
“科技英语写作讲座”
写作和翻译是实践性极强的行为,1991年9月,我们在北大研讨“英语专业高年级教学大纲”时,全国英语专业教学指导委员会委员、华东师大英语系的黄源深教授指出:写作和翻译没多少理论好讲的,写作就是让学生写、翻译就是让学生翻。
今天我只能从大的方面讲几条应该注意的地方。最关键的是要学好语法,它是写作的基础(博士生们体会比较深,一般同学对语法是不重视的,所以写出的句子错误百出)。你们刚由各系的专业老师根据我的教案给大家讲过了科技英语语法的核心内容,只要掌握了那些内容,写出的句子一般问题就不大了。
一、单句写作(这是最重要的,因为单句写好了,就可以与外国人进行交流了。)
首先语法和词汇一定要正确,否则外国人是看不懂的;然后努力做到地道。
比如:“这台机器的体积很小。”
The volume of this machine is very small.×
The size of this machine is very small. (正确)
This machine is very small in size. (地道)
同样,“这些设备体积很不相同。”
The sizes of these devices are quite different. (正确)
These devices differ greatly in size. (地道)
“这个仪器的特点是体积小、重量轻。”
The features of this instrument are small size and light weight. (正确)
This instrument is characterized by its small size and light weight. (地道)
*** 一些博士生及教授投到国外的论文,评阅人的意见往往是:
“What is described in your paper is O.K. But your English is pretty poor. Please improve it. […, please rewrite the paper entirely.]”
“(Your) English is very bad. Not only the wording, but the sentence structure is sometimes hard to follow. IT MUST be reedited seriously!”
1
论文中的句子经常出错的主要方面:
1、用词(wording)
有些同志只是想到或在词典中查到一个词就往上写,结果不符合英美人的习惯,甚至误解了中文的原意。如:“实验结果”写成了“experiment results”,而英美人习惯用“experimental results”;“理论分析”写成了“theory analysis”而应该用“theoretical analysis”;“中期报告”写成了“middle report”而应该用“interim report”;“电流是用安培来度量的。”写成了“Current is measured with ampere.”而应该写成“Current is measured in amperes.”等等。
2、词汇搭配(word collocations)
这是相当难掌握的内容,它涉及到名词(前后)与介词的固定搭配、形容词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配等等,希望读者在阅读英美科技书刊时要特别留意,并且应该摘记下来,以便在撰写论文时加以套用。
如:“无线电波朝四面八方传播。”写成了“Radio waves travel toward all directions.”而应该为
“Radio waves travel in all directions.”
“把激光束射向月球。”写成了“Laser beams are emitted to the moon.”而应该为
“Laser beams are emitted at the moon.”
“图1画出了输出随输入的变化情况。”写成了“Fig. 1 draws the case of output varying with input.”而应该写成“Fig. 1 shows the variation of output with input.”
有人写成“Fig. 1 shows how the output varies with the input.”
“解这个方程的必要条件”写成了“the necessary conditions of solving this equation”而一般用
“the necessary conditions for solving this equation”来表示的。
“为了提高我们产品的质量”写成了“in order to raise the equality of our products”而应该写成
“in order to improve the quality of our products”,等等。
(1)
the ratio of A to B
the effect [influence] of A on [upon] B
the relationship of A to B
the distance of A from B
the advantage of A over B
2
(2)
the variation of A with B
the interaction of A with B
the passage of A through B
the projection of A on [upon] B
the motion of A round [around] B
the response of A to B
the dependence of A on [upon] B
the deviation of A from B
(3)
the comparison of A with B
the transformation of A to [into] B
the use of A as B
the exposure of A to B
the separation of A from (into) B
the definition of A as B
the resolution of A into B
3、句型(sentence patterns)
英国的科技英语专家说,英美科学家和科技人员喜欢使用一些特定的句型。这些一般属于书面语言,同样,读者在阅读科技书刊时要留意并把它们记录下来用到自己所写的论文中去。如:
“磁铁能吸引铁质物质,这是大家所熟悉的一种现象。”写成了“Magnets attract iron materials, and this is a familiar phenomenon which is familiar to all.”从语法上讲,这个英文句子并没有错误,可是显得很松散而噜苏,英美科技人员喜欢把它写成“Magnets attract iron materials, a familiar phenomenon.”这里,用了一个名词短语作前面整个句子的同位语来代替了由“and”连接的一个并列分句。又如:“把它们从电路中去掉的话,就可以节省许多费用。”写成了“If they are eliminated from the circuit, considerable savings can be obtained.”同样这个句子没有任何语法错误,可是英美科技工作者喜欢把这两个分句合成一句话“Their elimination from the circuit results in considerable savings.”这样句子变得很紧凑,用一个作主语的名词短语来代替了一个条件状语从句。
“(所谓)线性工作指的是放大器以很小的失真或无失真地放大信号的能力。”
3
By linear operation is meant the ability of an amplifier to amplify signals with little or no distortion.
“这就是人们所说的针灸。”
This is what is referred to as acupuncture.
二、科技英语写作的主要特点
*** Main features of scientific writing:
1.long but simple sentences by often using phrases instead of clauses
(句长而简单)
3.sentence patterns preferred by scientists and engineers(句型)
4. impersonal expressions (so passive voice is widely used)(无人称句)
1、广泛使用被动句
由于科技文主要涉及科技事实,所以往往不需要涉及具体的人,因而被动句使用得比普通文章中广泛得多。如“我们想要把这个函数展开成傅氏级数。”往往写成“It is desired to develop this function into a Fourier series.”(当然我们也可使用主动句“We wish to develop …”)。又如:“当时人们认识到了光是一种电磁波。”应写成“It was realized at that time that light is a kind of electromagnetic wave.”一般不要写成“People realized at that time that …”。
2、句子比较冗长
由于叙述科技概念,所以不少情况下句子中修饰语比较多,因而句子就比较长(理论性越强,句子一般越复杂),其方法是使用各类从句或短语。(由于我们汉语中的句子一般比较短,所以不少人在撰写英语科技论文时喜欢用不少简单句或并列句,使文章显得很松散。)如:
“本文论述了一种新的算法,它能够减少计算量。”写成了“This paper presents a new algorithm. This algorithm can lead to the reduction in the amount of computation.”我们可以把它改写成“This paper presents a new algorithm, which can lead to the reduction in the amount of computation.”又如:“本文介绍了一种新的CAD设计方法, 重点放在其基本原理上。”被写成“This paper introduces a new CAD method and emphasis is put on its basic principles.”我们可以把它改写成“This paper introduces a new CAD method, with emphasis on its basic principles.”
4
3、在可能的情况下,应该使句子简练
其方法是用各种短语(名词短语、形容词短语、分词短语、with结构、分词独立结构等等)来代替从句。如:“如果把式(2-1)代入式(2-5),我们就可得到下面的这一表达式。”写成“If Eq. (2 – 1) is substituted in Eq. (2 – 5), we can obtain the following expression.”从语法上讲这个句子并没有错,可是英美科技人员基本上是不用它的,一般应写成
“Substituting Eq. (2 – 1) into Eq. (2 – 5), we obtain the following expression.”或进一步精炼成
“Substituting [或:Substitution of] Eq. (2 – 1) into Eq. (2 – 5) yields [gives; produces; results in; leads to] the following expression.”又如:
“由于计算机运算准确、速度快,所以它们广泛地使用在各个领域。”在普通英语中一般被写成“Because computers are accurate in operation and high in speed, they are widely used in every field.”但在科技文中通常把这个句子改写成“Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers are widely used in every field.”这里用一个形容词短语代替了一个原因状语从句,这样本句就从一个主从复合句变成了一个简单句了。再如:“电容器是由用非导体隔开的两个导体组成的一种器件。”被写成“A capacitor is a device which consists of two conductors that are separated by a non-conductor.”而所有英美科技书籍中把本句写成
“A capacitor is a device consisting of two conductors separated by a non-conductor.”这里用两个分词短语代替了两个定语从句,这样整个句子成为一个简单句了。(当然,并不是说在科技论文中从句都要用短语来代替,而是应交替使用各种句型,使得句子显得多样化而不死板。)
下面我们先练一下单句的写法(用英语语法分析一下汉语句子,然后用正确的英语句型来表达):
(1)本文对其性能(performance)作了初步的(initial)分析。
An initial analysis of its performance is made (in this paper). (2)这台计算机所储存的信息比那台的多三倍。
5
👁️ 阅读量:0
© 版权声明:本文《科技英语写作讲座》内容均为本站精心整理或网友自愿分享,如需转载请注明原文出处:https://www.zastudy.cn/jiangzuo/1686083622a148275.html。