
4．现在进行时
1）构成
现在进行时由助动词be的人称形式加动词的现在分词构成。它的肯定式，否定式及疑问式的结构如下：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
You are working now. You are not working now. Are you working now?
He (She) is working now. He (She) is not working now. Is (he, she) working now?
We (You, They) are working We (You, They) are not working Are you (we, they) working
now. now. now?
2）用法
a．现在进行时表示说话时谓语的动作正在进行。
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Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁？
He knows that we are helping him now. 他知道我们现在正在帮助他 。
b．在现阶段正在进行的动作，但不一定说话时动作正在进行。
The students are working on the farm there days. 这些天学生们正在农场劳动。
c．有些动词的进行时态还可用来表示将来时。这类动词有go, come, leave, arrive, move,
die等。
He is coming soon. 他不久就要来了。
Mary is arriving here at 4 o/clock this afternoon. 玛丽今天下午四点到达这里。
注意：
1）表示状态或感觉的动词，如：know, love, like, want, hear, see, think等，一般没有进行时态，因为它们不能表示正在进行的动作。但是，如果词义发生变化，能表示一个正在进行的动作，也可使用进行时态。
例如： Stop, I am thinking. 停下来，我正在想问题呢。
2）无法延续动作的动词，如：jump, begin, start, stop等一般不宜用于进行时态。但是，若想表示动作反复或即将发生，也可使用进行时态。
例如： He is jumping up and down. 他一下一下地跳个不停。
5．现在完成时
1）构成
现在完成时由have的人称形式加动词的过去分词构成。它的肯定式、否定式及疑问式如下：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I (We, You, They ) have done I (We, You, They) have not Have you (they, I , we) done
it. done it. it?
He (She) has done it. He (She) has not done it. Has he (she) done it?
2）用法
a．表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态，对现在仍有影响。
She has been ill for three days. 她病了三天了。
He has already left. 他已经走了。
b．表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
We've known each other since we were children. 我们从小就认识。
注意： 在用already, always, yet, just, ever, never等副词作状语时，或者由for, since引起的短语作状语或状语从句时，句子的谓语动词常用现在完成时。
区别：
1）have (has) been to 与have (has) gone to
have (has) been to +某地，表示到过某地，说明去过某地，说话时已经回来了。
have (has) gone to +某地，说明去某地了，说话时还没有回来。
例如： He has been to Beijing three times. 他去过北京三次。
He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。
2）have (has) been to do sth. 还可以表示做过某事。have (has) gone to do sth.则表示去做某事了。
例如： He has been to see Tom in the hospital. 他去医院看过汤姆。
He has gone to see Tom in the hospital. 他到医院看汤姆去了。
3）have got虽然在形式上是现在完成时，却和have是相同的意思。
例如： Have you got any book?=Do you have any book? 你有书吗？
6．过去进行时
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1）构成
过去进行时由be动词的过去式加动词的现在分词构成。
2）用法
过去进行时主要表示过去某个时刻或过去一段时间正在进行的动作。过去进行时常与表示过去的时间状语如：then at that time, once, a moment ago等连用，或者用另一动作表示过去的时间。
例如：
I was writing a letter at home at seven yesterday evening.
我昨晚七点在家写信。
He was watching TV when I came home yesterday evening.
昨天晚上回家时，他在家看电视。
7．过去完成时
1）构成
过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成。
2）用法
过去完成时表示过去某一时间以前或过去某一动作以前已完成的动作，即过去的过去。
为了更容易理解过去完成时的时间概念，使之与过去时有明显的区别，可见下面的时间示意图。
例如： I had learned eight hundred English words by the end of last year. （在过去某一时间之前）
到去年年底之前，我已经学会了八百个英语单词。
He had finished his work before I came here.（在过去另一动作之前）
在我来这儿以前，他已经完成了工作。
说明：
1）在包含when, as soon as, before, after, until等连词的复合句中，若主句谓语和从句谓语所表示的过去的动作是在不同时间发生的，那么，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。 例如：
I told them after you had left. 你走后我就告诉了他们。
I had been at the bus stop for twenty minutes when a bus finally came.
我在公共汽车站等了二十分钟，汽车终于来了。
2）如果主句动作和从句动作紧接着发生，特别是连词为after或before时，由于连词本身很清楚地表明了动作发生的先后，两个动作此时都可使用一般过去时来表示。 例如：
After we said good-bye to them, we left the village. 在和他们告别后，我们就离开了村庄。
8．过去将来时
1）构成
过去将来时由助动词should或would加动词原形构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。但目前在美、英等国也有第一人称用would的情况。
2）用法
a．过去将来时是个相对的时态，主要用于从过去某一时间来看将要发生的事情。常用在宾语从句中表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之后。
They said they would go to visit the second factory.
他们说他们将要去参观第二个工厂。
The teacher told us that there would be a concert the next Tuesday.
老师告诉我们下周二将要有场音乐会。
b．过去将来时也可由―was / were going to + 动词原形‖来表示。
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She said she was going to see her uncle.
她说她要去看望她的叔叔。
c．有些动词的过去进行时也可表示过去将来时。这一用法与某些动词的现在进行时表示一般将来时的用法相同。
I didn't have much time to talk with you became I was leaving for Shanghai in two hours.
我没有多少时间跟你谈话了，因为再过两个小时我就要动身去上海。
注意：
―would+动词原形‖有时并不表示过去将来时，而表示一种客气的请求。
例如：
Would you please open the window?
请把窗子打开好吗？
第八讲 动词II
一、动词的被动语态
1．主动语态和被动语态
英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫做主动语态；主语是动作的承受者，叫做被动语态。 例如：
We swept the floor. 我们打扫了地板。（主动语态）
The floor was swept. 地板被打扫过。（被动语态）
2．被动语态的构成
1）被动语态是由―助动词be+及物动词的过去分词‖构成的。
助动词be有人称，数和时态的变化，其变化规则与其作为连系动词的be的变化完全一样。被动语态的肯定式的结构是：主语+be+过去分词（vt.）+（by+宾语）。
例如： Apple trees aren't planted in the south. 苹果树不种在南方。
The building hasn't been completed. 这座建筑物没有竣工。
3）被动语态的一般疑问句
被动语态的一般疑问句的结构是：Be+主语+过去分词（vt）+（by+宾语）？其答语用yes或no作简单回答。
例如： Are they made in China? Yes, they are.
它们是中国制造的吗？是的，是中国制造的。
Was the museum built in 1993? 这座博物馆是在1993年建成的吗？
No, it was built in 1986. 不，它是在1986年建成的。
4）被动语态的特殊疑问句
被动语态的特殊疑问句的结构是：疑问词+be+主语+过去分词（vt），其答语要具体回答。
例如： What is the machine used for? 这台机器用来作什么？
It is used for making paper. 它是用来造纸的。Where were the car made? 这些小汽车是哪里制造的？
They were made in China. 它们是中国制造的。
5）被动语态的八种时态形式 被动语态的八种时态（以动词ask为例）：
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一般时态
I am asked
He
She is asked
It
We
You are asked
They
进行时态
I am being
asked
He
She
It
We
You
They
完成时态
I have been asked
He
She
It
We
You
They
将来时态
I will be asked
We
He
She
It
You
They
I was asked
He
She was asked
It
We
You were
asked
They
I was being I had been asked
asked He
He She
She It
It We
We You
You They
They
I would be asked
We
He
She
It
You
They
注意：
被动语态没有完成进行时态和将来进行时态。
初中阶段主要应掌握的被动语态的时态有：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在进行时，过去进行时和现在完成时。
3．什么时候使用被动语态
1）在没有指明动作的执行者的情况下。
例如： The meeting was held last week.
English is taught in all middle schools.
2）要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时。
例如： Teapots are used for drinking. 茶壶是饮水用的。
Where's cotton produced? 棉花产于何地？
The bike was stolen yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午自行车被偷了。
4．主动语态变为被动语态的方法
1）将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句里的主语成分。把主动句里的宾格人称代词改为主格形式。
2）把主动结构的谓语动词改为be+过去分词形式。
3）将主动句的主语变为介词by的宾语。
例如：
People use radios for listening to the news.（主动）
→Radios are use for listening to the news by people.（被动）
I posted a letter last week.（主动）
→A letter was posted by me last week.（被动）
注意：
在make, let, see, hear, notice, watch, feel等动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但这种句子如果变为被动语态时，则应加上to。
例如：We heard her sing an English song.（主动）
→She was heard to sing an English song by us.（被动）
5．主动语态变为被动语态的主要类型
1）谓语动词只有一个宾语的。
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例如：The workers are building a ship.（主动语态）
→The ship is being built by the workers.（被动语态）
I have finished the exercises.（主动语态）
→The exercises have been finished by me.（被动语态）
2）谓语动词有两个宾语的，其中一个变为被动句的主语，另一个仍作为宾语，称为保留宾语。
例如：
I sent him a present. （主动语态）
→He was sent a present by me.（被动语态）
A present was sent to him by me.（被动语态）
注意：
a）在主动句中有些动词，如ask, answer, teach等变成被动句时，一般将间接宾语（指人的）改成被动句的主语。 例如：
He asked us a lot of questions.（主动语态）
→We were asked a lot of questions by him.
b)在主动句中有些动词，如build, buy, choose等变成被动句时，将直接宾语（指物的）改成被动句的主语。 例如：
My father bought me a new bike.（主动语态）
→The new bike was bought for me by my father.（被动语态）
3）谓语动词后跟复合宾语，只把宾语改为被动句的主语，宾语补足语不变。 例如：
He left the door open.（主动语态）
他让门开着。
→The door was left open by him.（被动语态）
门由他打开着。
4）许多由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词，相当于一个及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。 例如：
We must take good care of our books.（主动语态）
→Our books must be taken good care of.（被动语态）
我们应该保管好我们的书本。
我们的书本应保管好。（被动）
5）谓语动词含有情态动词时，只变及物动词为被动语态，构成为：情态动词+be+过去分词（vt.）
例如：
We must finish it at once. （主动语态）
我们必须马上做完这件事。
→It must be finished at once（被动语态）
这件事必须马上做完。
6）带有be going to结构的被动语态，被动结构表现在不定式上。结构为：sth be going to
be done。
例如：
I am going to close the door.（主动语态）
我将去关门。
→The door is going to be closed.（被动语态）
门将要关上。
6．被动语态中应注意的几个问题
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1）在被动语态句子中要注意主语与谓语在人称和数方面要保持一致。
2）主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况：
a．have（有）以及和have构成的短语动词不能用于被动语态
b．不及物动词没有动作的承受者，不能用被动语态。
c．主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词时，不能变成被动句的主语。
d．主动句的宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不能变成被动句的主语。
3）注意有时用主动语态表示被动意义的情况。
例如：
This kind of cloth washes very well. 这种布很禁洗。
The machine made in China sell well abroad. 中国制造的机器在国外畅销。
时态和语态
( ) 1. Don‘t make so much noise. We _______ to the music.
A. listened B. listen C. are listening D. have listened
( ) 2. I must return the camera to Li Lei. I _______ it for two weeks.
A. keep B. borrowed C. have kept D. have lent
( ) 3. –When will you tell him the good news?
--I will tell him about it as soon as he _______ back.
A. comes B. came C. will come D. is coming
( ) 4. –Dad, please open the door, it _______. –OK, dear. I‘m coming.
A. locks B. locked C. is locked D. was locked
( ) 5. –Did you go to Jim‘s birthday party? --No, I _______.
A. am not invited B. wasn‘t invited C. haven‘t invited D. didn‘t invite
( ) 6. A talk on Chinese history _______ in the school hall next week.
A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give
( ) 7. You may go fishing if your work _______.
A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done
( ) 8. –What do you think of the football match yesterday?
--Well. It‘s surprising. The strongest team of our school _______.
A. was beaten B. won C. scored D. was failed
( ) 9. –Would your younger brother go for a picnic this Sunday?
--If I don‘t go, _______.
A. so does he B. so he will C. neither will he D. neither does he
( ) 10. The trees must _______ three times a week.
A. water B. is watering C. be watered D. waters
( ) 11. –Did you see Tom at the party? -- No, he _______ by the time I got there.
A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left
( ) 12. –Why not go to see the dolphin show with me? --Because I ______ it.
A. saw B. will see C. see D. have seen
( ) 13. –Do you like watching cooking programs on TV?
--No, I don‘t, but my twin brother _______. He‘s very fond of cooking.
A. does B. do C. is D. are
( ) 14. Catherine _______ the letter before her mother came into her bedroom.
A. has written B. was written C. had written D. is writing
( ) 15. The old man is quite weak after the accident, so he _______.
A. must take care of B. must be take care of
C. must look after D. must be looked after
( ) 16. The ticket is on the floor. Would you please _______ for me?
A. pick it up B. pick up it C. pick up them D. pick them up
( ) 17. He _______ living in the country to the city.
A. likes B. prefers C. enjoys D. loves
( ) 18. How long have you _______ the book?
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A. bought B. lent C. had D. borrowed
( ) 19. –Do you know him well ? --Sure. We _______ friend since ten years ago.
A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made
( ) 20. _______ me carefully, boys and girls. Can you _______ me?
A. Listen to; hear B. Hear; listen to C. Hear; hear D. Listen to; hear from
( ) 21. –These farmers have been to the United States. –Really? When _____ there?
A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone
( ) 22. I‘m sorry I haven‘t got any money. I _______ my handbag at home.
A. have missed B. have left C. have put D. have forgotten
( ) 23. –Where is Miss Gao. Lily? --She _______ to the teachers‘.
A. has been B. has gone C. went D. would go
( ) 24. When her father came back home, Joan _______ with her friend.
A. talked B. talks C. is talking D. was talking
( ) 25. –What‘s that thing with three legs?
--It‘s a cup. It ______ for drinking in the old days.
A. uses B. used C. is used D. was used
( ) 26. His uncle _______ in three days.
A. returns B. has returned C. returned D. will return
( ) 27. –Hi, Lin Tao. I didn‘t see you at the party.
--Oh, I _______ ready for the maths exam.
A. am getting B. was getting C. got D. have got
( ) 28. –Excuse me. What did you say you would like to do, Miss White?
--I said I‘d better go back to the office. I _______ something this afternoon.
A. would meet B. meet C. am going to meet D. was meeting
( ) 29. What _______ the forest in our country in the last ten years.
A. has happened do B. is happened to C. has happened at D. is happening
( ) 30. –What did Mr Jones do before he moved here?
--He _______ a city bus for over twenty-five years.
A. is driving B. drove C. has driven D. drives
( ) 31. –When _______ you _______ your homework?
--I had finished it before he _______ back.
A. have; finished; came B. have; finished; was coming
C. did; finish; came D. did; finish; was coming
( ) 32. Look! The boys _______ happily in the river.
A. swim B. swam C. will swim D. are swimming
( ) 33. Every spring, many trees _______ along the river.
A. were planted B. is planted C. will be planted D. are planted
( ) 34. The letter _______ in French. I can‘t read it.
A. is writing B. is written C. wrote D. writes
( ) 35. If Mary _______ next Sunday, we will go boating together.
A. will come B. comes C. shall come D. should come
( ) 36. We expected that the English teacher ____ some advice on how to write anEnglish
letter.
A. will give B. gave C. is going to give D. would give
( ) 37. Five years ago nobody knew him, although he _______ more than 100 songs.
A. already wrote B. have already written
C. had already written D. was already writing
( ) 38. So far I _______ any success. However, I‘ll keep trying.
A. don‘t have B. didn‘t have C. haven‘t had D. won‘t have
( ) 39. It was the third time that I _______ in at his office.
A. have dropped B. had dropped C. dropped D. was dropping
( ) 40. I often see Tom _______ homework while I am watching TV every evening.
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A. do B. doing C. did D. to do
( ) 41. The flowers want _______. Look, the soil is so dry.
A. watering B. being watered C. to water D. waters
( ) 42. –Be careful! You might fall into the water.
--Thank you. I ______ I _______ so close to the pool.
A. didn‘t know; am standing B. don‘t know; am standing
C. didn‘t know; was standing D. didn‘t know; would stand
( ) 43. –Excuse me. Where is the sick boy sent here a moment ago?
--He ______ by the doctor.
A. has been examined B. will be examined
C. is examined D. is being examined
( ) 44.—Have you got the airplane tickets?
--No. when I _______ to the office, all the tickets to Beijing ______ out.
A. get; have been sold B. got; had been sold
C. got; had sold D. got; were being sold
( ) 45. –Your name again? I _______ quite catch it. –Bartholomew Liveli.
A. didn‘t B. don‘t C. couldn‘t D. can‘t
( ) 46. – Whom are you waiting for?
--Gary‘s parents. But neither of them _______ yet.
A. arrived B. has arrived C. are arriving D. is arriving
( ) 47. He _______ in bed all day long because he had a headache.
A. lie B. lay C. laid D. lied
( ) 48. Would you _______ your voice a little so that everyone can hear you?
A. rise B. put C. lift D. raise
( ) 49. More and more people began to _______ that good health means good wealth.
A. learn B. understand C. consider D. realize
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第九讲 情态动词
常见情态动词:
can; could; may; might; must; have to; should; would; will; shall; ought to; dare; need
can/could
can 表能力;允许或许可=may
Miss. Wang can drive a car now. You can go now. The teacher said we could play football after
school. Could you come here a little earlier tomorrow?(语气委婉)
Be able to: 表示能够 Can 用在现在/过去时中
Can/could: 表推测; 常用于否定/疑问句中
She said she can‘t be a dancer. (不可能) Can that be our teacher? (有可能) Today is Sunday. She
can‘t be working in the office now. The ground is not wet at all. It can‘t have rained last night. (对过去推测)
Must/have to
Must: 必须;应该 mustn‘t 禁止;不准
The students must obey the school rules. You mustn‘t play football in the street. Must we finish the
work tomorrow? Yes, you must. / No, you don‘t have to./needn‘t.
Must: 表推测; 肯定句中 一定/肯定
They must be tired after the long trip. The light is still on in his room. He must be studying now.
The classroom is so clean. The students must have cleaned it yesterday.
Have to: 表不得不, 可用于多种时态中
They have to leave now. You don‘t have to finish the soup if you don‘t like it. She missed the bus so
she had to take a taxi. You don‘t have to tell him the news. You mustn‘t tell him the news.
Must 主观看法 We must clean the classroom everyday.
Have to 客观需要 I have to leave now. It is too late.
May/might 允许
You may go out and play football. Might/may I watch TV after I finish my homework? May I
smoke in the room? Yes, you may./ please. No, you mustn‘t./can‘t./would better not.
表推测, 多用于陈述句中,把握性不大
The foreign friends may come tomorrow. It might snow this evening.
感叹句中
May you have a good trip. May you succeed.
Need/dare
Need: 多用于否定句或疑问句中
He needn‘t buy the book. Need he go at once? Yes he must. No he needn‘t.
Dare: 多用于否定句或疑问句中
How dare you say that! She dare not ask her Dad for money.
Need/dare 用作实义动词 注意: 助动词(否定/疑问); 有时态/人称; 反意疑问句中
They need to hand in their homework tomorrow. Did they need to think it over? You needn‘t borrow
the book from the library. You don‘t need to borrow the book from the library. You don‘t have to
borrow the book from the library. Who dares to go there? Who dare go there? I don‘t dare to ask her.
Need + 名词 (当实义动词)
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The school needs English teachers badly. They don‘t need any money. The garden needs watering/to
be watered. The room needs cleaning/to be cleaned.
Shall/should
Shall: 用于第二,第三人称表说话人意愿,命令,警告
You shall do as I say. Tell her that she shall have the money next week. Shall he come in? (表请求)
Should: 表应该; 表可能
We should help each other. We should keep our promise. You should have come here earlier. You
shouldn‘t have left the classroom. He should be here by now.
Will/would
Will 表意志,意愿;表预料,总是
I will tell you all about it. Will you have a cup of tea? Fish will die out of water.
Would 表过去意愿 许诺; 提出请求; 过去常常…习惯干…
They said they would be careful next time. I would like to study abroad. The little boy would sit like
that for hours.
Ought to 表应该; 语气更强
We ought to take the teacher‘s advice. She ought to look after her students carefully.
Ought to have done / Ought not to have done 本应该/本不应该
( ) 1. Mr Wang ______ be in Nanjing now, he went to Beijing only this morning.
A. mustn‘t B. may not C. can‘t D. needn‘t
( ) 2. –Must I stay at home, Mum? --No, you ______.
A. needn‘t B. mustn‘t C. don‘t D. may not
( ) 3. –Can you go swimming with us this afternoon?
--Sorry, I can‘t. I _____ take care of my little sister at home because my mother is ill.
A. can B. may C. would D. have to
( ) 4. –May I go to the cinema, Mum? --Certainly. But you ______ be back by 11 o‘clock.
A. can B. may C. must D. need
( ) 5. To make our city more beautiful, rubbish ______ into the river.
A. needn‘t be thrown B. mustn‘t be thrown C. can‘t throw D. may not throw
( ) 6. –May I go out to play basketball, Dad?
--No, you ______. You must finish your homework first.
A. mustn‘t B. may not C. couldn‘t D. needn‘t
( ) 7. –Where is Jack, please ? --He _____ be in the reading room.
A. can B. need C. would D. must
( ) 8. –Who is the man over there? Is it Mr Li?
--No, it ______ be him. Mr Li is much taller.
A. mustn‘t B. may not C. can‘t D. needn‘t
( ) 9. These books ______ out of the reading room. You have to read them here.
A. can‘t take B. must be taken C. can take D. mustn‘t be taken
( ) 10. –Mum, may I watch TV now?
--Sure, but you ______ help me with my housework first.
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A. can B. may C. must D. could
( ) 11. The boy said he had to speak English in class, but he ______ speak it after calss.
A. could B. didn‘t have to C. might D. shouldn‘t
( ) 12. –Must we hand in the papers now? --No, you ______.
A. can‘t B. may not C. mustn‘t D. needn‘t
( ) 13. John ______ go there with us tonight, but he isn‘t very sure about it.
A. must B. can C. will D. may
( ) 14. Even the top students in our class can‘t work out this problem. So it ____ be very difficult.
A. can B. may C. must D. need
( ) 15. Put on more clothes. You ______ be feeling cold with only a shirt on.
A. can B. could C. would D. must
( ) 16. It‘s still early. You ______.
‘t hurry B. wouldn‘t hurry
C. may not hurry D. don‘t have to hurry
( ) 17. –May I stop here? --No, you ______.
A. mustn‘t B. might not C. needn‘t D. won‘t
( ) 18. A computer ______ think for itself, it must be told what to do.
A. can‘t B. couldn‘t C. may not D. might not
( ) 19. –Could I borrow your dictionary? -- Yes, of course you _______.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
( ) 20. Peter ______ come with us tonight, but he isn‘t very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
( ) 21. Michael ______ be a policeman, for he‘s much too short.
A. needn‘t B. can‘t C. should D. may
( ) 22. ______ I know your name?
A. May B. Will C. Shall D. Must
( ) 23. You ______ be more careful next time.
A. have to B. may C. must D. might
( ) 24. You ______ miss the lesson, though we ______ have it on Thursday.
A. mustn‘t; needn‘t B. needn‘t; mustn‘t C. mustn‘t; mustn‘t D. needn‘t; needn‘t
( ) 25. This pen looks like mine, yet it isn‘t. whose ______ it be?
A. must B. may C. would D. can
( ) 26. What kinds of homes will we live in the future? Nobody ______ be sure, but scientists are
working out new ideas now.
A. will B. may C. can D. must
( ) 27. I ______ like to know where you were born.
A. shall B. should C. do D. may
( ) 28. ______ you be happy!
A. Might B. Must C. Wish D. May
( ) 29. A teacher ______ do every exercise, but a student must.
A. may not B. needn‘t C. can‘t D. mustn‘t
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( ) 30. The matter ______ be changed into a gas, but it _______ be heated to its boiling point.
A. may; needn‘t B. may; can C. mustn‘t; needn‘t D. can; must
( ) 31. Teachers and students ______ look coldly at you for a day or two, but there are friendly
feelings in their hearts.
A. must B. can C. may D. should
( ) 32. Cars and buses ______ stop when the traffic lights turn red.
A. can B. need C. may D. must
( ) 33. –Do you think his story ______ true? --I don‘ think so. But it sounds good.
A. must be B. may be C. can be D. has to be
( ) 34. Look out! The knife is very sharp. You ______ cut your finger.
A. need B. must C. should D. may
( ) 35. –How long ______ the book be kept?
--For two weeks, but you ______ return it on time.
A. can; may B. may; need C. can; must D. must; need
( ) 36. – May I have an apple, Mum?
--Certainly. But you ______ wash your hands first?
A. may B. must C. can D. need
( ) 37. –There is a lot of smoke coming out of the teaching building there.
--Really? It ______ be a fire, most probably.
A. can B. ought to C. may D. must
( ) 38. –Shall I tell John about the bad news?
--No, you ______. I think that will make him sad.
A. needn‘t B. wouldn‘t C. shouldn‘t D. mustn‘t
( ) 39. –Could I call you by your first name?
--Yes, you ______.
A. will B. could C. may D. might
( ) 40. –Let‘s go to the cinema, shall we?
-- _______.
A. No, I can‘t B. Yes, I will C. Yes, thank you D. No, we‘d better not
( ) 41. --______ the man there be our new teacher?
--He ______ be, but I‘m not sure.
A. May; mustn‘t B. Can; may C. Must; can‘t D. Can; can‘t
( ) 42. –Sometime is knocking at the door. Who ______ it be?
--It ______ be Tom. He is still in the school.
A. can; can‘t B. can; mustn‘t C. might; could D. might; may
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第十讲 连词
常用连词用法
1. and/but/or
祈使句+and/or+陈述句
Get up early, and you will catch the first bus.
Get up early, or you will miss the fist bus.
(If you get up early, you will catch the first bus.)
Work hard, or you will not pass the exam.
(If you don‘t work hard, you will not pass the exam.)
2. Both…and……即….又…..
The girl can both sing and dance.
Both he and I are tired.
3. Not only….but also………不但….而且…..
Neither…nor…………既不…也不……
Either….or………….要么…..要么…….
He can speak not only English but also French.
Her mother is not only beautiful but also clever.
They can neither swim nor skate.
Come either today or tomorrow.
She is either in the lab or in the library.
Not only she but also I am a music lover.
(注意主谓一致这三组适用就近原则)
Neither he nor you are right.
Either he or his parents are about to leave.
4. …as well as….不仅..而且…..(侧重前面)
He speaks not only French but also Spanish.
He speaks Spanish as well as French.
We can‘t expect the girl to clean the house as well as cook the dinner.
He speaks French and Spanish as well.
He as well as I is going to the cinema.
(注意主谓一致,此处随前面的主语部分)
5. so, while, yet, however
He was tired, so he went to bed early.
They work hard. Yet they failed.
Mum is cooking while Dad is watching TV.
He failed later. However, he decided to try again.
6. that/if/whether
We know that he will be back soon.
That you left early is wise.
The reason is that we never go to school late.
I wonder if/whether she can go with me.
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