阅读教程1答案

阅读教程1答案

李宗润-淘宝上七天退换

2023年2月17日发(作者：驾驶员体检表)

Lesson1

READINGSELECTIONA

WorldEnglish:ABlessingoraCurse?Universallanguage

ByTomMcArthur

[1]Intheyear2000,thelanguagescholarGlanvillePrice,aWelshman,madethefollowingassertionas

editorofthebookLanguagesinBritainandIreland:

glishthathaskilledoffCumbric,Cornish,restill

partsoftheseislandswlishis

everywhereineverydayuseandunderstoodbyallorvirtuallyall,constitutingsuchathreattothethreeremaining

Celticlanguages,Irish,ScottishGaelic,andWelsh...thattheirlong-termfuturemustbeconsidered...verygreatly

atrisk.(p141)

Someyearsearlier,in1992,RobertPhillipson,EnglishacademicwhocurrentlyworksinDenmark,

,hearguedthatthemajorEnglish-speaking

countries,theworldwideEnglish-languageteachingindustry,andnotablytheBritishCouncilpursuepoliciesof

associatedsuchpolicieswithaprejudicewhichhecallslinguicism(acondition

parallelto(equalto/similarto)racismandsexism).AsPhillipsonseesit,leadinginstitutionsandindividuals

withinthepredominantly"white"English-speakingworld,have[bydesign(=deliberate)ordefault(=mistake)]

encouragedoratleasttolerated—andcertainlyhavenotopposed—thehegemonicspreadofEnglish,aspread

whichbegansomethreecenturiesagoaseconomicandcolonialexpansion.

[2]PhillipsonhimselfworkedforsomeyearsfortheBritishCouncil,andheisnotaloneamongAnglophone

acaernationalizationof

Englishhasinthelastfewdecadesbeenwidelydiscussedintermsofthreegroups:first,theENLcountries,where

Englishisanativelanguage(thisgroupalsobeingknownasthe"innercircle");second,theESLcountries,where

Englishisasecondlanguage(the"outercircle");andthird,theEFLcountries,whereEnglishisaforeignlanguage

(the"expandingcircle").Sincethe1980s,whensuchtermsbecamecommon,thisthirdcirclehasinfactexpanded

totakeintheentireplanet.

[3]Forgoodorforill,avebeenmany"world

languages",suchasArabic,Chinese,Greek,Latin,arge,wenowviewthemasmoreorless

benign,andoftentalkwithadmirationandappreciationabouttheculturesassociatedwiththemandwhatthey

sfairlysafetodothis,becausenoneofthemnowposesmuchofathreat.

[4]Englishhoweverisprobablytoocloseforustobeabletoanalyzeandjudgeitasdispassionately,aswe

maynowdiscusstheinfluen

juryisstilloutinthetrialoftheEnglishlanguage,andmaytakeseveralcenturiestoproduceitsverdict,buteven

sowecanask,inthisEuropeanYearofLanguages,whetherPriceandPhillipsonarerighttowarnusallaboutthe

languagethatIamusingatthisverymoment.

[5]Itcertainlyisn'pleis

Australia,whstEuropeanswho

dAustraliaitselfisLatin;evidentlynoone

atthetimethoughtofsimplycallingit"Southland"(whichiswhatAustraliameans).Inaddition,inSouth

AustraliathereisawidestretchoflandcalledtheNullarborPlains,thefirstwordofwhichsoundsAboriginal,but

nullarborisLatinandmeans"notrees".Andmostsignificantlyofall,theearlysettlerscalledthecontinentaterra

ingtotheEncartaWorldEnglishDictionary(1999)theLatinphraseterranulliusmeans:

...theideaandlegalconceptthatwhenthefirstEuropeansarrivedinAustraliathelandwasownedbynooneand

eenjudgednottobelegallyvalid.

eEuropeansarrived,Australiawasthinlypopulated—but

populatednonetheless—erehundredsofcommunitiesand

theselanguageshavediedout,manymoreareintheprocessofdyingout,andthesedeadand

dyinglanguageshavebeenlargelyreplacedbyeitherkindsofpidginEnglishorgeneralAustralianEnglish.

Dependingonyourpointofview,thisiseitheratragiclossorthepriceofprogress.

[6]Atthesametime,however,cantheblamefortheextinctionofAboriginallanguagesbelaidspecificallyat

thedoorofEnglish?ThefirstEuropeanstodiscoverAustraliawereDutch,andtheirlanguagemighthavebecome

xample

theMongolshadsustainedtheirvastEurasianempire,Mongolianmighthavebecomeaworldlanguageandgone

,ifhistoryhadbeensomewhatdifferent,today'sworldlanguagemighthavebeenArabic,a

powerfullanguageinWestAsiaandNorthAfricathatcurrentlyaffectsmanysmallerlanguages,includingCoptic

hhasadverselyaffectedindigenouslanguagesinso-called"Latin"America,andRussianhas

ishisacurseandakiller,itmayonlybesointhesensethat

anylargelanguageislikelytoinfluenceandendangersmallerlanguages.

[7]eaveasideheretheobviousadvantagespossessedby

anyworldlanguage,suchasalargecommunicativenetwork,astrongliteraryandmediacomplex,andapowerful

nsteadlookatsomethingratherdifferent:theissueofpolitics,justice,

rsago,SouthAfricaceasedtobegovernedon

principlesofracialseparateness,asystemknowninAfrikaans(alanguagederivedfromDutch)

systemarosebecausetheAfrikanercommunity—EuropeansettlersofmainlyDutchdescent—sawthemselvesas

superiortotheindigenouspeopleofthelandtheyhadcolonized.

[8]English-speakingSouthAfricansofBritishdescentwerenotparticularlystronginopposingtheapartheid

regime,andtheblackopposition,whosemembershadmanylanguages,wasatfirstweakanddisorganized.

However,thelanguagethroughwhichthisoppositiongainedstrengthandorganizationwasEnglish,which

becameforthemthekeylanguageoffreedomandunity,retodayelevenofficial

languagesinSouthAfrica—English,Afrikaans,andninevernacularlanguagesthatincludeZulu,Ndebele,and

choftheseninedoblackSouthAfricansuse(orplantouse)astheirnationallinguafranca?

Whichdotheywishtheirchildrentospeakandwritesuccessfully(inadditiontotheirmothertongues)?The

ntEnglish,andinparticulartheywantasuitablyAfricanizedEnglish.

[9]So,acursefortheindigenouspeoplesofAustraliaandsomethingofablessingforthoseinSouthAfrica...

[10]HowthenshouldwethinkofEnglishinourglobalizingworldwithitsendangereddiversities?The

answer,itseemstome,nythings,Englishisattimesablessingandattimesacurse—for

individuals,forcommunities,fornations,tAsiansymbolismofyinand

yangmightservewellhere:Thereissomethingofyangineveryyin,ghtheyare

opposites,theybelongtogether:mbolismsuggeststhat

theusersoftheworld'slinguafrancashouldseektobenefitasfullyaspossiblefromtheblessingandasfaras

possibleavoidinvokingthecurse.(1,292words)

ABOUTTHEAUTHOR

rthurisfoundereditoroftheOxfordCompaniontotheEnglishLanguage(1992)andthe

quarterlyEnglishToday:TheInternationalReviewoftheEnglishLanguage(Cambridge,1985—).Hismorethan

20publishedworksincludetheLongmanLexiconofContemporaryEnglish(1981),WorldsofReference:

Language,LexicographyandLearningfromtheClayTablettotheComputer(1986),andTheEnglishLanguages

(1998).HeiscurrentlyDeputyDirectoroftheDictionaryResearchCenterattheUniversityofExeter.

EXERCISES

gComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethe,followingstatements.

einferredfromGlanvillePrice'sstatementthatheis______.

hatEnglishiseverywhereinBritainandIreland

daboutthefutureoftheremainingCelticlanguages

dbythediversityoflanguagesinBritainandIreland

thatmanypeopleintheUKstillspeaktheirAboriginallanguages

cisusedasanexampleof______.

dialect

moftheEnglishlanguage

agethatisonthevergeofextinction

agethatisusedbyonlyalimitednumberofpeople

fthefollowingisthemajorconcernofthebookLinguisticImperialism?

hteachingoverseas.

hgovernment'slanguagepolicies.

nceofEnglishoverotherlanguages.

eofEnglishintechnologyadvancement.

iceandPhillipsonare______.

mentofficials

tesoflinguisticimperialism

ortoflanguagepoliciescarriedoutbytheBritishCouncil

nedaboutthenegativeeffectofEnglishonsmallerlanguages

ingtothetext,theEFLcountries______.

geinnumber

nasthe"outercircle"

endangeredbyEnglish

deEnglishtheirofficiallanguage

ingtoMcArthur,ChineseisdifferentfromEnglishinthat______.

adeagreatcontributiontotheworld

adpositiveinfluenceonotherlanguages

esultinthedisappearanceofotherlanguages

ablywillnotendangertheexistenceofotherlanguages

saidthejuryisoutinthetrial"(Line3,Paragraph4),McArthurmeant______.

mentisdue

yiswaitingforatrial

sionhasbeenmadeyet

snoonetomakethedecision

liamightbeusedasanexampletoshowthat______.

gesarechangingallthetime

glishwordsarederivedfromLatin

hhaspromotedtheprogressofsomenations

hshouldbeblamedfortheextinctionofsmallerlanguages

opleseeEnglishasablessingforpeoplein______.

ia

ntries

nthemeofthisspeechisthat______.

hshouldbetaughtworldwide

hasaworldlanguagedoesmoreharmthangood

ldbeobjectivetotheinternationalizationofEnglish

ldbeawareof(realize)thedangerofEnglishasaworldlanguage

onsonglobalunderstandingandlogicalstructures

sMcArthurintroduceGlanvillePriceandRobertPhillipson'spointsofviewonthespreadof

English?Whatishis?Intention?

McArthurquotesPrice’sassertionandcitesPillipson’sviewpointonthespreadofEnglishassortofconsto

eusuallypopularlybelievedargumentsoropinionsthatareagainsttheauthor’spoint

ecommonlyusedwritingtechniquesandareoftenemployedinordertoappealtheaudienceand

highlighttheauthor’s

viewpoint.

ArthuragreewithwhatPriceandPhillipsonargued?Fromasearlyaswhichsectiondoes

McArthurshowhisattitude?TowardthedominanceofEnglishasaworldEnglish?

ur’sopinionisdifferentfromPriceandPillipson’n’tbelievethatEnglishis

Englishasbothablessinganda

curse,ntroducingPriceandPillipson’sviewpoints,McArthurwrites

esentence“Forgoodorforill,therehas

neverbeenalanguagequitelikeEnglish”,wecanlearnthatMcArthurdoesnotcurseEnglishlikePriceand

Pillipsonandhehasadifferentpointofview.

ing"Itcertainlyisn'thardtolookforsituationswherepeoplemightcallEnglishacurse",couldwe

concludethatMcArthurbelievesEnglishisacurse?

ghMcArthurliterallyjustifiesthefactthatthereare

situationswherepeoplemightcallEnglishacurse,hedoesn’ng

theword“certainly”McArthurshowshisintent.

oupickupsomewordsandexpressionsthatsignalchangeorcontinuationinMcArthur'sthought?

“Forgoodorforill”(paragraph3)/“however”(paragraph4)/“But”(paragraph5)/“Atthesametime,

however”(paragraph6)/“Yet”(paragraph7)

ypartscanthisspeechbedivided?Howarethepartsorganized?

PartOne:woparagraphsintroducethesituationthatmanyacademicsargue

againstEnglishasaworldlanguage.

PartTwo:paragraphs3,4,5,6,7,8,aphthreeisatransitionalparagraphthatinitiates

McArthur’eparagraphsMcArthurarguesthatEnglishisnotonlyacurseasmanypeople

havebelieved,butablessingaswell.

PartThree:urconcludesinthelastparagraphthatEnglishmaybeacurseorablessing

dependsondifferentsituationsandweshouldmakeadvantagesofworldlanguagesandavoidtheirdisadvantages.

lary

thebestwordfromthefourchoicestocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.

asbeenmuchoppositionfromsomesocialgroups,______fromthefarmingcommunity.

ionally

______viewinBritainandotherWesterncountriesassociatesagingwithdecline,dependency,

isolation,andoftenpoverty.

nable

tssuchasthesecannotbeawardedtoeverybody,eitherbyjudgesorbythemost___of

governments./rewardrewarding

emanreadthe______ofguiltyfourteentimes,oneforeachdefendant.

ment

aritcouldhavea(n)______effectonglobalfinancialmarkets.

e(negative)uential

hreatenedto______economicsanctionsifthetalkswerebrokenoff.

n/

reatleastfourcrucialdifferencesbetweenthenew______andtheoldgovernment.

tion/fedalfederal,confederate)

uestions______achallengetoestablishedattitudeofsuperioritytowardtheoutsideworld.

d

eofthis,astrongadministrative______wasneededtoplantheuseofscarceresources,organize

productionandregulatedistribution.

ion

tthattherearenogenuinely______animalsinthisarea,alltheanimalswerebroughtherefrom

otherplaces.

t

thehestwordorexpressionfromthelistgivenforeachHonkUseeachwordorexpressiononlyonce

andmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.

pointupbyandlargetakeindescentforgoodorill

leaveasidecrystalcleardieoutendangerlay...atthedoorof

kconcludeswithareviewofthepossibleimpact(influence)ofmoreintimatecomputersforgood

orill,invariousareasofhumanlife.

er,ithadbecomeclearfromtheopinionpollsthattheunpopularityofthenewtaxwasbeinglaidat

thedoorofthegovernmentwhichhadintroducedit,ratherthanthelocalauthoritieswhowereresponsiblefor

levyingandcollectingit.

segavetheexampleofbreakingsomeone'sarm:thatisareallyseriousinjury,butonewhichis

unlikelytoendangerthevictim'slife.

thosewhoholditliveinpoorareasandsomeareColored,thatis(i.e./namely),ofmixed

EuropeanandAfricandescent.

bateisimportantbecauseitpointsup(stress/emphasize)that"thefacts"arenotnecessarilyas

simpleandstraightforwardastheymightatfirstsightseem.

eginning,themeaningoflifemightbedebated,butoncepastthefirstperiod,manyofthe

conversationsfollowawell-wornroutefromonetopictothenextandbackagain,takinginmostofhumanlife.

ceagricultureformsthebasis(base)ofourindustry,itwas,byandlarge(onthewhole),alsoan

intensificationofthecrisisinthenationaleconomyingeneral.

eaveasideotherrelevantfactorssuchaseducation,careerstructure,payandconditionsofservice

andconcentrateon(focuson)manpowermanagement.(relateAtoB)

r,onethingiscrystalclear:itwillnot

endangertheplanetanditsinhabitants.

nimalpopulationsaretoosmall,thentheysimplydieout.

epassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswerfrom

thefourchoicesgivenforeachblank.[criteria:(1)semantic/(2)grammatic]

AsimplifiedformoftheEnglishlanguagebasedon850keywordswasdevelopedinthelate1920sbythe

sBasic

English,itwasusedmainlytoteachEnglishtonon-English-speakingpersonsand2asaninternational

plexitiesofEnglishspellingandgrammar,however,weremajor3totheadoptionofBasic

Englishasasecondlanguage.

ThefundamentalprincipleofBasicEnglishwasthatanyidea,4complex,maybereducedtosimpleunits

850-wordprimaryvocabularywas

5600nouns(representingthingsorevents),150adjectives(forqualitiesand_6),and100general

"operational"words,allthewordswerein7useinEnglish-speaking

icvocabularywascreated8by

eliminating9theuseof18"basic"verbs,suchasmake,get,do,have,andbe.

Numerouswordswhichhavethesameorsimilarmeaningsandbyverbs,suchasmake,get,do,have,andbe.

Theseverbsweregenerallycombinedwithprepositions,suchasup,among,under,in,mple,

aBasicEnglishstudentwouldusetheexpression“goup”10"ascend".(Semantic/grammaticalcriterion)

ed

ed

ties

er

tutedof

tions/perceive)

fessional

/partially)

ing

eof=of

ation

PutthefollowingpassagesintoChinese.

glishthathaskilledoffCumbric,Cornish,restill

partsoftheseislandswlishis

everywhereineverydayuseandunderstoodbyallorvirtuallyall,constitutingsuchathreattothethreeremaining

Celticlanguages,Irish,ScottishGaelic,andWelsh...thattheirlong-termfuturemustbeconsidered...verygreatly

atrisk.

因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。在其中一部分岛

上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或

几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之

大，它们的未来岌岌可危。

associatedsuchpolicieswithaprejudicewhichhecallslinguisticism(aconditionparallelto

racismandsexism).AsPhillipsonseesit,leadinginstitutionsandindividualswithinthepredominantly"white"

English-speakingworld,have(bydesignordefault)encouragedoratleasttolerated—andcertainlyhavenot

opposed—thehegemonicspreadofEnglish,aspreadwhichbegansomethreecenturiesagoaseconomicand

colonialexpansion.

同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。

在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容

忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。

arge,wenowviewthemasmoreorlessbenign,andoftentalkwithadmirationandappreciation

asfairlysafetodothis,

becausenoneofthemnowposesmuchofathreat.

总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做

的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威

胁。

eaveasideheretheobviousadvantagespossessedby

anyworldlanguage,suchasalargecommunicativenetwork,astrongliteraryandmediacomplex,andapowerful

culturalandeducationalapparatus.

然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛

的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。

h-speakingSouthAfricansofBritishdescentwerenotparticularlystronginopposingtheapartheid

regime,andtheblackopposition,whosemembershadmanylanguages,wasatfirstweakanddisorganized.

讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软

弱无力且缺乏组织。

mbolismsuggeststhattheusersoftheworld'slinguafrancashouldseektobenefitasfullyas

possiblefromtheblessingandasfaraspossibleavoidinvokingthecurse.

这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾

难。

acticeandDiscussion

GlanvillePricesaythatEnglishisakiller?

Becauseithascausedextinctionoflotsofsmalllanguages,suchasCumbric,Cornish,NornandManx,and

italsothreatenstheexistenceofremainingCelticlanguages.

ingtoMcArthur,inwhatwayisEnglishdifferentfromother"worldlanguages"?

Generallypeopleview“worldlanguages”,suchasArabic,Chinese,Greek,Latin,andSanskritasmoreor

lessbenign,andoftentalkwithadmirationandappreciationabouttheculturesassociatedwiththemandwhatthey

authorbelievesitisfairlysafetodothis,becausenoneoftheselanguagesnow

h,however,obablytoocloseforustobeabletoanalyzeand

judgeitasdispassionatelyaswemaynowdiscusstheinfluenceofClassicalChineseonEastAsiaorofClassical

othavethelastwordonitsinfluenceuntilcenturieslater.

sMcArthursaythatEnglishis"acursefortheindigenouspeoplesofAustraliaandsomethingof

ablessingforthoseinSouthAfrica"?

WhenthefirstEuropeansarrivedinAustralia,yofthese

languageshavediedout,manymoreareintheprocessofdyingout,andthesedeadanddyinglanguageshave

beenlargelr,inSouthAfrica

theblackopposition,whosemembershadmany

languages,nglishthathelpedoppositiongainstrengthand

dofbeingalanguageofoppression,Englishbecameforthemthekeylanguageoffreedom

andunity.

ouldwedotomakethemostofEnglishwhileavoidingthecurseitmaybring?

hinkthatteachingEnglishtospeakersofothercountriesisanactoflinguisticimperialism?

TheinfluenceoftheUSandBritainontherestoftheworld,pastandpresent,cannotbedenied,andthe

geisneveraneutralvehicleforcommunication;the

contextcomeswithit,hisadouble-edgedsword,sanelementofcultural

imperialism,giventhat—evenifonedoesn’tteachculture,perse（本质上）—cultureisstillnonethelessencoded

inlanguageinaveryrealsense.

Ontheotherhand,thestudenteitherneeds,wantsorisrequiredtolearnEnglish,andthereforelearning

Englishhassomeperceivedbenefitforthestudent.

Furthermorethespr

questionofwhetherteachingESLorEFLcanbeconsideredlinguisticimperialismiscontroversial.

VOCABULARYITEMS

e:large相当大的

lly:butnotquite;nearly几乎，差不多;virture

tute:ntto;equal形成，等同于

dis(z)ment:seinpowerorimportance扩张，增加,expansion

inantly:ormainly卓越地，支配地，主要地president,dominate(v)

t:etodosth.疏忽,defaultvalue.

nic:redominantinfluenceofonenationoverothers霸权的

:gtoexertabeneficialinfluence;favorable有利的

sionately:;reasonably平心静气地，不带偏见地

t:onoropiniongivenaftertestingorexamining判断，裁决,verify

htforward:;clear明确的，清清楚楚的,

inal:sofpeoplebelongingtoaregionfromtheearliesttimes土著的,amanofhumble

origin

ely:rably不利地

nous:;originatinginanarea本土的，土生土长

er:etobeinadangeroussituation危害

endangered:erofbeingdamagedordestroyed濒于灭绝的

tus:ureormethodofoperation组织，机构

t:taryderivation血统，遗传,ascenddescend(v)

eid:separateness种族隔离

:ofgovernmentorrule政权

ular:;commonlyspokenbythemembersofacountryorregion本国语的，方言的

:aparticularidea,image,orfeelingappearinpeople'sminds引起,造成;

pto:emphasize强调,stress;pointout

:toinclude包括

dor(for)ill:whethertheeffectofasituationisgoodorharmful无论好坏

arge:onthewhole,generally总的来说，大体上;(be)atlarge.

:tobecomeextinct死光，绝种

(put)sthatthedoorof...:toblame(.)forsth归咎于…

side:putaside,tomakenodiscussionofasubject不谈论，把话题搁置一边,putaway

lclear:absolutelyclear非常清楚的，显而易见的,obvious,apparent

NOTES

c:anancient,long-extinctCelticlanguageofNorthernEngland;Briton

h:theCelticlanguageofCornwall(aregionofextremesouthwestEngland),extinctsince1800,

Anglosaxon

:anextinctNorsedialect,spokenuntilearlymoderntimesintheShetlandandOrkneyIslandsandin

partsofnorthernScotland

:theGaeliclanguageformerlyspokenontheIsleofManinEngland

languages:asubfamilyoftheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilycomprisingtheBrittonic(including

Welsh,Breton,Cumbrian,andCornish)andtheGoidelic(includingIrishGaelic,ScotsGaelic,andManx)

branches.

hone:English-speaking

it:(fromsamskrta"adorned,cultivated,perfected")theclassicalsacredandliterarylanguageofthe

HindusofIndia

borPlains:aregionofsouth-centralAustraliasouthoftheGreatVictoriaDesertandnorthofthe

esiteofamajorrocketresearchcenter.

ullius:TerranulliusisaLatinexpressionmeaning"emptyland"or"noman'sland".Theterm

referstoa17th-centurylegalconceptthatpermittedEuropeancolonialpowerstoassumecontroloflandthatwas

dreliedonthisprincipletoclaimpossessionoftheAustraliancontinent.

English:Englishthatismixedwiththewordsorgrammarofanotherlanguage

:anAfro-AsiaticlanguagedescendedfromancientEgyptian,extinctasaneverydayformof

speechbutsurvivingintheliteratureoftheCopticChurch,sino-

:agroupofcloselyrelatedlanguagesspokeninNorthAfrica

:alanguageofconsiderableliteraryimportanceinsoutheasternAfrica

e:alanguagesometimesconsideredadialectofZulu.

na:adialectspokenbytheTswanapeopleinBotswana

franca:alanguageusedbetweenpeoplewhosemainlanguagesaredifferent

yang:twobasiccontraryforcesinancientChinesethought"阴"和"阳".

READINGSELECTIONB

JumbleofConflictingLanguageTaboos

ByTimothyKiefer

[1]fWashingtonmadeheadlinesintheearly2002whenitpassedalaw

prohibitingtheuseoftheword"Oriental'd,theword"Asian"

newlawonlybanstheuseoftheword"Oriental"ore,onelaw

whichdefines"minoritygroup"toinclude"Orientals"willbechangedtoreferto"Asians",butanotherlawwhich

refersto"Orientalmedicine"ingtothelaw'ssponsor,Korean-Americanstate

senatorPaulShin,thelawwaspassedbecausetheterm"Oriental"is"pejorativeterminology"and"offensive".

[2]"Oriental"derivesfromtheLatinwordorient,meaning"therisingsun"or"east".BecauseAsiaiseastof

Europe,"Oriental"tookonthemeaningof"Asian"."TheOrient",the"FarEast"and"EastAsia"areallnoun

ally,theeasternpartofRussiaisusually

excludedfromthedefinitionsoftheOrientandEastAsia,eventhoughRussiaextendsfarthertotheeastthanany

othercountryontheEurasianlandmass.

[3]dothercriticsofthewordOriental,thewordisoffensivetoAsiansbecauseit

ePacificcoastoftheUnitedStates,wherethestateof

Washingtonislocated,theso-called"Orient"istothewest,nottheeast.

[4]Theproblemwiththisargumentisthatmanycommonlyacceptedgeographictermsderivefromoutdated

stateofWisconsinispartofaregionknownasthe"MiddleWest"orthe

"Midwest",mwasinventedbecausetheUnitedStateswas

settlersstartingoutfromtheAtlanticcoastinthelate18thandearly19thcentury,

everythingwestoftheAppalachianMountainswasconsidered"thewest".

[5]Notlongagothe"NearEast"wastheacceptednamefortheareastretchingfromEgypttoIranamong

EuropeansandAmericans;inrecentdecadesithasbeenoustedbythe"MiddleEast".Like"FarEast"or"Orient",

eithertermmakessenseonlyifonetakesEuropeasthepointofreference.

[6]AndotherlanguagesarenobetterthanEnglishinthisregard(aspect).TheArabworlddividesitselfinto

theMaghrib(theWest)andtheMashriq(theEast)ally,thedivision

oftheancientworldintoAsiaandEuropewasprobablyborrowedbytheGreeksfromthePhoenicians,the

ancestorsoftoday'sLebanese;indeed,EuropeandtheArabicMaghribmaywellbederivedfromthesameSemitic

root,tcanwesayaboutacivilizationlikeChina,whichunabashedly

proclaimsitselfthe"centralcountry"?

[7]rornottherearegoodgrounds

(reasons)forconsidering"Oriental"offensive,overthepastfewdecadesthetermhasgraduallyfallenoutoffavor

y'sEnglish,theword"Oriental",

when(itis)usedtorefertoaperson,soundsold-fashionedatbestandderogatoryatworst.

[8]Nevertheless,whileitmaynolongerbeagoodideatorefertoapersonasanOriental,itisstillthe

mple,theterm"Orientalcarpet"referstoatypeof

arpetsareextremelyexpensive(oftencosting

thousandsofdollars)andarehighlyprized(valued).

[9]TheEnglishlanguageisfullofotherapparently(obviously)contradictorytendenciesforwordsrelatingto

ethnicity."Chinatown",meaninganeighborhoodwhereChineseimmigrantslive,

"Chinaman",meaningaChineseperson,becameoffensiveinAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,

"Frenchman",meaningaFrenchperson,isperfectly

neutralEnglish.

[10]ThecareYankeesmusttakeinreferringtoAsiansisasnothing(itis)comparedwiththedelicacy

requiredtogetthroughtheminefieldoftermsforAmericansofsub-SaharanAfricanancestry."Coloredperson"is

nowoffensive,ear

(1861-1865).Ontheotherhand,"personofcolor",meaningsomeoneofanynon-Europeanrace,isacceptableand,

insomeideologicalcircles,afavoredphrase."Negro"(theSpanishwordfor"black")gavewayto"black"or

"Black"inthe1960s,onlytoyieldinturnto"Afro-American"inthe1980sand"African-American"or"African

American"inthe1990s.

[11]Andwhileonecanspeakof"blackpeople"and"whitepeople"or'blacks"and"whites",onewouldbeill

advisedtospeakof"redpeople"(AmericanIndians—the"FirstNations"ofCanada,bytheway)or"yellow

people"(Asians)."Reds"m"browns"isusedoccasionallytorefertoLatin

AmericansofIndianormixedIndian/Europeanancestry.

[12]Whattomakeof(understand)thisjumbleofconflictinglanguagetaboos!Onecandrawtwolessons:

First,non-nativespeakersshouldusecautionwhen(heorsheis)speakingaboutethnicityorraceinEnglish,as

,thenumberofoffensivetermsrelatingto

otherethnicgroupsisasignalthattheUnitedStateshasneverbeenfullycomfortablewithitsstatusasa

eisreflectedinlanguage,andthelargenumberofpejorativeethnictermsinAmerican

EnglishshowsthattheUnitedStatesstillsuffersfromethnicandracialtensions.(942words)

ABOUTTHEAUTHOR

TimothyKiefer,whooncetaughtinBeijingUniversity,isanAmericanlawyer.

ReadingComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatements.

efirstsentencewelearnthatthelawabouttheuseof"Oriental"willbeeffectivein_____.

teofWashington

fthefollowingexpressionsisinviolationofthenewLawpassedin2002?

alrestaurants.

alinfluence.

ingtotheauthor,whenmakinggeologicalterms

ncountriesarediscriminatedagainst

hspeakersarescornfultoothercountries

tendtotaketheirownpointasreference

tendtoacceptthenamesastheywereusedlongtimeago

softhewordOrientalconsiderthewordoffensivetoAsiansbecauseitsuggests_____.

ligenceoftheRussians

sagainstpeopleinEastAsia

-attitudetowardAsiancultures

e-centeredviewoftheworld

ingtotheauthor,theword"Orient"_____.

notbeusedanymore

tspeople'sviewofthepast

elf-centerednessoftheAsianpeople

tspeople'sprejudiceagainsttheminorities

einferredfromthepassagethat"AppalachianMountains"are_____.

outhoftheU.S.

hewesterncoastoftheU.S.

ase"goodgrounds"inParagraph7means_____.

support

ificevidence

fthefollowingisapejorativeexpressioninAmericanEnglish?

an.

nAmerican.

edwiththechoosingoftermsreferringtoAsians,Americansare_____.

refulwhentheyusetermsreferringtoAfrican-Americans

refulwhentheyusetermsreferringtoAfrican-Americans

refulwhentheyusetermsreferringtoEuropeans

refulwhentheyusetermsreferringtoEuropeans

lectionismainlyconcernedwith_____.

problemsintheU.S.

ficultyinlearningEnglish

hexpressionsforethnicity

ngeofEnglishlanguageintheU.S.

VOCABULARYITEMS

：sedordisorderedmass杂乱

：lcustomthatcertainwords,subjects,oractionsmustbeavoided禁忌

al：erncountries东方各国

：ouseorservice使用

r：takesresponsibilityforapersonorathing赞助（者）

tive：iatory;belittling轻蔑

ss：unbrokenareaofland大陆

ive：goffensetothemindorsenses;disagreeable无礼，不敬的

：theplaceof取代

hedly：otembarrassed不脸红，满不在乎

im：knownpublicly宣告

ry：ancestors祖先

ity：,national,ortribaltraits,background,orassociationn.种族特点(渊源)

cy：carefultreatment精细，微妙

eld：fullofhiddendangers雷场

gical：latingtomannerofthinking,ideasofaperson,group,etc.意识形态

(with)：(usuallyofbadthings)充满的

acial：ingorinvolvingseveraldifferentracesofpeople多种族的

：tobegintohave具有，呈现

(atmost)：inthemostfavorablecase至多，充其量

t：intheworstway在最坏情况下

y：toyield让路，让位

ised：notsensibleornotwise没脑筋的，鲁莽的

NOTES

an:oforrelatingtothelandmasscomprisingthecontinentsofEuropeandAsia

chianMountains:alongrangeofmountainsinnortheastAmericathatgosouthwestfromQuebec

inCanadatoAlabamaintheU.S.

b:aregionofnorthwestAfrica,consideredtoincludeMorocco,Algeria,Tunisia

q:theregionextendingfromthewesternborderofEgyptthroughtothewesternborderofIran

cian:amemberofSemiticpeopleofPhoenicia,prominentinMediterraneanhistoryfromc.1100

hantsandcolonizers

se:peopleinLebanon,acountryofsouthwestAsia

c:afamilyoflanguages,abranchoftheAfro-Asianfamily,comprisinganumberofancientand

modernlanguagesofsouthwestAsiaandAfrica

:anativeorinhabitantoftheU.S.

-Saharan:oftheregionofAfricasouthoftheSaharadesert

Lesson2

READINGSELECTIONA

TheNewSchoolChoice/option

ByMaryLord

[1]Whenaformletterfromtheschooldistrictarrivedearlierthissummer,TerriWooten,PTApresidentat

ParklaneElementarySchoolinEastPoint,Ga.,didwhatanybusy,itaside

'tuntilanotherparentaskedabout"thislettersayingwehavetosendourkids"to

ywasParklanefailing,sheread;anewfederallawgaveher

childrentherighttotransfertoaschoolwithbettertestscores.

[2]2002,PresidentBushsignedthemammothNoChild

LeftBehindAct,vowingtofree"childrentrappedinschoolsthatwillnotchangeandwillnotteach".Now,

studentsin8,mentofEducationonJuly1,

2002mustweighwhethertojumpshipinthenextfewdays—whileschooldistrictsscramble(compete)to

accommodatethousandsofstudentseligibletoseizethatoption.

[3]School-choiceadvocateslikeJeanneAllen,presidentoftheCenterforEducationReform,aWashington,

D.C.-basedproponentofcharterschools,callthereformsa"wake-upcall"thatwillprod(urge)schoolsto

immediateimpactformanyprincipals,teachers,andstudentsstrugglingintheeducational

trenchesisbewilderment—,theycontend(argue),setsloftystandardswithouttellingschool

districtshowtoreachthem.

[4]InChicago,themandate—whichMayorRichardDaleyrecentlycalled"ridiculous"—wouldallownearly

125,000ofthecity'spupilstotransferfrom179low-performingschools,swampingthe3,000availableseats.

Lastweek,theschoolsystemdidn'tevenknowifitcouldmusterenoughbuses,

citiesfacesimilarsqueezes:NewYorkCity'snumberscouldtop385,000,whileBaltimore's30,000eligible

studentswillrowfor194seatsin11schools.(Althoughfewfamiliestypicallychoosetotransfer,schooldistricts

stillneedtobeprepared.)

[5]Theturmoil(confusion)yElementary,thelonegrammar

,Illinois,aCostaCanyonHigh,atop-achieving

schoolinCarlsbad,Calif.,thatsends98percentofitsgradstocollegeandwonafederalBlueRibbonawardfor

"failed"becausetestscoresforits170low-incomechildrensaggedby8pointsoverthepast

aii,with50,000eligibletransferees,islookingatbusingcostsof$9,000perkidannuallyon

thesparselypopulatedbigisland."Weneedtobeaccountable(responsible)toourpublic,butweneedtolookat

allthemeasurements,",shereports,"Notonesingleparent

hascalledtosaytheywanttoleave."

[6]Inmanyplaces,thatmaybebecausefamiliesdon'saredeemed(seen)deficientif

theyfailtoshow"adequateyearlyimprovement"onstateproficiencytestsfortwoyearsinarow(continuously).

Butthere'd,thegovernmentrequires

staestampededtopublish

user-friendlyrosters,somethingthenewlawalsomandates.

[7]Partoftheconfusiary

ayexplainwhyArkansasandWyoming

woundupwithnofailingschools,butMichigan,withrigorousstandardsanddemandingassessments(evaluation)

inscienceandwriting,toppedthechartswith1,513—nearlyathirdofthestate'sschools."Implementationis

goingtobemessy,"acknowledgesUnderSecretaryofEducationEugeneHickok,theformerPennsylvaniaschool

chief,addingthatstatesshouldn'ionSecretaryRodPaigehasbriefedsuperintendentsand

nifthere'snot"awholelotofroom(space)forawholelotof

choice"yetincitieslikeNewYorkorChicago,saysHickok,"thelaw'sthelaw".

[8]eantime,badpublicityisgivingfailingschoolslikeOrlando'sMollieRay

Elementary,whichislosing175ofits734students,heschool's"doubleF"statushitthe

media,businessescalledtodonatecomputers—-builders

associationisorganizingvolunteerstohelptutorkidsandretrofitclassrooms."Alotofgoodthingsaregoingto

comeoutofit,"hem:Theexodusmeanssmallclassesof15pupilsthisfall

insteadoftheusual20ormore,allowingmoreindividualizedinstruction.

[9]TerriWootenhopesParklaneElementarywillbenefitfromsimilarefforts,sinceshe'skeepingherkids

stestscoresdon'treflecttheschool'smanygoodteachers,itsstrongprincipal,oritsaccelerated

readingprogram."It'seasytobailoutandhoponsomeoneelse'sbandwagon,"saysWooten."Butwehavethe

potentialtobegreat,'twecreateourownbandwagon?"(844

words)/benefitsb./benefitfromsth.

ABOUTTHEAUTHOR

MaryLordisacont

&WorldReport,writtenmanyarticlesaboutAmericaneducation.

EXERCISES

gComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatements.

ingtothenewfederallawofeducationalreform,theunqualifiedschoolshaveto_____.

edinthenextyear

omforthequalifiedschools

ertheirstudentstootherschools

eirstudentsfreedomtogotootherschools

ingtoauthor,thenewfederallawhas_____.

thereformsofthelow-performingschools

atedthelow-performingschoolstoimprovequickly

sometroubletomanyschoolsandstudents

highstandardsforschoolstoreach

ago,withthenewfederallawcomingintoeffect,theschoolsystem_____.

vetoadd122,000seatsforthetransferredstudents

ndenoughmoneytobuynewschoolbuses

ndwaystoimproveitsefficiency

cesomefinancialproblems

lementationofthenewfederallawmainlyaffectstheschools_____.

ltowns

ousdistricts

fthefollowingistrueaboutLaCostaCanyonHigh?

op-achievinggrammarschool.

thelistofthelow-performingschools.

orityofitsstudentsarelow-incomechildren.

orstudentswanttoleavetheschool.

lingschoolsarethosewhich_____.

improveinstateproficiencytestsforasuccessivetwo-yearperiod

improveenoughinthenationalproficiencytestsfortwoyears

tedaspoorperformersbytheEducationDepartment

ntifiedasindividuallaggardsbythelocaldistricts

ionbroughtaboutbythenewlawpartlycomesfrom_____.

algovernment'smisinterpretationofthenewlaw

istentstandardsoftestandimprovementindifferentstates

tthattherearenofailingschoolsinsomestates,buttoomanyinothers

ferentassessmentstandardsandrequirementsinscienceandwriting

ingtoEducationSecretaryRodPaige,_____.

sshouldn'tbesurprisedbythemessyimplementationofthenewlaw

lawhastobeimplementedinspiteofthedifficulties

superintendentswillbepunishediftheyrefusetoimplementthenewlaw

realreadyenoughvacantseatsforthetransferredstudentsinmanyschools

dnewsforfailingschoolsisthat_____.

ernmentandthepublicwilljoinhandstohelpthem

oplevolunteertoteachattheschool

lictakeactiontohelpthem

tudentswillreceivemoreindividualizedinstruction

ootenwillkeepherchildrenintheschoolbecauseshebelieves_____.

ldrenstillhavethechanceofsuccessiftheystay

lawisnotbeneficialtoherchildren

fficultforasinglemotherlikehertohaveherchildrentransferred

eralgovernmentwillchangethenewlawandcreatenewbandwagons

lary

Choosethebestwordfromthefourchoicesgiventocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.

1."Itwasa(n)_____task,"Sybillerecalled,"becauseitwasreallythefirstbigpartyLaurahadgiveninher

life."

h

ne-thirdoftheadulthomelessare_____mentallyill,andabouthalfarealcoholicorabusedrugs.

dually

tawonderfuldayatherhome,andalltheguestswerewell_____.

odated

edtovoterparticipationratesofcitizensinotherdemocracies,participationinAmericanelections

islow;slightlymorethan50percentofthose_____participateinnationalpresidentialelections.

le/ible

lyreducethepainfuluncertaintyand_____ofthosefirstfewdaysbylearningrelevant

informationquickly.

ity

_____inthe1960sandearly1970sweremarkedbyprotestandviolenceoncollegecampusesover

UnitedStatesinvolvementinthewarinVietnam

e

-nuclearWeaponsAgreementssignedin1972restrictedoreliminatedtheproductionanduseof

_____destructionofexistingstocksofweaponsbytheyear2005.

ed/

suggestingthatblackchildrenaresomehowlinguistically_____,orunabletoseparate

standardEnglish.

rated

elvewomenwho_____tobevirginswerefound,onlytwowouldswearanoathtothateffect,

buttheexecutorsdecidedtotakethewomen'swordforit.

d

ismhasprevailedforsometime,andnowtheeconomicoptimismisbackontheroad.

gon

hwordorexpressiononlyonce

andmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.

letalonewindupdrawlotsvowweigh

inarowbailouthoponloftybrief

on'tknowhowIshouldsetaboutfindingahome,letaloneonethatshewouldbehappyin.

yersalternatebetweenthewhiteandblackpiecesanddrawlotstodeterminewhoplayswhitein

today'sfirstgame.

egativereportsinarowwouldbeastrongindicationthatthediseasehadbeenarrested.

asnowthreeo'clockinthemorningandthedebatewasquicklywoundupwiththemoneybeing

votedforthesiteandfoundations.

esthateventhoughtheItalianauthoritiesmaynolongerbailout(舀出,跳伞)anyoldbankthatgets

intotrouble,thelikelihoodofgovernmentsupportforbigbankshasnotchangedenoughtoaffectitsratings.

azywaytospendadayinthesun,istobuyadayticketandhoponandofftheboatsandinand

outofthemanycafesandrestaurantsdottedaroundthelake.

n'wtofightthesystemincourt,ifnecessary.

etobecarefulandweightheadvantagesoftheirappearanceagainstthedisadvantagesoftheir

potentialtodistractfromthemessage.

letheirleadersconsideredtheseloftygoals,theparty'sbureaucratshadmoreimmediateproblems

ontheirhands—theprospectofunemployment.

10.I'mwellbriefedonthesubject,thisisn'tmyownknowledge.

epassagecarefullyandchoosetherightwordor

theformifnecessary.

inresponsetolivewithreassuremattergiven(ifconsiderationisgiventosth.)

predictorrankbycontrast/comparewithallbut(except)generation

Whenourdaughterwenttopublicschool,shecamehometalkingaboutthesubjectsshewastaughtatschool

n,oneeveningwhenshewasineighthgrade,Isawherusing

her,"Aretheotherkidsthis(so)dumb(dull)?"Mystraight-A

child2reassuredme:"Oh,theyaremuchdumber."

ThatnightIbeganresearchingmatheducationandtheeducationalreform.3givenwhatIlearned,it

didn'tsurprisemethattheUnitedStates4rankedonly28thamong41nationssurveyedintheThird

wanduntestedtheoryoftheeducationalreform,today'sU.

ecreatinga6generationofmathematical

fools.

htmydaughter'olor

photos,essaysonAfricantribesandquestionssuchas"Whatroleshouldzoosplayintoday'ssociety?"7By

contrasttheJapanese,whorankedthirdintheinternationalsurvey,havetextsallaboutmath.

Mydaughter'stextbookandotherslikeitwerecreated8inresponsetostandardsdevelopedbythe

abehindthestandardsisthata"conceptualunderstanding"

ofmath,notproblemsandpractice,tandardsfailtorecognizethatthememorizationof

basicmathfactsisanimportantskilland10predictoroffuturesuccess.

ation

PutthefollowingpartsintoChinese.

2002,PresidentBushsignedthemammothNoChildLeftBehindAct,vowingtofree"children

trappedinschoolsthatwillnotchangeandwillnotteach".Now,studentsin8,652chronicallyLow-performing

mentofEducationJuly1,2002mustweighwhethertojumpshipinthe

nextfewdays—whileschooldistrictsscrambletoaccommodatethousandsofstudentseligibletoseizethat

option.

2002年初布什总统签署了一项《不让一个孩子落后》的重大法案，誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳

又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来。2002年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8,652所学校被列为“长期教

学质量低下”的学校，现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学,同时各个学区

也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。

immediateimpactformanyprincipals,teachers,andstudentsstrugglingintheeducational

trenchesisbewilderment—,theycontend,setsloftystandardswithouttellingschooldistricts

howtoreachthem.

对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混

乱。他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。

tobeaccountabletoourpublic,butweneedtolookatallthemeasurements.

“我们要对公众负责，但是我们也需要看看该法案提出的方法是否切实可行。”

saredeemeddeficientiftheyfailtoshow"adequateyearlyimprovement"onstateproficiencytests

re'd,the

governmentrequiresstae

stampededtopublishuser-friendlyrosters,somethingthenewlawalsomandates.

一所学校连续两年在州水平考试中没有表现出“足够的年度改进”就会被认为是不合格的学校，但是联

邦教育部并没有提供一个具有权威性的不合格学校的名单让学生家长作为参考，而是要求各州各自确定不

合格学校的名单，并且要求他们把学生的考试成绩按照学生的种族和家庭收入进行分类。新法案还规定各

州要公布便于学生和家长查找的不合格学校的名单，但是没有几个州能很快拿出来。

5."Implementationisgoingtobemessy,"acknowledgesUnderSecretaryofEducationEugeneHickok,the

formerPennsylvaniaschoolchief,addingthatstatesshouldn'ionSecretaryRodPaigehas

nifthere'snot"awholelotofroomfor

awholelotofchoice"yetincitieslikeNewYorkorChicago,saysHickok,"thelaw'sthelaw."

教育部次长，前宾夕法尼亚州学校总监EugeneHickok也承认“该法案的实施可能会引起一些混乱”，

但是他又说各州也不应为此而大惊小怪。教育部长RodPaige已经向各学区主管人士就有关改革事宜做了

扼要指示并通报了全国。他说,即使在如纽约和芝加哥这样的大城市“接收择校生比较困难”，但“法律就是

法律”。

6."It'seasytobailoutandhoponsomeoneelse'sbandwagon,"saysWooten."Butwehavethepotentialto

begreat,'twecreateourownbandwagon?"

Wooten说：“人很容易放弃自我,而去赶别人的潮流，但正如其他的美国人一样，我们都有成功的机会。

我们为什么不开创自己的潮流呢？”

acticeandDiscussion

theauthor'sattitudetowardsthenewfederallaw?Whatmakesyouthinkso?

Theauthorisobjectiveinreportingthenewlawbutispessimisticaboutthepracticalimplementationofit.

Theauthorreportsinasmallportionintheselectionaboutthebackground,themandateandthepurposeofthe

newlaw,butshereportsinalargeportionabouttheimmediateimpactandtheproblemsbroughtaboutbythe

implementationofthenewlawandtheresponsesofsomeofthelocalschoolsystemsandstudents’parents.

thepurposeofthenewfederallaw?Andwhatistheimmediateimpactofthenewlaw?

Thepurposeofthenewfederallawisto“wake-up”theschoolsthat“willnotchangeandwillnotteach”and

immediateimpactformanyprincipals,teachers,andstudentsstrugglinginthe

educationaltrenchesisbewilderment—andturmoil.

theMayorofChicagothinkthenewlawridiculous?

MayorRichardDaleycalledthemandateridiculousbecausetherearefarfromenoughseatsavailableforthe

overwhelmingtransfereesandtheschoolsystemhasnoideahowtohandletheissue.

theauthorsaythatthenewlawhasbroughtgoodnewstothefailingschools?

Afterthemediareportedthefailingschools,sses

donatedcomputers,volunteershelpedtutorkidsandequipclassroom.“Alotofgoodthingsaregoingtocomeout

ofit,”predictsPrincipalJoyTaylor.

TerriWootendecidetokeepherkidsintheirschool?

Wootensaystestscoresdon’treflecttheschool’smanygoodteachers,itsstrongprincipal,oritsaccelerated

says,“...wehavethepotential

tobegreat,justlikeeveryoneelseinthisnation.”

hinkthatitisagoodideatogiveelementaryschoolchildrentherighttochooseschools?

studentschooseschoolsorshouldschoolschoosestudents?

VOCABULARYITEMS

h:e巨大,->elephantine:a.

(vowel):iseordeclaresolemnly发誓,wow

cally:gforalongtime长期地/

:vt./nceinthemindinordertomakeachoice权衡，考虑

le:ggleorcompetewithotherseagerlytogetsth.匆忙争夺

odate:avororservicefor提供帮助或服务

le:le;havingtherightqualification合格的，符合条件的

te:n./arguesforacause鼓吹，提倡

ent:arguesinsupportofsth.;supporter支持者

:toaction促使

:arrowchannelcutintotheground壕沟/ditch

erment:fbeingconfusedwithlotsofconflictingsituations迷惑

l:n.(aninstanceof)disturbance;trouble骚动，混乱/fishintroubledwater

:llyhigh极高的/attic

e:rfromasuperior/godating/camerunning

ireorcommand命令，规定

:rwithorasifinorwithwater淹没

:together;gather召集，集合

e:rinstanceofexertingpressureon挤压，压力

:ine下降

ly:scattered稀少的

table:edutyofhavingtogiveanexplanation;responsible有义务说明，有责任,counton

sb.=relyon/trustsb./openanaccount->clearanaccount/accounting,accountant

:ider认为，视为

ent:ganessentialqualityorelement不足，欠缺->sufficient->sufficiency

:llingallotherparts总的.masterkey

d:nwholagsbehind落后者;leg/lagbehind,jetlag.

de:unreasonablerush冲动行事，匆忙行事.peddler

:fnames名单

e:enlawpassedbyParliamentorotherlaw-makingbody法规;statue

us:;severe严格的，严肃的;vigor->vigorous

s:lyexpressafeelingoropinionaboutsth.表示，声明;pro-:forward;fess=say

:concisepreparatoryinstructions,information,oradvice布置简要任务，介绍基本情况

ntendent:nwhoisinchargeofaworkorwhohastheauthoritytodirect监管者，指挥者;

super-:fromabove

:strongportion一份，一剂

it:oveamachine,building,ingnewandbetterpartsinitafterithasbeenusedfor

sometime翻新改进;renovate

:wayofmanypeople(很多人的)离去

rated:itpossibleforstudentstofinishanacademiccoursefasterthanusual加快的，快班

的

gon:nttrend流行

ip:toleaveanorganizationinordertojoinanother跳槽;shipping->transporting

ne：beingunlikelyorimpossible(ssdifficultorunusualhasneverhappened).更不

用说;lonely:a.

ts：totakepiecesofpapermarkedinsomewayfromaboxtomakeaselectionordecisionbymethods

dependingonchance.抽签

ut：toseparateorbeseparableintocategories,asdata把…资料分类;takeabreak

：happeningoneafteranother连续;rowaboat

(with)：tocomeorbringtoanend结束;windy;window=theeyeofthewind

t：toabandon(aproject)放弃(—项计划)

：yoreasily

NOTES

tter:aletterwithblanksfortheinsertionofinformation;fillinaform;lazyletter

:Parent-TeacherAssociation

.:thestateofGeorgia

dLeftBehindAct:OnDecember13,2001,fRepresentativesapproved

'seducationreformlegislation,educationlawis

acomprehensiveoverhaulofthe1965ElementaryandSecondaryEducationAct(ESEA)recognizingmoney

aandards,accountabilityfor

results,localcontrol,andparentalchoiceareessential.

rschool:apublicschoolcreatedororganizedbyagroupofteachers,parentsandcommunity

uallysponsoredbyanexistinglocalpublicschoolboardor

icgoalsandoperatingproceduresforthecharterschoolaredetailedinan

agreement(or"charter")betweenthesponsoringboardandcharterorganizers.

rschool:aschoolstressingonthestudyofclassicallanguages

:agraduateofaschoolorcollege;undergraduategraduatepostgraduate

bbon(SchoolsProgram):BlueRibbonSchoolsProgramhonorspublicandprivateK-12schools

thatareeitheracademicallysuperiorintheirstatesorthatdemonstratedramaticgainsinstudentachievement.

9."doubleF":failingtwice

READINGSELECTIONB

We'reRaisingChildren,NotFlowers

ByJackCanfield

[1]David,mynext-doorneighbor,hewasteachinghis

steachinghimhowtoturnthe

moweraroundattheendofthelawn,hiswife,Jan,dturnedtoanswerthe

question,Kellypushedthelawnmowerrightthroughtheflowerbedattheedgeofthelawn—leavingatwo-foot

widepathleveledtotheground!

[2]WhenDavidturnedbackaroundandsawwhathadhappened,adputa

lotogantoraisehisvoice

tohisson,Janwalkedquicklyovertohim,putherhandonhisshoulderandsaid,"David,pleaserememberwe're

raisingchildren,notflowers!"

[3]dtheirself-esteemare

dowpaneshatteredbyabaseball,a

lampknockedoverbyacarelesschild,wersare

remembernottoaddtothedestructionbybreakingachild'sspiritanddeadeninghissense

ofliveliness.

[4]IwasbuyingasportcoatafewweeksagoandMarkMichaels,theownerofthestore,andIwere

discussingparenting(parentaleducation).Hetoldmethatwhileheandhiswifeandseven-year-olddaughterwere

outfordinner,hewaterwascleanedupwithoutany

recriminatingremarksfromherparents,shelookedupandsaid,"Youknow,Ireallywanttothankyouguysfor

myfriends'parentswouldhaveyelledatthemandgiventhemalectureabout

fornotdoingthat!"

[5]Once,whenIwashavingdinnerwithsomefriends,ive-year-oldson

eyimmediatelystartedinonhim,Iintentionallyknocked

myglassover,tartedtoexplainhowIstillknockthingsoverevenattheageof48,theboystartedto

yitistoforgetthatweareallstill

learning.

[6]Irecentlyheardastoryaboutafamousresearchscientistwhohadmadeseveralveryimportantmedical

einginterviewedbyanewspaperreporterwhoaskedhimwhyhethoughthewasableto

besomuchmorecreativethantheaverageperson.

[7]Herespondedthat,inhisopinion,itallcamefromanexperiencewithhismotherthatoccurredwhenhe

eentryingtoremoveabottleofmilkfromtherefrigeratorwhenhelosthisgrip

ontheslipperybottleanditfell,spillingitscontentsalloverthekitchenfloor—averitableseaofmilk!

[8]Whenhismothercameintothekitchen,insteadofyellingathim,givinghimalectureorpunishinghim,

shesaid,"Robert,whatagreatandwonderfulmessyouhavemade!Ihaverarelyseensuchahugepuddleofmilk.

Well,ouliketogetdownandplayinthemilkforafewminutes

beforewecleanitup?"

[9]Indeed,fewminutes,hismothersaid,"Youknow,Robert,wheneveryoumakeamesslike

this,e,howwouldyouliketodo

that?Wecoulduseasponge,oyouprefer?"Hechosethespongeandtogetherthey

cleanedupthespilledmilk.

[10]Hismotherthensaid,"Youknow,whatwehavehereisafailedexperimentinhowtoeffectivelycarrya

'sgooutinthebackyardandfillthebottlewithwaterandseeifyoucan

discoverawaytocarryitwithoutdroppingit."Thelittleboylearnedthatifhegraspedthebottleatthetopnear

thelipwithbothhands,onderfullesson!

[11]Thisrenowned(eminent)scientistthenremarkedthatitwasatthatmomentthatheknewhedidn'tneed

d,helearnedthatmistakeswerejustopportunitiesforlearningsomethingnew,

whichis,afterall,theexperiment"doesn'twork",weusually

learnsomethingvaluablefromit.

[12]Wouldn'titbegreatifallparentswouldrespondthewayRobert'smotherrespondedtohim?

[13]Onelaststorythatillustratestheapplicationofthisattitudeinanadultcontextwastoldontheradio

womanwasdrivinghomefromworkwhenshesnaggedherfenderonthebumperof

intearsassheexplainedthatitwasanewcar,

sheevergoingtoexplainthedamagedcartoherhusband?

[14]Thedriveroftheothercarwassympathetic,butexplainedthattheymustnoteeachother'slicense

oungwomanreachedintoalargebrownenvelopetoretrievethe

documents,vymasculinescrawlwerethesewords:"Incaseofaccident...

remember,honey,it'syouIlove,notthecar!"

[15]Let'srememberthatourchildren'do,

self-esteemandloveblossomwillgrowmorebeautifullythananybedofflowersevercould.(993words)

ABOUTTHEAUTHOR

JackCanfieldisthefounderandco-creatoroftheNewYorkTimes#1best-sellingChickenSoupfortheSoul

bookseries,whichcursothe

founderofSelf-EsteemSeminars,locatedinSantaBarbara,California,whichtrainsentrepreneurs,educators,

corporateleadersandemployeeshowtoacceleratetheachievementoftheirpersonalandprofessionalgoals.

ReadingComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatements.

dKellydowhenhisfatherturnedtoanswerhismother'squestion?

edthemoweraroundattheendofthelawn.

edthelawnmowertotheedgeoftheflowerbed.

hroughtheflowerbedwiththelawnmower.

pedontheflowerbedanddamagedtheflowers.

lly'sfathersawwhathadhappened,hebeganto_____.

ishandtobeatKelly

icklyovertoKelly

theflowerbedimmediately

ellyloudly

ingtotheauthor,oneofthemostimportantthingsforbeingaparentis_____.

theirchildrenfrombeingnaughty

enttheirchildrenfrommakingmistakes

estroytheirchildren'ssenseofsell-esteem

ivetoomuchinstructiontotheirchildren

earnfromMarkMichael'sdaughterthatafterachildhasmadeamistake,mostparents_____.

'tgiveanyrecriminatingremarkstothechild

echildalectureonhowtobehave

'tcriticizethechild

'tknowhowtotreatthechild

eauthorwashavingdinnerwithhisfriends,heintentionallyknockedhisglassmilkinorderto

_____.

athestillknocksthingsoverevenatage48

eparentsthatwecanalwayslearnfrommistakes

eparentsknowthatitisacommonmistaketoknockaglassofmilk

intthatchildrenshouldn'tbeyelledatwhentheymakemistakes

oncludefromthistextthattoomuchblameandinstructionsonchildrenmayconfinetheir

developmentin_____.

ality

ftertherenownedscientistspilledthemilkalloverthekitchenfloorattheageoftwohismother

_____.

agedhimtodothesamethingagain

playinthemilkforawhile

himhowtodothingcorrectly

himcleanitup

ingtotherenownedscientist,children'smistakesare_____.

fulexperiences

abletreasures

aststoryaboutthecaraccident,theladywasintearsbecause_____.

identwascausedbyherfault

seriouslyscaredbytheaccident

afraidofbeingblamedbyherhusband

topayagreatsumfortheaccident

leofthepassage“We'reRaisingChildren,NotFlowers"means_____.

everraisechildreninthesamewayaswegrowflowers

materialthingsarenotasbeautifulasourchildren

gchildrenisdifferentfromgrowingflowers

enandtheirself-esteemaremoreimportantthananymaterialthings

VOCABULARYITEMS

：nethatcutsgrass割草机-esteem：'sgoodopinionofone'sworth自重，自尊

：esheetofglassinawindow窗玻璃r：ksuddenlyandviolentlyintosmall

piece破成碎片inate：se(sb.)inreturn互相责备：ithastrongloudsound

喊叫：v.(fig.)tosmilehappilyandcheerfully(喻)高兴地微笑：old紧握，抓紧9.

veritable：;rightlynamed真正的，名副其实的：poolofwater小水潭

：rameworkusedtosoakwaterinbathing海绵：ofcoarsecloth,rags

fastenedattheendofastickforcleaningfloors拖把：honabranchorobstacle阻碍；使（船）

触礁：防护板：atkeepsacarfrombumps(汽车)

保险杆om：edforthedisplayofgoods货品陈列室hetic：g

sympathy表同情ve：gback取回ine：男性的：gor

drawingquicklyorcarelessly潦草地写或画m：r花non：tobegincriticizingsb.

开始责骂f：donanargumentorposition放弃原来的主张；打退堂鼓,deal->deer/library.

Lesson3

READINGSELECTIONA

WhuppingFatAlbert

ByRudolphGiuliani

[1]reyesightpreventedhimfrombecomingtheprizefighterhe

wantedtobe,butat6feetandalean150pounds,rstoodthesportandwould

describefightstomeingreatdetail,explainingthestrategiesandtechniquesofthegreatfighters,menlikeSugar

RayRobinson,JoeLouis,WilliePep,RockyMarciano,andJerseyJoeWalcott.

[2]Inboxing,hesaid,sthebestlessonmyfatherever

taughtme—staycalm,whostaysunruffledhas

agreatadvantageinbeingabletohelpothers,tocontrolthesituation,hterwholoseshiscoolthe

firsttimehe'mainscalm,evenwhilehe'sbeinghit,hecan

lookforopportunitiestohitback.

[3]terheretired,he

alwaysworeajacketand,usually,shymanwhokepttohimself,andhe'dspendhisoffhours

orlivedanotherfamily,andthefatherwasalsoa

ereason,myuncledislikedhim—perhapshe',this

guyhadasonnamedAlbert,abigfatkid,twoyearsolderthanme—took

'dknockthemdownandrollonthem.

[4]MyuncleusedtoreadSpring3100,lookingatit—stilldo,infact.I

wouldporeoverUncleWillie'scopy,butonlyforsolong—

fSpring

3100wasbyhisside.

[5]"Youwantthismagazine,right?"

[6]"Yes,"Ireplied.

[7]"Youwantittokeep?"

[8]"Sure!'

[9]"BeatupAlbert,andI'llgiveyouthemagazine."

[10]"Whatdoyoumean?"

[11]UncleWilliesaid,"Look,yourfather'coupleofjabslikeyourold

manshowedyouandAlbertwillstartcrying—he'safatslobandbulliesareneverastoughastheyseem."

[12]Iwasreluctant,leWillieshowedmethemagazine

andletmeholdit,beforetakingitbackandrepeatingthatitwouldbemineassoonasIgotAlberttocryuncle.

[13]Alittlewhilelater,UncleWilliewassittinginhisusualchair,whenIsawAlbertuptohisusualtricks,

pushingsomekidsaround,'owisthatI

foundmyselfinafightwithhim,justthetwoofus.

[14]Istartedjabbingathisface—boom,boom,boom,exactlyasI'dbeentaught—andtheywerelanding,

neverlaidahandonme—orifhedid,Ididn'estartedbleeding,ashiner

wasrisingnicely,turnedandranhome.

[15]Iwenthome,too,ppedmehardacrosstheface."Apologizerightnow,and

I''sgoingtogiveyouarealbeating."

[16]"Idon'twanttoapologize,"Imumbled."Hestartedit."ForthatIgotasecondslap.

[17]Albertwasstillcrying,andIbegrudginglysaid,"I'msorry,Albert."Mymothermadeusshakehands

edatmyuncle,andthought,atleasthecouldgivemethe

dn'20minuteslater,hisdaughter,

mycousinEvangeline,carryinghiscopyofSpring3100."Mydadwantedyoutohavethis,"

shesaid."Sinceyouhavetostayinallday."illiewasstillthere,underhistree,

andhegavemeanod—asmuchforkeepingmymouthshut,Iknew,asforwhippingAlbert.

[18]Myfathercamehomethatevening,hearthem

isfault,mymothersaid,ldgivemea

lickingI'ercameuptome,butbeforehecouldadoptasuitablefaceofdisapproval,he

blurted,"YouwhippedAlbert?Godalmighty!He'stwoyearsolderthanyou,and25poundsheavier!"

[19]Standinguptobulliesmightsoundlikeaglibcalltobemacho,

ofthebestreasonstoletbulliesknowyouwon'tbackdownfromafightissothatitdoesn'tgettothatpointoften.

That'snotjustatheory—thereweremanytimesinmyadministrationwhenanearlyconfrontationledtofarless

't8:esday,July17,1996,TWAFlight800

230onboardtheParis-bound747,whichhadtakenoff

fromKennedyInternationalAirport,unityresponseteamandIgottothescenewithinan

hourandsetupanassistancecenterattheRamadaPlazaHotelneartheairporttoprovideaidandcounselingto

familymembers.

[20]Whenwegotthere,thefirstthingwetriedtodowasobtainthemanifestsowecouldbesurewhohad

esarerequiredbylawtocompileacompletelistofpassengersoninternationalflights,

includingfullnames,passportinformation,formationissupposed

case,by11:30p.m.,TWAsaid229peoplewere

thenextday,ntheafternoon,theyputthenumber

tedlydemandedanaccuratepassengerlistfromTWAbutwasgiveneveryexcusewhytheairline

couldn'eCEOoftheairline,

JeffreyErickson,wewouldtalk

whenhegottoNewYork,thathewantedto"liaise"'tagreetoliaisewithpeopleIhaven'

thenIthought,well,maybeIshouldn'tbesojudgmentalbasedontheuseofoneword.

[21]Bythenextday,icksonfinallyshowed

up,headdressedthefamiliesandthepressatKennedyAirport,sedtotakea

dnothingtowhatwealreadyknew;therewascertainlynothingtoliaiseabout.

[22]Onbehalfofthefamiliesofthepassengers—andwithaneyetowardfuturedisasters—Idecidedtomake

ralnationalshowsandonallthelocalchannels,IcriticizedTWAforcaringmoreabout

ay,IrecordedmyweeklyWABCradio

showfromtheRamadaandsaid,"TheuppermanagementofTWAincompetentlyhandledthenotificationprocess

ntinuestobeexacerbatedbytheirnottellingthetruthaboutwhathappened."

[23]Threemonthslater,twasn'ythesizeofNewYork,disasters

dleadersofcompaniesinvolvedinanyfuturedisastertounderstandjustwhatwasexpected

ofthem—clear,honest,singtokeepquietaboutTWA'sbehavior,Imadesurethe

consequencesofputtingcorporateneedsaheadofhumansufferingwereunderstood.(1,388words).

OUTTHEAUTHOR

RudolphWilliamLouis"Rudy"GiulianiIII(bornMay28,1944)servedastheMayorofNewYorkfrom

January1,1994throughDecember31,2001.

SCOREBOARD

ReadingTime(minutesand

seconds)

ReadingSpeed

(wordsperminute)

CorrectinReading

ComprehensionQuestions(%)

EXERCISES

gComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatements.

hGiuliani'sfatherwas_____.

winfightswithtechniques

formedofboxing

ategiesandtechniquesofagreatfighterthatRudolphGiulianilearnedfromhisfather_____.

terusedwhenhegrewup

'deintotheorybyGiuliani

illiedidn'tliketheirneighboringpolicemanprobablybecause_____.

nfairwhileexecutingthelaw

crazyandunreasonableman

deGiulianidecidetobeatAlbert?

tookadvantageofhissizetobullyotherkids.

usedtointimidateGiuliani.

nididn'tlikehim.

niwantedtokeepapolicemagazine.

ightingbetweenGiulianiandAlbert,Albert_____.

almostallhistargets

adanychancetousehishands

iuliani'sfatherwastoldaboutthefightinghe_____.

ulianiarealbeating

'hissonasanencouragement

oryofstandinguptobullies_____.

eavytollinGiuliani'slaterlife

averyusefulstrategyinGiuliani'slife

arlessfightinginGiuliani'slaterlife

himwininhisrunningforthemayor

nicriticizedTWAcompanyfor_____.

nabletoprovideanaccuratepassengerlist

ngtoliaisewithGiuliani

eringofitself

'sbelatedshowingup

timportantreasonforErickson'sresignationisthat_____.

tothepublicaboutthetruthofhiscompany

hedidn'tliveuptotheexpectationsofthepublic

panywasinvolvedinadisasterinwhichtoomanypeoplewerekilled

hewasincompetentindealingwiththeirbusinesspartners

nidisclosedtheTWA'smisconductbecausehewantedtotellthecompaniesthat_____.

stpaypriceiftheycareabouttheircompany'interestsmorethanhumaninjuriesandloss

llloseinthecompetitionwiththeirrivalsiftheyputtheirneedsaheadofhumansuffering

sconsequenceswillfollowiftheydon'tcorporatewiththecity'sgovernmentinadisaster

ieswillsufferalotiftheydon'tcommunicatewiththepublichonestlyandtimely

lary

Readthefollowingsentencesanddecidewhichofthefourchoicesbeloweachsentenceisclosestinmeaning

totheunderlinedword.

ionallyitisapeacefulevent,withoutconfrontationbetweenpoliceandwhattheydescribeasthe

hippyconvoy.

ction

dryisoneofthemostsuccessfulfootballcoachesinNationalFootballLeaguehistory,andhewas

knownforhisunruffledmannerandfiercecompetitiveness.

uction,heofferedridiculouslylowbidsandintimidatedotherwould-bebuyerssothathecould

buybackthefarmatanextremelylowprice.

d

hebossannouncedthathewouldmovethecompanytoLosAngeles,alltheemployees

begrudginglyacceptedtheplanastheywereafraidoflosingthejob.

antly

withADHDhavedifficultykeepingtheirmindsononething;theymayrunintothestreetwithout

lookingblurtoutinappropriatecommentsinclass,andinterruptconversations.

ndantLaborpressofficermumbled:"We'reshamelessaren'twe?"

ed

thecongressionalelectionsof1866,JohnsoncampaignedforhisReconstructionProgram,buthis

asperatedhimintoheatedandundignifiedarguments.

d

maryintas

fullyinformedaboutthesituation.

ate

ultmarketconditionswereexacerbatedwhenKoreantannersenteredtheUKandNewZealandraw

materialmarkets,drivingupprices.

lmaterialtobeshownwillhavebeencompiledintheknowledgethatitwouldbemadeavailable.

ed

thebestwordorexpressionfromthelistgivenforeachblankeachwordorexpressiononlyonceand

makeproperchangeswherenecessary.

takeatollonendupporeoverslapbully

loseone'scoolbeupcomeinhandystrategypromptly

apersandradiotowershavecausedthedeaths

ofhundredsofthousandsofmigratingbirds.

stayedcalmatthemomentanddidn'tlosehercool.

likedrivingitsomuchthatweendupusingitallthetime.

ldrememberfromMayhew'saccountthatthebootsalsocomeinhandyforkickingpolicemenand

othertraditionalfoesofthecosters.

unchbreaksDoisneauporedoverbooksonphotography,andatweekendshesetoffalonewitha

heavywoodencameraandtripodtocapturethefirstofthe"personal"photographsthatwouldbethebasisofhis

life'swork.

ghtthewoman,whodidnotwishtobenamed,said:"I'mreallyfurious,I'djustlovetoslaphimon

hisnastyface."

tellbythelookonhisfacethatsomethingwasup.

ialinformationontheprogressoftheprojectisconveyedthroughoutitsdurationandanyenforced

changesarenotifiedpromptly.

eofaseriesofreleasers,oneaftertheother,isastrategyfrequentlyemployedincommunication.

't,infact,averyniceboy,abullyandratherstupid.

epassagecandidlyandchoosethehestanswerfrom

hblank.

or,chosenbyacitywideelectorate

forafour-yearterm,orhasaleadershiproleinbudget-making,authorityto

organizeandreorganizeadministrativeagenciesandto2andremovetheirheads,astrongveto(否决权),and

ptroller(审计官),electedonacitywidebasisfora

four-yearterm,recommendsfinancialpoliciesandadvisesthemayorandthecitycouncilinthepreparationofthe

3.

Thereareninemajoradministrativeagencies,iceandfiredepartmentsarenot

4asadministrations,nimportantcityagenciesincludetheboardof

education,theboardofhighereducation,thehealthandhospitalscorporation,andthehousingauthority.5two

majoragenciesarebi-stateorregionalincharacter:thePortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJersey,which

controlsairportsandinterstatebuses,andtheTransportationAuthority,whichcontrolssubwayandbusoperations

inthecityandrailroadserviceinNewYorkandConnecticut.

Legislativeauthorityis6bythecitycouncil,madeupof51members,whoareelectedfrom7districts

8officeristhepublicadvocate,chosenforafour-yeartermbyacitywideelectorate.

tpowerfulmemberofthecouncilisthespeaker,whoischosenbya

ncilintroducesand

legislatesalllawsandapprovesthebudget;itcanoverrideamayoralvetobyavoteoftwo-thirdsofallthe

members.

ive

e

ll

d

t

ummary

ty

ation

PutthefollowingpartsintoChinese.

whostaysunruffledhasagreatadvantageinbeingabletohelpothers,tocontrolthesituation,to

hterwholoseshiscoolthefirsttimehe'shitwillendupflatonhisbackonthecanvas.

能够保持冷静的人占据很大优势。他们能够帮助别人；能够控制局势，并能使情况转危为安。如果一

个拳击手挨了第一下就失去了冷静的话，那他最终一定会被打倒在拳台上。

nguptobulliesmightsoundlikeaglibcalltobemacho,

ofthebestreasonstoletbulliesknowyouwon'tbackdownfromafightissothatitdoesn'tgettothatpointoften.

勇敢地面对强者听上去像是很轻松地叫你去作个男子汉大丈夫，但实际做起来是要付出代价的。在一

场拳击中要让恃强凌弱的对手知道你不会倒下的最佳理由之一就是你不轻易倒下。

ermanageme

continuestobeexacerbatedbytheirnottellingthetruthaboutwhathappened.

环球航空公司的上层管理人员没能及时、准确地向遇难者家属通报，更严重的是他们隐瞒了事实的真

相。

onthslater,twasn'ythesizeofNewYork,disasters

dleadersofcompaniesinvolvedinanyfuturedisastertounderstandjustwhatwasexpected

ofthem—clear,honest,singtokeepquietaboutTWA'sbehavior,Imadesurethe

consequencesofputtingcorporateneedsaheadofhumansufferingwereunderstood.

三个月后Erickson辞职了，但这不是最重要的。在纽约这样的大城市中灾难在所难免，我只是希望今

后任何公司遇到灾难时，公司的领导应该明白在灾难发生时，公众希望他们能清楚、诚实并及时地告知事

实的真相。在环球航空公司的事件中我没有保持沉默就是想要明确地告诉他们，如果他们把公司的需求放

在人民生命损失之上会有什么样的结果。

acticeandDiscussion

videtheselectionintotwoparts,whereisthebeginningofthesecondpart?Whatisthe

relationshipbetweenthetwoparts?

sthemostimportantskillinboxingthattheauthorlearnedfromhisfather?Andwhatwasthe

advantageofit?

horlikedtheSpring3100magazineverymuch,butwhycouldn'thebuyonehimself?

theauthorlietohismotherthatAlbertstartedthefighting?Didhismotherbelievehim?

panywasunwillingtoprovideanaccurateandtimelypassengerlist,what

didthisshow?

deGiulianiexasperatedintheTWAcase?

indoutwhatGiulianididinhandlingthecrisiswhentheterroristsattackedtheWorldTradeCenter

inNewYorkCityonSeptember11,2001.

VOCABULARYITEMS

：v.(chieflyusedinSouthernU.S.)todefeat,ping,strikingorbeating(whip的变体)(美俚)

大胜

led：;notupsetoragitated平静，镇定

：orofaboxingring拳击场的地板

：;unpleasant肮脏的，令人不快的

date：ingsth.胁迫

-house：atingwithinanorganization,company,etc.内部的

：roughbloworthrust猛击，猛刺

：santlydirtyandrudeperson肮脏粗鲁的人

：apersonwhouseshisstrengthorpowertofrightenorhurtthosewhoareweaker恃强凌弱者

：llowsound低沉的声音

r：ye(跌，打伤的)黑眼圈

：eflatpartofone'shand掴；拍

：kindistinctly

gingly：gunwillingnessordissatis咕哝

：emphasizehowbad,stupid,unfair,;damnit该死的

g：g打，鞭打

：tthoughtlessly脱口说出某事

：ndsmoothbutnotsincere圆滑的，口齿流利的

：thecharacteristicsofman男子汉，大丈夫

ntation：ment,fight,orbattle冲突，对抗

st：ledlist详细名单

e：ectandputtogethermanypiecesofinformation搜集，编制

：blishlinkorconnection建立联系contact

rate：tate;makeangerworse激怒，加深愤怒

und：cisiveorevasiveresponse借口；躲闪；拖延

bate：pain,diseaseorsituationworse加重，使恶化

handy：toprovetobeuseful发现后来有用

er：tostudywithcloseattention仔细研究

ollonsb.：tobringheavylossesto使遭受损伤

：tobegoingon发生了什么事

NOTES

:famousAmericanRayRobinson,WilliePep,RockyMarcianoandJersyJoeWalcott:boxers:

famousAmericanboxers

:Trans-WorldAirlines

land:anislandinsouthwestNewYork

-bound:goingtoorheadingforParis

:udesnews,weather,sports,traffic,lotteryresults,

community.

:achainhotel

READINGSELECTIONB

ByBenCarson

[1]sinschoolweremiserableand,thethingwas,Ididn't

knowenoughtoreallycare.

[2]rbrother,Curtis,andIlivedwithMominadingymulti-familyhouse

intheDelraysectionofDetroit,ewas

crampedandpoorlyfurnished,self-insulating

ignoranceofkids,wewereonlydimlyawareofthedifficultiesourmotherhadkeepingthingstogetherwhile

workingthreedifferentjobsasa'domestic'.

[3]Ourworldwasbasicallylikethis:Getschooloverwith,thenplayfootballorbasketball,doalittle"apple

raiding"fromaneighbor'washomeafterdarkto

herandIknewatanytimewhatwasoneverychannel.

[4]inggradesinschool

her,SonyaCarson,was

noticedsomethinginthesuburbanhousesshe

cleaned—amehomeoneday,snappedofftheTV,satusdownandexplainedthathersonswere

goingtomakesomethingofthemselves."Youboysaregoingtoreadtwobookseveryweek,"shesaid."And

you'regoingtowritemeareportonwhatyouread."

[5]Wemoanedandcomplainedabouthowunfairitwas,at

didn'tworkwethought,well,maybeshe's,wedidn'thaveanybooks

inthehouseotherthanMom'sBible.

[6]Butsheexplainedthatwewouldgowherethebookswere:"Illdriveyoutothelibrary."Soprettysoon

therewerethesetwopeevish,disconsolateboyssittinginherwhite1959Oldsmobileontheirwaytothe

animals,sowhenIsawsomebooksthatseemedto

beaboutanimals,Istartedleafingthroughthem.

[7]boutbeaversandhowtheylived

visionprogramhadevertaken

mesofarawayfrommysurroundingsasdidthisverbalvisittoacoldstreaminaforestandtheseanimals

buildingahome.

[8]Itdidn'tdawnonmeatthetime,ere

uldreturntothemagainandagainwiththeflipof

apage.

[9]SoonIvered

scoveredsomethingmuchmore

important:notonlydidIliketoread,butIcouldabsorbmoreinformation,morequickly,throughtheprintedword

thanIeverdidfromsoundsorimages.

[10]Imovedonfromanimalstoplantsandthentootherfields.

[11]Betweenthecoversofallthosebookswerewholeworlds,

thewayafunnythinghappened:Istartedtoknowthings.

[12]Onlyyearslaterwouldwerealizethatourmotherwasilliterateandcouldnotreadeventhoseshortbook

ally,though,shenotonlylearnedtoreadbutwentontoearnher

general-educationdiploma.

[13]NowCurtisisanengineerandIamchiefofpediatricneurosurgeryatJohnsHopkinsChildren'sCenter

mesIstillcan'tbelievemylife'sjourney,fromafailingandindifferentstudentinaDetroit

publicschooltoaYaleUniversityscholarship,theUniversityofMichiganMedicalSchoolandfinallythis

position,whichtakesmetoovertheworldtoteachandperformcriticalsurgery.

[14]ButIknowwhenthejourneybegan—thedayMomsnappedofftheTVsetandputusinherOldsmobile

forthatdrivetothelibrary.(742words)

SCOREBOARD

ReadingTime(inutesandseconds)ReadingSpeed(wordsperminute)CorrectinPending(wordsper

minute)

ReadingComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatements.

isfroma(n)_____.

yfamily

-classfamily

ifthgrade,'spoormarks_____.

nothingimportanttohim

mawareofhisproblem

eywereyoung,andhisbrother_____.

washardfortheirmothertomakeendsmeet

'tknowtheirmotherworkedinotherpeople'shouses

eirmotherwasbrightandsmart

'tknowtheirmothercouldn'treadandwrite

andhisbrotherdidn'thaveTVGuidebecause_____.

uldrememberwhatwasshownonTV

uldn'taffordtobuyaTVGuide

otherwouldnotallowthemtowatchTV

lywatchedTVataregulartime

'smotheraskedhersonstoreadbooksandwritebookreportsbecause_____.

thereweremanybooksinthehousesofrichpeople

tedtoknowhowwellhersonscouldreadandwrite

tedhersonstobesuccessfulinthefuture

veryinterestedinreadingherself

sthoughttheirmotherwasnotseriousaboutaskingthemtowritebookreportsbecause_____.

uirementwasunfair

hildrendidn'twritebookreports

otherwasalwaysforgetful

dn'thavebooksathomeexcepttheBible

becameinterestedinreading_____.

agreatnumberofpicturebooks

dreadingcouldhelpbuildhisimagination

dreadingcouldtaketheplaceofwatchingTV

dgetasmuchinformationthroughreadingasthroughTV

eadinginDetroitlibrary,_____.

himselftobeadoctor

edhisgeneraleducation

skinghersonstoreadandwritereports,'smother_____.

orkhardertosupportthem

edherowngeneraleducation

highschoolstoreceiveherbasiceducation

ascholarherself

rytellsus_____.

authorbecameasuccessfuldoctor

ghasmanyadvantagesoverwatchingTV

lliteratemotherledhersonstothewaytosuccess

frompoorfamiliescouldbesuccessfulbyreading

VOCABULARYITEMS

：antedforsomereasons,s广播呼叫某人

：edwithsmokeanddirt;dirtyandfaded阴暗的；肮脏的或褪色的

：ningorcoveredwithsmallpiecesofahardmaterial,含砂的，被砂覆盖的

d；dinspace狭窄的

-insulalting：ingoneselffromotherpeople自我隔离的

ic：holdservant佣人

：torattackaplace袭击

r：t;setoff引发，触发

：lain抱怨

h：-tempered坏脾气的

solate：adj.(typicallyofaperson)hopelesslysad,illingtobecomforted

郁闷的，忧伤的

：fwaterandlandanimalofratfamily海狸

：,relatingto,orassociatedwithwords文字的

：ementtoturnpages翻页

：;quiet安静的

ary：dplace,suchasachurch,temple,ormosque圣地，神圣的场所

ur：everaltypesofverylargelong-tailedcreaturesthatlivedinprehistorictimesandno

longerexist恐龙

e：fcreaturewhosebloodchangestemperatureaccordingtothetemperaturearoundit,which

iscoveredinroughskin,andtypicallygoesalongthegroundornearit爬行动物

：alofthetypewhichisfedwhenyoungonmilkfromthemother'sbody

：einacarelessway潦草地写

ric：ningwithchildrenandtheirdiseases儿科的

urgery：yonanypartofthenervoussystem神经外科

ingstogether：tomakeendsmeet维持生计

f：toturnoff关掉

selves：tobesuccessful取得成功

：tobecomegraduallyknownbysb.渐渐为…所明白或理解

NOTES

anhouse:thehouseinanouterareaofatownorcity,ypeoplelive郊区住宅

:akindoftoygun一种玩具枪

3.1959Oldsmobile:deintheU.S.(Itmeansveryoldinthistext.)1959

年产的Oldsmobile汽车

:toberealized被认识到

l-education:usuallygivenbyajuniororcommunitycollegewitha2-yearprogramofeducationor

technicaltrainingthatserveseitherasterminalschoolingoraspreparationformorespecializedstudyina4-year

collegeoruniversity大专教育

Lesson4

READINGSELECTIONA

TheTransformationofMarriage

ByStephenBertman

[1]Tobesure,oursisnotthefirsttimeinmodernhistorywheneffortshavebeenmadetoredefinetraditional

munal"groupmarriages"ofthe1960sandtheindividualistic"openmarriages"ofthe1970s

eachchalquencyof

cohabitation,whetherasapreludetoorasasubstituteforaceremonywithlegalforce,hasfurtherunderminedthe

hesechallenges,however,wereorarepredicated

uponarelationshipthatisheterosexual,trecentandradical

challengetotraditionalmarriage,however,rejectsthisreligioustemplate.

Same-SexMarriage:ActionandReaction

[2]Inspiredbytheactivisminthe1960sthatsecuredpoliticalandeconomicrightsforblacksandwomen,

Americangaysandlesbiansmobilizedtoendwhattheyviewedasthediscriminatorypracticeofgranting

tedinhisbook,

TheCaseforSame-SexMarriage(FreePress,1996):"Marriageisthemostimportantrightthestatehastooffer,

inpartbecausebeingmarriedentailsdozensofassociatedrights,benefits,andobligationsunderstateandfederal

law."Thesepertaintosuchmattersasparenthood,propertyownership,guardianship,andinheritance.

[3]OutsidetheUnitedStates,however,effortstolegitimizesame-sexmarriagehavemetwithmoresuccess.

In2001theNetherlandsbecamethefirstnationintheworldtoprovidecivilmarriageceremoniesforhomosexual

2003,2002and2003,courtsinthreeCanadianProvincesruledthatthe

denialofmarriagetosame-sexcouplesconstitutedaviolationofCanada'sCharterofRights.

InterspeciesMarriage

[4]Theexplorationofouterspacemayresultinthecolonizationofplanets—andthepotentialforthesexual

hereportsofindividualabductionshereonEarthforthepurposeof

reproductiveexperimentsmayrightlyorwronglybedismissedasdelusional,theintentofthepeopleofEarthto

explrsuchextraterrestriallifeexists,

orwhetherexplorersfromEarthwilleverencounteritandmatewithit,cannotbeknownatpresent,butthe

hatjurisdiction(s),ifany,suchmarriageswilloccur,andwithwhatbiological

andsocialconsequences,canalsonotbeknown.

[5]Yet,thepotentialforinterspeciesmarriagealreadyexistsonourownplanet—notforsexualor

reproductivepurposes,butforvalidemotionalonessimilartothosethathavemotivatedhumancouplesdown

throughhistory.

[6]Ithasbeensaidthatthedogisman'ence,petcemeteriesexistwherethelastremains

ofloyalandlovingpetshavebeeninterredwithameasureofdignityandrespectequaltothataccordedtohuman

ensingofpetownershiphaslongbeenafunctionofgovernment,andsomepetshops

carefullyscreentheintentionsandcharacterofprospectivehumanapplicantsbeforegrantingthemrightstopet

,moreover,havesometimesbeennamedasbeneficiariesintheirmasters'ormistresses'wills.

[7]Whythen,onemightask,shouldnotanindividualchoosetoaffirmtheemotionalattachmentheorshe

feelsforapetwiththeformalityofadocumentedceremonyinwhichthehumanparticularpromisestoloveand

honortheanimalcompanion?Thoughthedevotedpetwouldbeunabletoverballyacknowledgeitswillingnessto

enterintosucharelationship,affidavitscouldbeobtainedfromwitnessesattestingtothecaringandaffectionate

bondbetweenpetandowner.

[8]Toproposethepossibilityofinterspeciesmarriageisnottodemeanthedesireofhumancouples,whether

heterosexualorhomosexual,,itismeanttosuggestthattheconceptofmarriageasasociallyand

spirituallysanctionedpartnershipneednotberestrictedtohumansaloneifthepartnerstothearrangementare

boundbyaclearsenseoflovingandlifelongcommitment.

MarriageofhumanBeingandInanimateObject

[9]Iftheelementofsexualityisremovedfromthedefinitionofmarriage,thenthemarriageofhumanbeings

toinanimateobjectsbecomestheoreticallypossible.

[10]CriticsofAmericansocietyhavefrequentlyobservedhowAmericansare"wedded"totheirmaterial

htnotsucharelationshipbevalidatedbyceremony?

[11]Manymenareinlovewiththeircars,especiallyclassicmodels,andexpendsignificantamountsoftime

licenseboththerighttodriveandthecommitmentofthedrivertothecar

thatfaithfullyserveshim?Therelationshipwouldterminateintheeventofirreparablemechanicalbreakdown

(equivalenttothedeathofaspouse)orthedisposalofthecarbysale(equivalenttodivorce).

[12]Manyanindividual,moreover,hasformedanintimaterelationshipwithhisorhercomputer,spending

longhoursinitsclosecompany,thecomputercouldnotexpress

itsdesireformonogamousunion,itsacknowledgmentofasecretpassword,itsabilitytokeepsecretsthatitshares

onlywithitsoperator,anditsinstantaneouscompliancewouldsignalitsfaithfulnessandobedience.

IsMarriageNecessary?

[13]Naturally,somewouldarguethataweddingceremonybetweenourselvesandourmaterialpossessions

albenefits,afterall,wouldaccruetoinanimateobjectsfromsuchan

teverbenefitswouldaccruetous,wealreadyhave.

[14]Someday,infact,theoriginalnotionofmarriagemayseemasemanticartifactofalostworld.(983

words)

ABOUTTHEAUTHOR

StephenBertmanisProfessorofLanguages,Literatures,andCulturesatCanada'

istheauthorofHyperculture,TheHumanCostofSpeed(Praeger,1998),andmanyotherbooks.

EXERCISES

gComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatements.

ingtothepassage,thetraditionalmarriagerefersto_____.

igioustemplatemarriage

ividualisticopenmarriage

lockofadiscreteanddistinctivestate

lockwithacontractbetweenamanandawoman

ingtothepassage,whatwasitlikeinthe1960s?

arriageswereverypopular.

anblackswerenolongerdiscriminatedagainst.

stmovementbegantoriseinAmericansociety.

e-sexmarriagewasconsideredabnormal.

geJr.,_____.

-sexmarriageshouldbemadelegalbyAmericangovernment

tofficialmarriagestatus,gaysandlesbiansmaylosesomerightsandbenefits

gelicensesshouldonlybegrantedtoheterosexualcouples

dlesbianshavealwaysbeenseriouslydiscriminatedagainstinthecountry

horbelievesthat_____.

oplehavebeenabductedbyaliensfromouterspace

lusionaltomeetextraterrestriallivesinouterspace

itepossiblethatextraterrestriallivesexistinouterspace

lorationofouterspacehasapracticalmeaningforthecolonizationofplanets

roughhistory,themostimportantpurposeofhumanmarriagehasbeen_____.

uctive

horimpliesinthearticlethat_____.

tshavebeenburiedashonorablyaspeople

ouldnotbeinterredintocemeteries

ouldnotbebeneficiariesintheirmasters'ormistresses'wills

peciesmarriagehasdemeanedthedesireofhumanmarriage

horproposesthepossibilityofinterspeciesmarriagebasedontheconceptthatmarriageisalife

partnership_____.

onedbythesociety

yloveandlifelongcommitment

ingspiritualandfinancialsupport

gasabasicunitofasociety

horproposesthepossibilityofmarriagewithinanimateobjectsbecausehethinks_____.

elationshipshouldbevalidatedbyceremony

nareindulgedininanimateobjects

oplehaveintimaterelationshipwithinanimateobjects

initionofmarriagecanbeextendedtonon-sexualrelationship

ingtotheauthor,_____.

ngceremonybetweenhumanandinanimateobjectsisunnecessary

opleloveinanimateobjectsmorethantheylovepeople

gewithinanimateobjectswouldaccruealotofmaterialpossessionstous

puterhasdeprivedmanypeopleoftheopportunitytocontactothers

ingtotheauthor,thenotionofmarriagewill_____.

geddramaticallyinthefuture

foundinthedictionariesinthefuture

thesameasitsoriginal

earinpeople'slifeinthefuture

lary

AReadthefollowingsentencesanddecidewhichofthefourchoicesbeloweachsentenceisclosestin

meaningtotheunderlinedword.

earprogressed,thewarinVietnamunderminednationalunity,compellingthepresidentandhis

inAsia.

istedofalotofdiscretespotsofcolor.

parationforthegreatmilitaryoverseasoperationsentailedmonthsofcarefulplanningand

preparation.

ed

eportedtdays

aftertheabductionataperecordingwassenttoalocalradiostation.

ping

ffersfinanciallyandemotionallyashisseriesofdelusionalget-rich-quickschemesgoesbad.

d

ranumberofAfricanAmericansthestrategyoftheCivilRightsMovementwasbeginningto

appeardemeaningandevenirrelevant.

ding

bercountriesoftheorganizationwouldactonlywiththesanctionofUnitedNations.

ization

esareinstantaneoustheycannotbesummoned,butcomeofthemselves,usuallyatunlikely

momentsandtothosewholeastexpectthem.

ironmentalProtectionAgencyestimatedthatthecosttoindustryofcompliancewiththenewrules

couldbeashighas$1billionayear.

bleness

asisofthelaw,thewoman'srightisabsoluteandthatsheisentitledtoterminateherpregnancy

atwhatevertime,inwhateverway,andforwhateverreasonshealonechooses.

hword

orexpressiononlyonceandmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.

extraterrestrialjurisdictiontobesurepertaintofollowsuit

ameasureofbeboundbyafterallacknowledgmentattestto

thorized

toinvestigateallfederalcriminalviolationsthattheUnitedStatesCongresshasnotspecificallyassignedtoother

federalagencies.

andinavianwordswereintroducedintoOldEnglishbytheNorsemen,orVikings,whoinvaded

ucedfirstwerewordspertainingtotheseaandbattle.

ferenceonspaceexploration,aMoscowastronomerproposedthattwointenseradiosourcesmight

indicateattemptsbyextraterrestrialcreaturestolettheirpresencebeknown.

storictemplefoundatStantonDrewin1997

attesttotheearlypresenceofanablepeople.

re,somepeoplemaydisagree,butthatdoesn'tmeanI'mwrong.

stplayertotheleftplaysanycard,andtherestoftheplayers,followsuit.

otbecomerichinbusiness,buthehashadameasureofsuccess.

resentativeoftheUnitedKingdomarguedunsuccessfullythatsuchinterferencewouldonlymake

negotiationsmoredifficult;hedeclinedtoacceptthemorbeboundbythem.

ehasn'tfinishedthework,but,afterall,heisaverybusyman.

ntonadministration,reversingthepolicyofthepreviousBushadministration,supported

acknowledgmentofthegrowingNorth-Southdivisionoftheworldintorichandpoorcountries.

epassagecarefullyandchoosetherightwordor

theformifnecessary.

involveresourcespouseunconventionaluniversallyatthesametime

complicatefurthermorecommittedillustrate

Marriageiscommonlydefinedasapartnershipbetweentwomembersofoppositesexknownashusbandand

r,scholarswhostudyhumancultureandsocietydisagreeonwhethermarriagecanbeuniversally

alrolesandresponsibilitiesofthehusbandandwifeincludelivingtogether,havingsexual

relationsonlywithoneanother,sharingeconomic2resourcesandbeingrecognizedastheparentsoftheir

r,3unmple,

scholarshavestudiedseveralculturalgroupsinAfricaandIndiainwhichhusbandsandwivesdonotlivetogether.

Instead,each4spouseremainsinhisorheroriginalhome,andthehusbandisa"visitor"withsexualrights.

5Committedrelationshipsbetweenhomosexuals(individualswithasexualorientationtowardpeopleofthe

samesex)alsochallengeconventionaldefinitionsofmarriage.

Debatesoverthedefinitionofmarriage6illustrateitsdualnatureasbothapublicinstitutionandaprivate,

nehand,marriage7involvesanemotionalandsexualrelationshipbetween

particularhumanbeings.8Atthesametimemarriageisaninstitutionthattranscendstheparticular

cultures,marriageconnectstwofamiliesina9

complicatedsetofpropertyexchangesinvolvingland,labor,endedfamilyand

societyalsoshareaninterestinanychildrenthecouplemayhave.10Furthermore,thelegalandreligious

definitionsofmarriageandthelawsthatsurrounditusuallyrepresentthesymbolicexpressionofcorecultural

norms(informalbehavioralguidelines)andvalues.

ation

PutthefollowingpartsintoChinese.

quencyofcohabitation,whetherasapreludetoorasasubstituteforaceremonywithlegalforce,

hasfurhesechallenges,however,

wereorarepredicateduponarelationshipthatisheterosexual,fashionedupontheAdam-and-Evetemplate.

无论作为法定婚姻的前奏还是其替代品，同居现象的频繁出现都进一步弱化了婚姻区别于其他结合形

式的独立特征。不管怎样，所有这些打破传统的结合方式一直以来都是建立在亚当一夏娃模式的异性恋基

础之上的。

2WhilethereportsofindividualabductionshereonEarthforthepurposeofreproductiveexperimentsmay

rightlyorwronglybedismissedasdelusional,theintentofthepeopleofEarthtoexploretheuniverseinsearchof

extraterrestriallifeisapracticalreality.

有报告说曾发生过外星人为了做繁衍后代实验而绑架地球人的事件，但不论这些报道是否只是人们的

幻觉，地球人探索宇宙寻找外星人却是事实。

ence,petcemeteriesexistwherethelastremainsofloyalandlovingpetshavebeeninterredwitha

measureofdignityandrespectequaltothataccordedtohumanrelativesandfriends.

证据是，有人为宠物修建墓地，埋藏他们忠实的、亲爱的宠物的遗骨，这些宠物就和人的亲友们一样

获得尊严和敬意。

n,onemightaskshouldnotanindividualchoosetoaffirmtheemotionalattachmentheorshe

feelsforapetwiththeformalityofadocumentedceremonyinwhichthehumanparticularpromisestoloveand

honortheanimalcompanion?

尽管忠实于主人的宠物不能用言语表达愿意结成这种关系，但它们的誓言可以从见证宠物与主人间关

爱和亲密联系的旁观者那里获得。

thedevotedpetwouldbeunabletoverballyacknowledgeitswillingnesstoenterintosucha

relationship,affidavitscouldbeobtainedfromwitnessesattestingtothecaringandaffectionatebondbetweenpet

andowner.

提出异种间婚姻的可能性实际上意味着只要双方因明确的关爱之情和一生不渝的忠诚而休戚相关，那

么婚姻作为从社会角度和心理角度被认可的关系就不一定仅仅限于人与人之间。

,itismeanttosuggestthattheconceptofmarriageasasociallyandspirituallysanctioned

partnershipneednotberestrictedtohumansaloneifthepartnerstothearrangementareboundbyaclearsenseof

lovingandlifelongcommitment.

毕竟，这种结合不会给无生命物体带来多少法律收益。无论它能给我们增加任何收益，我们都已经拥

有了这些物质财产。

albenefits,afterall,tever

benefitswouldaccruetous,wealreadyhave.

实际上，有朝一日，婚姻原本的概念也可能会成为失落的世界中语义学上的一个古董而己。

y,infact,theoriginalnotionofmarriagemayseemasemanticartifactofalostworld.

acticeandDiscussion

theconceptofthetraditionalmarriageinChina?Howdoyoudefineit?

themostrecentandradicalchallengetotraditionalmarriageinChina?

hinkthesame-sexmarriageshouldbemadelegal?Whyorwhynot?

hinkthereisanyextraterrestriallifeinouterspace?Ifyes,doyouthinkthesexualunionof

humanbeingsandaliensispossible?

hinkthecloserelationshipbetweenapetanditsownershouldbeaffirmedwiththeformalityofa

documentedceremony?

nowanyonewhohasformedanintimaterelationshipwithhisorhercomputeroftentothe

exclusionofhumancontact?Doyouthinkaweddingceremonybetweenpeopleandtheirmaterialpossessionsis

necessary?

youthinkthenotionofmarriagewillbelikeinthefuture?

VOCABULARYITEMS

al:latingtoacommune公社的，团体的

tation:iedpeoplelivingasmarriedones同居

e:oductoryperformance,event,oractionprecedingamoreimportantone;apreliminary

orpreface前奏，序幕

ine:enbywearingawayabaseorfoundation削弱，破坏

k:teofbeingmarried;matrimony结婚生活，婚姻

te:tutingaseparatething;distincthis不连续的，离散的，个别的

sexual:lyorientedtopersonsoftheoppositesex异性的

xual:,relatingto,orhavingasexualorientationtopersonsofthesamesex同性的

te:n.(=templet)apatternorgauge,suchasathinmetalplatewithacutpattern,usedasaguidein

tely,asinwoodworking模板

:,relatingto,orsharingthelifestyleandconcernsofthehomosexualcommunity同性恋

n:homosexualwoman(女)同性恋的

:,impose,orrequireasanecessaryaccompanimentorconsequence使必需

n:reference;relate有关联，关于，适合

anship:teofguarding,watchingover,orprotecting保护，守护，

:urefromouterspace外侨，外星人

ion:ngoffbyforce;kidnapping诱拐，诱导

onal:ebelieforopinion错觉，幻觉

18,extraterrestrial:ating,located,oroccurringoutsideEarthoritsatmosphere

:einagraveortomb;bury埋葬

iction:htandpowertointerpretandapplythelaw司法权，裁判权

:mforpreliminaryappraisalandselectionofpersonnelastotheirsuitabilityfor

particularjobs初选，筛选

ss:ownerofananimaloraslave女主人

ly:singwithwords口头地

vit:endeclarationmadeunderoathbeforeanotarypublicorotherauthorizedofficer宣

誓书

:rmtobecorrect,true,orgenuine证明

:se,asindignityorsocialstanding贬低

on:itativepermissionorapprovalthatmakesacourseofactionvalid批准，认可

ate:ingthequalitiesassociatedwithactive,livingorganisms;notanimate无活力

ity:ditionofbeingcharacterizedanddistinguishedbysex性

te:areormakelegallyvalid[律]使有效

ate:gtoanendorahalt停止

mous:racticeorconditionofbeingmarriedtoonlyonepersonatatime一夫一妻制

的

ledgement:ofadmittingorowningtosth.承认

taneous:ingorcompletedwithoutperceptibledelay瞬间的

ance:theactofcomplyingwithawish,request,ordemand;acquiescence顺从，默许

:tooneasagain,anaddition,oranincrement自然增长（产生）

ic:latingtomeaning,especiallymeaninginlanguage语义的

ct:ctproducedorshapedbyhumancraft;atypicalproductorresult人工制品

arriages:群婚

rriages:开放式婚姻

suit:跟着做

NOTES

dEvetemplate:

AdamandEve,intheBible,werethefirstmanandwoman,the

beginningofthe19thcentury,itwascommonlyassumedthateveryspeciesoflife,humanbeingsincluded,had

respectthebiblicalstoryofAdam

andEvediffersonrespects,

however,lychaptersoftheBookofGenesisunderwentconsiderable

editorialwork,andwhatbeganasastraightforwardnarrativeofthebeginningofthehumanspeciesingeneral

wasconvertedintoamoresophisticatedexplorationofthesituationofmenandwomeninrelationtooneanother

eethicalconcernpervadingthebiblicalstoryofhumanoriginsthatconstitutesthe

story'theemergenceofhighercriticisminbiblical

scholarshipinthe19thcentury,

present-daybiblicalscholars,however,acceptthestoryofAdamandEveforwhatitappearstobe:aHebrew

storyofhumanoriginshavingmuchincommonwiththemythsofotherancientpeoplesaswellasagooddeal

thatisdistinctive.

ge:

Heisaprolificlegalscholarwel

alsooneofthenation'Professorof

marylegalacademicinteresthasbeenstatutoryinterpretation.

eforSame-SexMarriage:<>

'sCharterofRights:即CanadianCharterofRightsandFreedoms加拿大权利与自由宪章

CanadianCharoerofRightsandFreedoms:ItisaguaranteeofrightsandfreedomsgrantedtoCanadians,

rterprotectsrightsoffreespeech,free

expression,andfreeassembly;guaranteestherighttoparticipateindemocraticelections;acknowledgestherights

ofminoritygroups;adianCharterofRightsandFreedomsissimilarin

somerespectstotheBillofRightsoftheUnitedStates.

READINGSELECTIONB

GrantandLee:AStudyinContrast

ByBruceCatton

[1]intheparlorofamodesthouseatAppomattoxCourt

House,Virginia,onApril9,1865,toworkoutthetermforthesurrenderofLee'sArmyofNorthernVirginia,a

greatchapterinAmericanlifecametoaclose,andagreatnewchapterbegan.

[2]re,otherarmieshadyettosurrender,

andforafewdaysthefugitiveConfederategovernmentwouldstruggledesperatelyandvainly,tryingtofind

ffectitwasalloverwhenGrantandLee

littleroomwheretheywroteoutthetermswasthesceneofoneofthepoignant,

dramaticcontrastsinAmericanhistory.

[3]Theyweretwostrongmen,theseoddlydifferentgenerals,andtheyrepresentedthestrengthsoftwo

conflictingcurrentsthat,throughthem,hadcomeintofinalcollision.

[4]thenotionthattheoldaristocraticconceptmightsomehowsurviveandbe

dominantinAmericanlife.

[5]LeewastidewaterVirginian,andinhisbackgroundwerefamily,cultureandtradition...theageof

chivalrytransplantedtoaNewWorld,diedaway

oflifethaawasalandthat

wasbeginningalloveragain,dedicatedtonothingmuchmorecomplicatedthantheratherhazybeliefthatallmen

alandLeestoodforthefeelingthatitwas

somehowofadvantahouldbea

leisureclass,backedbyownershipofland;inturn,societyitselfshouldbekeyedtothelandasthechiefsourceof

dbringforth(accordingtothisidea)aclassofmenwithastrongsenseofobligation

tothecommunity;menwholivednottogainadvantageforthemselves,buttomeetthesolemnobligationswhich

emthecountrywouldgetitsleadership;

tothemitwouldlookforthehighervalues—ofthought,ofconduct,ofpersonaldeportment—togiveitstrength

andvirtue.

[6]hhim,thelandednobilityjustified

ryears,thesouthe

theend,italmostseemedasiftheConfederacyfoughtforLee;asifhehimselfwastheConfederacy...thebest

thingassedintolegend

ndsoftired,underfed,poorlyclothedConfederatesoldiers,longsincepastthesimple

enthusiasmoftheearlydaysofthestruggle,somehowconsideredLeethesymbolofeverythingforwhichthey

ostCause,sanctifiedbyso

muchheroismandsomanydeaths,hadalivingjustification,itsjustificationwasGeneralLee.

Grant,thesonofatannerontheWesternfrontier,omeupthehardwayand

embodiednothinginparticularexcepttheeternaltoughnessandsinewyfiberofthemenwhoowedreverenceand

obeisancetonoone,whowereself-relianttoafault,whocaredhardlyanythingforthepastbutwhohadasharp

eyeforthefuture.

[8]Tthem,inthegreat

surgethathadtakenpeopleovertheAllegheniesintotheopeningWesterncountry,therewasadeep,implicit

oodfordemocracy,notfromanyreasoned

conclusionabouttheproperorderingofhumansociety,butsimplybecausetheyhadgrownupinthemiddleof

ocietymighthaveprivileges,buttheywouldbeprivilegeseachman

asborntoanything,exceptperhapstoachance

scompetition.

[9]Yetalongterner

whodevelopedafarm,openedashop,orsetupinbusinessasatrader,couldhopetoprosperonlyashisown

communityprospered—andhiscommunityranfromtheAtlantictothePacificandfromCanadadowntoMexico.

Ifthelandwassettled,withtownsandhighwaysandaccessiblemarkets,isfate

intermsofthenation'orizonsexpanded,,inotherwords,anacute

dollar-and-centsstakeinthecontinuedgrowthanddevelopmentofhiscountry.

[10]Andthat,perhaps,ginia

aristocrat,inevitably,dinastaticsociety,whichcouldendure

ctively,hisfirstloyaltywouldgotothelocalityinwhichthatsocietyexisted.

Hewouldfighttothelimitofendurancetodefendit,becauseindefendingithewasdefendingeverythingthat

gavehisownlifethedeepestmeaning.

[11]TheWesterner,ontheotherhand,wouldfightwithanequaltenacityforthebroaderconceptofsociety.

Hefoughtsobecauseeverythinghelivedbywastiedtogrowth,expansion,andaconstantlywideninghorizon.

dnotpossiblystandbyunmovedintheface

dcombatitwitheverythinghehad,becausehecouldonlyseeitasan

efforttocutthegroundoutfromunderhisfeet.

[12]SoGrantandLeewereincompletecontrast,representingtwodiametricallyopposedelementsin

asthemodernmanemerging;beyondhim,readytocomeonthestage,wasthegreatageof

steelandmachinery,hthaveriddendownfromtheold

ageofchivalry,lanceinhand,nwastheperfectchampionofhis

cause,drawingbothhisstrengthsandhisweaknessesfromthepeopleheled.

[13]Yetitwasnotallcontrast,entastheywere—inbackground,inpersonality,inunderlying

aspiration—verythingelse,theyweremarvelousfighters.

Furthermore,theirfightingqualitieswerereallyverymuchalike.

[14]Eachmanhad,tobeginwith,oughthiswaydown

theMississippiValleyigonin

mantherewasanindomitablequality...theborn

fighter'srefusaltogiveupaslongashecanstillremainonhisfeetandlifthistwofists.

[15]Daringandresourcefulnesstheyhad,too;theabilitytothinkfasterandmovefasterthantheenemy.

Thesewerethequalities,whichgaveLeethedazzlingcampaignsofSecondManassasandChancellorsvilleand

wonVicksburgfromGrant.

[16]Lastly,andperhapsgreatestofall,therewastheability,attheend,toturnquicklyfromwartopeace

hewaythesetwomenbehavedatAppomattoxcamethepossibilityofapeace

possibilitynotwhollyrealized,intheyearstocome,butwhichdid,intheend,helpthe

twosectionstobecomeonenationagain...afterawarwhosebitternessmighthaveseemedtomakesuchareunion

ofeitherman'slifebecamehimmorethanthepartheplayedintheirbriefmeetingin

ehaviorthereputallsucceedinggenerationsofAmericansintheirdebt.

TwogreatAmericans,GrantandLee—verydifferent,ncounterat

AppomattoxwasoneofthegreatmomentsofAmericanhistory.(1,418words)

ABOUTTHEAUTHOR

BruceCanon(1899-1978)wasborninPetoskey,Michigan,nhis

career,Cattonworkedasareporterforvariousnewspapers,an

interestinhistory,CanonbecamealeadingauthorityontheCivilWarandpublishedanumberofbooksonthis

n'sArmy(1951),GloryRoad,AStillnessatAppomattox(1953),TheHallowed

Ground(1956),andGettysburg:TheFinalFury(1974).CattonwasawardedboththePulitzerPrizeandthe

NationalBookAwardin1954.

ReadingComprehension

ssay,sheorganize

thebodyofhisessay(Paragraph3through16)?

tthechartasrequested.

(1)DecidewhichparagraphconcernsLee,Grant,orbothandfillinthecolumnunder"Person"inthe

followingchart.(Paragraphs3and4havebeendoneforyou.)

(2)Inwhichparagraphsdoesthewritercomparethesimilaritiesandinwhichdoesheusethemethodof

contrast?Write"comparison"or"contrast"inthecolumnunder"Method".

(3)WhatwordsorphrasesdoesBruceCanonusetodescribetheimportantcharacteristicsofthegenerals?

Circlethemwithapencilinthetextandthencopytheminthecolumnunder"Descriptions".

ParagraphPersonMethodDescriptions

3

Both

Comparison

Contrast

strong,representedstrength

different,conflicting

4LeeContrastold,aristocratic

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

VOCABULARYITEMS

ve:gawayorfleeing

nt:l;moving;touching

cratic:afamilywithahighsocialrankorholds

specialtitlesinsomecountries

:naprivatehomesetapartfortheentertainmentof

visitors

ter:stallanddrainedbytidalstreams

ry:tembelievedinandfollowedbymedievalknights,

withstrictreligious,moral,andsocialideals,forexamplecourtesy,loyalty,and

servicetowomen

:abodilyformto.)

hood:k,dignity,orvocationofaknight

:ishcountrygentleman,especiallythechieflandownerinadistrict

:eorconfusedstateofmind

:with

ment:rofpersonalconduct;behavior

:ort

ed:thybecauseonedoesnotgetenoughfoodtoeat

fy:holy;purify

:obismakingleatherfromanimalskins

:dwithstrongmuscles

nce:ngofprofoundawe,.

nce:.

:,billowing,orswellingmotionlikethatofgreatwaves

:,hollowchannelinthesurfaceofhardmaterial;wayof

livingthathasbecomeahabit

r:rtunateorsuccessful,especiallyintermsofone'sfinances;thrive

ty:lityorstateofbeingdeterminedandnotgivingupeasily

rically:telyandcompletely(differentfrom

eachother)

n:loporgrowrapidly

:athrustingweaponwithalongwoodenshaftandasharpmetalhead,usedinformertimes,

especiallybysoldiersonhorseback

r:orflaprapidly

ty:ulnesstoobligations,duties,orobservances

ap:calormentaldisability

table:bleofbeingovercome,subdued,orvanquished;unconquerable

ng:ight

iliation:blishacloserelationshipbetween

to:tochangeinto(anotherstateofthings)

dway:withgreatdifficultyorhardship

lt:excessively

intogrooves:tobesetinone'sways

:eofdifficulties

…inone’sdebt:tomakefeelobligatedforwhatonehasdonefor

ground(out)fromone’sfeet:toanticipateone'splans,arguments,

defenses,hiswayembarrasshim

s-andcentsstake:

NOTES

enties:AlleghenyMountains:

nameisusuallyappliedtotherangeswestoftheBlueRidgeinPennsylvania,Maryland,Virginia,andWest

Virginia.

Manassas:ThegreatestConfederatevictoriesoccurredinVirginia,includingtheFirstandSecond

BattlesofBullRun(alsocalledManassas),July1861andAugust1862.

ofChancellorsville:importantengagementoftheAmericanCivilWar(1861-1865)inwhichthe

ConfederateArmyusedstrategytodefeatamuchlargerUnionforce

urg,Campaignof:majorsiegeoftheAmericanCivilWar,consistingofmilitarycampaignsin

1862and1863thatendedwiththecaptureofthecityofVicksburg,Mississippi,byUniontroopsonJuly4,1863.

Lesson5

ScienceandTechnology(->technique)

ByJudithRaughman(Editor)

[1](optimistic->)enturydrewtoaclose(end),thepotentialfor

humaninventionandunderstandingappeared(seemed)boundless(limitless).Scientificunderstandingexpanded

daily,fromthefundamental(basic)buildingblocksofmattertothesourcecodeofalllifetotheorigins,and

perhapstheeventual(finally)demise(end),hnologicaladvances(progresses)ofthe1990s

usheredin(ledto)whatappearedtobeasocialandeconomicrevolutionthatwouldrival(match/competewith)

theIndustrialRevolutiontwocenturiesearlier(informationrevolution),creatinganewsocietyoftechnologically

connectedcitizenswithaworldofdigitizedinformation,commerce,

"DigitalAge",representedbythe"InformationSuperhighway"wasnotall-inclusive,threatenedtoleavemany

(people)behind,includingoldercitizensandthose(people)whocouldnotafford(payfor)thenewtechnology.

Still(Furthermore),tionwas"pluggedin"tothenewdigital

society(age),andmostAmericsm

wasthereigningtone[key-notespeaker/speech]ancesinscienceandtechnologyseemed

topromiseeventual(final)solutionstoproblemsrangingfromeliminatingtoxic(poisonous)wastetogrocery

shopping—geneticengineersdevelopedmicrobesthatwouldeatindustrialsludgeandresearchersatthe

MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology's(MIT)MediaLabworkedtodevise(design)arefrigeratorthatcould

sense(feel)1990sallayed(relieved/reduced)the

fearthatatechnologicallyadvancedsocietywasnecessarilyheavilycentralized,withBigBrotherwatchingevery

move(=movement).Instead(Onthecontrary),withthecreationoftheInternetandtheWorldWideWeb,and

theiremphasisondecentralization,equality,andtheopensharingofresources,manyindividualsfoundthat

greateraccess(right)toinformationincreasedtheirsense(feeling)ofpersonalfreedomandpower.

[2]eexplosionofknowledgecamepublicconcern(worry)overwhereallof

ningofananimalin1997suggested

(show)thathumancloninghadbecomeviable(feasible)aswell(too),raisingconcerns—nolongerquite

theoretical—thathumanitymightbemovingtowarda"brave(adventurous)newworld"ofgenetically

anGenomeProject,launchedin1990withamission(missionary/task)todecodethe

entirehumangeneticmakeup,held(raise)promises(hope)foranend(terminate)togeneticdisorders,but

threatenedtoopenthewayfor"designerbabies",whocouldbegeneticallyalteredtosuittheirparents'wishes.

Whilemany(people)arguedthatplantandanimalbreedershadbeenfoolingaroundwithgeneticsforcenturiesin

ordertobetter(improve)thelotofhumankind,otherspointedoutthatnewadvances(progresses)ingenetics

allowedresearcherstocrossboundariessetbynature,implantinghumangenesinanimalsinordertoturnthem

intomedicinefactories,creatingplantsthatproducedplasticsandglowedinthedark,evenattempting(trying)to

create“terminator"seedsthatstifled(suppress)theirownreproductivecapacity(ability)inordertomaintain

(keep)theseedmanufacturer'stionofwhatwas"natural"cameunderseriousconsideration

(discussion),asnoaspectof,

whileexperimentswithhumancloningorcustomizingachild'sgeneticmakeupseemedabhorrent(horrible/

terrible)tomostAmericans,therewasgeneralsupportforgeneticresearchthatcouldhelptoidentify(recognize)

andcuregeneticdiseasesormakefoodsourceshealthierandmoreplentifulforagrowingglobalpopulation.

[3](private->)ywasanoverarching(mostimportant)concern(worry)withmanyofthe

ernetwasanamazing(surprising)newtoolforsharing

information,yetitwasalsoapowerfulmeans(tools)forfindinginformationthatwasintendedtobeprivate,

includinggovernmentandmilitarysecrets,thesourcecodestoproprietary(private)software,andevena

neighbor'iesandindividualsalike(rly)worriedthattheirprivate

informationwouldbecompromisedwhen(since)sophisticatedcomputertechnologistscould"hack"into

erviruses,self-replicatingcodes(program)

writtenbymaliciousindividuals,couldstealintopersonalcomputersystemsthroughe-mailortheWebandwreak

havocwith(makeamessof)tingprivacyovertheInternetwasnoteasy,andmany

peopleworriedthatgovernmentattempts(try)tointervenewouldonlycripple(disable/paralyze)thedevelopment

rfearsweresparked(ed)whenconcerned(relevant)groupslobbied(persuade)the

governmenttooutlawpornographyandotherdisturbingmaterialsontheWebinthenameof"protectingthe

children".WhilemostAmericansagreedthatchildrenshouldnotbeexposedto(touch/watch)suchmaterial,

attempts(efforts)toregulate(control)thecontentofindividualWebpagesandnewsgroupsconflictedwiththe

ideaoftheInternetasanopen,decentralizedmassmedium,whereeventhemostabsurdorrepellant(disgusting)

ideascouldreceiveahearing(havesomeaudience).Digitalsurveillanceintheworkplacealsobecameanissue

(problem),as(when)somecompaniesspiedon(watch)theirworkers'useoftheInternetande-mail.[sur-:above;

fromabove]

[4]es(progresses)e

HumanGenomeProjectscheduled(planned)tobefinishedearlyinthetwenty-firstcentury,andprivate

companiescompetingtowinpatentsongeneticdiscoveries,manyindividualsworriedaboutwhatscientistsmight

eneticdiseasescouldbediscoveredand

perhapscured,thisinformationmightalsobeusedtodiscriminateagainstpeoplepredisposed(inclinedto)to

certaingeneticmalfunctions,ortogroup(vt./classify)athat

scientistswouldownpatentsonthehumangeneticcodewasdisturbing,aswell,as(for/since)itmeantthat

humanlifecouldbecomeaproprietary(private)resource(property).

[5]ionalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)continued

towow(surprise)theworld,sendingthegiantHubbleTelescopeintoorbittogatherandtransmit

never-before-seenimages(picture)ofdeepspacethatoffered(gave)increasinglytantalizing(attractive)cluesto

rchforextraterrestriallifecontinuedduringthedecade,asNASAscientists

foundpossibleevidenceofbacteriallifeinameteorfromMars,anddistantplanetswerediscoveredthatmight

ntspaceprobes(n./vt.)tolandonthesurfaceofMars,sentnationalheroJohnHerschel

tospacetostudyaging,andmadeplanstobuildanInternationalSpaceStationwithresearch

(Furthermore),somecriticswonderedifallofthemoneyspentonspaceresearch

mightnotbebetterusedtofundnewdiscoverieshereonEarth,almostasifthe(divide->)diversionofspacewas

nolongerasnecessarywhen(since)

themostfascinating(attractive)newrealms(world/field)ofstudywasnanotechnology,afieldofresearchthat

attemptedtomanipulatematteratthemolecularlevel,buildingnewdevices(equipment)atombyatomthatcould

beusedinminiaturizedmanufacturing,drug-deliverysystem,andtiny(small)ediscovery

ofanewfamilyofcarbonmoleculesknownasfullerenes,nanotechnologyresearchershadanewrawmaterialto

workwith(process).Thesciencewasstillveryexperimentalattheturn(beginning)ofthecentury,butresearchers

andgovernmentofficialssawgreatpotentialforthisscienceofthetiny(small).(1,151words)

delivermilk/ababy

ABOUTTHETEXT

ThistextisexcerptedfromthebookAmericanDecades1990-1999,editedbyJudithBaughman(Editor),

VictorBondi(Editor),VincentTompkins(Editor)andGaleGroup,whichisthelastvolumeoftheAmerican

iesisthelatestinstallmentoftheGaleseriesdocumentingthehistoryand

renttextistheoverview(summary)

ofthebook'sonechapteronScienceandTechnology.

EXERCISES

gComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatements.

ticleismainlyabout_____.

ackletheproblemsinthenew"DigitalAge"

ectionofscientificandtechnologicaldevelopment

epositiveandnegativeeffectsofthetechnologicaladvances

atimpactonourethicsandprivacybroughtbythetechnologicaladvances

"newsociety"mentionedinthefirstparagraphreferstoasocietywhich_____.

izesonhumanity

tseveryoneexceptoldercitizens

ase"pluggedin"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto_____.

tedto

fthefollowingisNOTresponsiblefortheincreasedsenseofpersonalfreedomandpower?

ologicallyadvancedsocietyiscentralized.

smuchgreateraccesstoinformationthanbefore.

canhavetheopensharingofresourcesonline.

ionofequalityisemphasizedontheInternet.

nedaboutthepotentialeffectoftheHumanGenomeProject,mostAmericanswould_____.

ehumancloningtoimprovetheirstandardofliving

tthegeneticresearchwhichcouldhelptocuregeneticdiseases

ecreatingplantsthatproducedplasticsandglowedinthedark

tmakinggeneticallyalteredbabiestosuittheirparents'wishes

ldthe"terminator"seedsmaintaintheseedmanufacturer'scashflow?

esoreproductivethattheywilloutsellotherkindsofseeds.

entsonthe"terminator"seedswouldguaranteethemanufacturerbigprofit.

mershavetobuyseedsagainasthe"terminator"seedsgrowintoplantsunabletoproduceseeds

themselves.

etheplants,intowhichthe"terminator"seedsgrow,couldproduceplasticandglowinthedark,the

seedssellextremelywell.

oplewhothinkgovernmentshouldnotoutlawpornographyontheWebbelievethat_____.

erestillalargenumberofpeoplewhohaveneedforpornography

necouldvoicehisideas,nomatterhowweirdoroffensivetheyare

ernmenthadnorighttointerferewiththedevelopmentoftheInternet

ernmentmightbeencouragedtospyoneachsuspiciouscomputer

elopmentofgeneticsciencemightthreatenpersonalprivacyinthat_____.

aofthepeoplewithgeneticdiseaseswillbepublished

maybetreateddifferentlybasedontheirgeneticdata

sonthehumangeneticcodewillbringscientistsenormousprofits

istswilluseinformationabouthumanlifeforpersonalgains

9."Littlescience"inthistextrefersto_____.

dyoftheoriginoflife

dyofnanotechnology

thecritics'attitudetowardsthelargescaleofspaceresearchasmentionedinthelastparagraph?

lievethatsucharesearchwouldbeawasteofresources.

ubtitsnecessitybecausetherearenewandinterestingprojectsonEarth.

econcernedthatspaceresearchwouldprovetobefruitless.

lievethatspaceresearchisnotsoimportantasnanotechnology.

lary

efollowingsentencesanddecidewhichofthemechoicesbeloweachsentenceisclosestin

meaningtotheunderlinedword.

ise(death)oftheindustryhascauseduntoldmiserytothousandsofhard-working(diligent)

tradesmen.

ation

eredifficultiesforheraboutmakingthewholesurgeryfinanciallyviable(feasible)andeventually

(finally)sheleft.

tical

ngsomebasicinformationaboutpreparinganddelivering(~aspeech)formalpresentationscan

helpallay(relieve/reduce)someofthefearinvolvedinpublicspeaking.[oralpresentation]

[(1)~;(2)torelievepain]s

e(getridof)

erthecause(maybe),theincidentcouldeasilycripple(damage/paralyze)thepeacetalks.

cate(a./vt.)

mentcanandmustprovideopportunity,notsmotherit;foster(develop/cultivate)productivity,not

stifleit.

s(suppress)

n(abundant:)

enedkeenlytohisguests,treatedwhatheheardwithcompletediscretionandneversaidamalicious

word.[malice:n.->malicious:a.][bekeenonsth.]

rtening(discouragingencourage)hetic[sym-:same;pathy:feeling

(severe)[besympatheticwithsb./sympathizewithsb.]

hesummit(peak)meeting,peacereignedthroughouttheregiononcemore(again).

d(appeared)d(restore)

remanypeoplewhostillfindtheactofabortionabhorrent(disgusting/horrible/terrible).

ng(=surprising)B.(tolerate->)tolerable

rollable[high~low~]teful(disgusting)

icehavegottheevidencetosuehim,whichisshotwithaminiature(hidden)camera.

l

led(hidden)ticated[shoot,shotshot/gunshot]

ef[chef=cook]hasassembled(collected)300tantalizing(attractive)recipesforalloccasionsand

lifestyles,plusdowntoearth(=practical)adviceonmatchingfoodwithwine.

ing(=offensive/~talk)

hwordorexpressiononlyonce

andmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.

predisposedtodecodewreakhavoccompromisemalfunction

atone'sfingertipsusherindiscriminatetoxiccustomize

etoadmithowwonderfultheservicecenteris—itjustputsanythingyoumaypossiblyneedat

yourfingertips!

ngedtoagenerationthattookitforgrantedthatafterthewarabravenewworldwastobeushered

in(beledtosomewhere).

understandthedoublelanguageusedtodayandcarefullydecodeitsmeaning.

ilwarhaswroughthavocontheeconomy.

ernment'sfuturemaybeplunged(dive)intojeopardy(danger)unlessthecoalition()partners

manageto(tryto)reachacompromise.[win-winsituation]

atcancausecertaincircuit-boardcomponentstomalfunctionorfailaltogether.

ceshowedtheherbswerenottoxic(poisonous)anddidnotcontainpoisonsorcommondrugs.

lleged(claimed)thattherestaurantdiscriminatedagainstblackcustomers.[Negro]

oplearegeneticallypredisposed(inclinedtodosth.)tocancers.

inchargeofyourownschedule(plan/timetable)andcancustomizethatscheduletofityourown

trainingneeds.[(1)chargesbwithsth.=.;(2)~abattery;(3)beinchargeofsth.(4)~

money]

epassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswerfrom

thefourchoicesgivenforeachblank.

ysays[sez]theyhavedevelopedpigswithorgans1foruseinhumantransplant

ethefirstpigs2engineeredtokeeptheirorgansfrombeing3byhumans.

Theresearchersbean

seventy-thousandpeopleintheUnitedStatesaloneneed5anoperationtoreplaceorgansthat6work.

Scientistsconsider(think)becausetheorgansare

7.

stfourgeneticallyengineeredpigswerebornin

panysaysitwantstousethepigsaspartofitsprogram(project)to10acurefor

patientswithheartdisease.

d(imply)ed(=devised)

ially

ed(repel)ned

atingwith

r

cal(=same)

(=kind/category)

ation

PutthefollowingpartsintoChinese.

hnologicaladvancesofthe1990susheredinwhatappearedtobeasocialandeconomicrevolution

thatwouldrivaltheIndustrialRevolutiontwocenturiesearlier,creatinganewsocietyoftechnologically

connectedcitizenswithaworldofdigitizedinformation,commerce,andcommunicationatitsfingertips.

20世纪90年代的技术进步似乎带来了一场其意义堪与200媲美的社会与经济方面的革命，它创造

了一个崭新的社会年以前的工业革命相在这个社会里人们由技术相互连接，数字化的信息、商业以及通讯

都在弹指一挥间。

ancesinscienceandtechnologyseemedtopromiseeventualsolutionstoproblemsrangingfrom

eliminatingtoxicwastetogroceryshopping—geneticengineersdevelopedmicrobesthatwouldeatindustrial

sludgeandresearchersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology's(MIT)MediaLabworkedtodevisea

refrigeratorthatcouldsensewhenitwasoutofmilkandusetheInternettoordermore.

科技的新发展似乎向人们承诺提供从消除有毒废料到食品采买一系列问题的最终解决方案―遗传科

技人员培养出了能够吞食工业残渣的微生物，麻省理工学院媒体实验室的研究人员设计出了能够觉察箱内

牛奶告罄并可上网定购的电冰箱。

ningofananimalin1997suggestedthathumancloninghadbecomeviableaswell,raising

concerns—nolongerquitetheoretical—thathumanitymightbemovingtowarda"bravenewworld"of

geneticallyengineeredpeople.

1997年克隆动物的成功表明了克隆人也已不成问题，人们担心人类可能会朝着一个由基因制造的人

组成的“美丽新世界”方向发展（这己不再是单纯的理论问题了）。

ostAmericansagreedthatchildrenshouldnotbeexposedtosuchmaterial,attemptstoregulate

thecontentofindividualWebpagesandnewsgroupsconflictedwiththeideaoftheInternetasanopen,

decentralizedmassmedium,whereeventhemostabsurdorrepellantideascouldreceiveahearing.

尽管大多数美国人赞成小孩不应接触这些内容，但试图规范个人网页和新闻组内容的努力还是同互联

网应是公开、非集权的大众媒体的理念发生了冲突，在这种媒体中，即使最荒唐、最令人讨厌的东西也可

以发表。

,somecriticswonderedifallofthemoneyspentonspaceresearchmightnotbebetterusedtofund

newdiscoverieshereonEarth,almostasifthediversionofspacewasnolongerasnecessarywhentherewereso

manynewandinterestingprojectsgoingonrighthere.

但是一些批评人士提出质疑说，把花在太空上的钱用来资助地球上的新发现是不是更好呢？似乎地球

上正进行着这么多有趣的新项目，太空研究不再那么必要了。

acticeandDiscussion

thenew"DigitalAge'notall-inclusive?

ethreatsconfrontingAmericans'privacy.

sitiveeffectsistheHumanGenomeProjectlikelytobringtotheAmericanlife?

betheeffortsmadebyNASAscientistsduringthe1990sinexploringthespace.

fecthasthe"DigitalAge"broughttoyourlife?Giveexamples.

rprivatecomputerbeenhackedinto?Orhaveyouevergotyourpinforyoure-mailboxor

messengerstolen?Describethesituation,andwhatyoudidtosolvetheproblem.

yourviewonthepossibilityofgeneticallyengineeredpeople?

VOCABULARYITEMS

rment:(strength)investingwithpower,especiallylegalpowerorofficialauthority;abuseof

power/drug;superpower[en-:enable:~sbtodosth.;possible->impossible]

:ofexistenceoractivity;termination/death

:edeandintroduce;inaugurate

ze:(data,forexample)intodigitalform;athree-digitnumber]tobeascleverasChinese

programmers

e:elifeform;amicroorganism,especiallyabacterium(bacteria)thatcausesdisease;

micro-:macro-:four~skills

:ud

:ltlessstrongly;torelievesb//f/torescuesb.

:dyofquestionaboutwhatismorallyright,andwrong

:eofsuccessorcontinuingeffectiveness;practical/feasible

:n.(inbiologyandgenetics)theparticularnumberandcombinationofcertainchromosomes

necessarytoformthesinglenucleusofalivingcell

11.(encode)decode:ertfromcodeintoplaintext/plainwater/plain-clothedpolicemen

t:rinsert(atissue)withinthebody

:ppeningordeveloping

:rtorepairitormakeitworkbetter

ize:oraltertoindividualorpersonalspecifications；customer:n.

ent:tingandhateful,completelyunacceptable(orallywrong);

horror/terror->horrible/terrible;terrorist;aboriginal;normal->abnormal

ching:ingorinfluencingeverypartofsth.;arc/arch-:above;bishop->archbishop

etary:ivelyowned;private

ate:atoduplicate,copy->copier,reproduce,orrepeat;

ous:thenatureoforresultingfrommalice;deliberatelyharmful;spiteful;mal-:bad/

wrong;treat->maltreat/ill-treat

:are(sth.)illegal

raphy:nes,films,owsexualactsandimagesinawaythatisintendedto

makepeoplefeelsexuallyexcited;photography(n.);dirty/blue/naughtyfilm/magazine;yellow:~page;green

page

ant:tefulorveryunpleasant;disgusting

llance:bservationofapersonorgroup,especiallyoneunder(suspect->)suspicion;sur-

above/fromabove,s

ction:n./inthewayamachineorcomputeroperates

utics:enceofdesigningandflyingplanes;aero-=air-

izing:ecannothave;attractive

errestrial:ating,located,oroccurringoutsideEarthoritsatmosphere;extrapayfor

extrawork

:apieceofrockormetalthatfloatsinspace,andmakesabrightlightinginthenightskywhenit

fallsthroughtheEarths(atom->)atmosphere

:(Marsian:a.)netinthesolarsystemthatisfourthinorderfromthesun,isnearesttothe

Earth,andisaredcolor;MarsSquare

chnology:enceofmakingorworkingwiththingsthataresosmallthattheycanonlybe

seenusingapowerfulmicroscope

ene:classofcarbonmoleculesinwhichthecarbonatomsarearrangedinto12

pentagonalfacesand2ormorehexagonalfacestoformahollowsphere,cylinder,orsimilarfigure

n:;lead

’sfingertips:athand,readytouseconveniently;bethoroughlyfamiliar

to:connectapieceofelectricalequipmenttothemainsupplyofelectricity,ortoanotherpieceof

electricalequipment;plugsocket

undwith:tobehaveinacarelessandirresponsibleway;fool:vt.

to:'scomputersysteminordertouse

orchangeit;hack

avoc:tobringabout;causeasituationinwhichthereisalotofconfusionordamage;makea

messofsth.

eahearing:togetthechancetovoiceone'sideaordefense;getpublicattentionorassessment

(=evaluation)

:toactasaspyon;watchsecretly

thecentury:beginningofacentury

NOTES

code:

ce->aresourcefulperson

ther:Anyperson,organization,orsystemthatseemstowanttocontrolpeople'slivesandrestrict

theirfreedom.

(adventurous)NewWorld:tory,controlofreproduction,

geneticengineering,conditioning(stimuliandresponse/training),andaperfectpleasuredrugcalled"Soma"are

uctionhasbeenremovedfromthewombandplacedontheconveyor

belt,wherereproductiveworkerstinkerwiththeembryostoproducevariousgradesofhumanbeings,ranging

fromthesuper-intelligentAlphaPlusesdowntothedwarfedsemi-moronEpsilons.

enomeProject:(alsoknownasHumanGenomeInitiative)Controversialinternationaleffort

launchedin1990bytheNationalInstituteofHealthtomapandsequenceallthegenesonthe46chromosomesof

humans;knowledgeexpectedtohelpgeneticistsidentify(recognize)thecausesofallinheriteddisordersandto

helpthemeliminateasmanyaspossible;headed(led)bymoleculargeneticistFrancisCollins.

:mentorganizationthatcontrolsspacetravelandthescientificstudyofspace.

Telescope:AlsocalledHubbleSpaceTelescope(HST),thefirstlargeorbitalopticalobservatory

andthemostsrom1978to1990at

acostof$1.5billion,theHST()wasexpectedtoprovidetheclearestviewyet

obtainedoftheuniverse.

rschelGlennJr.:auttoorbittheEarth(1962)

READINGSELECTIONB

ShouldWeImproveOurGenome?

byNicolasWade

[1]Nowthatwehavedecodedthehumangenome,whydon'tweimproveit?

[2]Thequestionisatpresenttheoreticalbutcouldwellemergeasthehardestofallbioethicalissues.

Biologistsroutinelyalterthegenesofmice,withmethodsthatarenotyetacceptableformakinginheritable

changesinpeople,butonedaygeneticengineersmayfigureouthowtoapplysafepatchestothehuman

biologicalsoftware.

[3]Everyonewouldliketohavechildrenwhoarehealthy,plevarywidelyinall

thesequalities,dependingontheirparents'genes,andthepureluckofthedrawatconceptionwheneachchild

getsallottedarandomselectionofhalftheparentalgenepool.

[4]Mosthumangenesexistinseveraldifferentversionsinthepopulation:someofthemaregreattohave,

someso-soandsomedownrightdeleterious.

[5]ThismonththeIcelandiccompanyDecodeGeneticsfoundthreequitecommonversionsofagenecalled

BMP-2,eachofwhichconsiderablyincreasesitsowner'sriskofosteoporosisandbonefracture.

[6]SupposeitwerepossibletodeleteanybadversionofBMP-2,andofallotherhumangenes,inahuman

embryo,andtoreplacethemwithgoodversions,hatbetherightthingtodo?

[7]Parentswhomadesuchachoicewouldknowtheyhadgiventheirchildthebestpossiblestartinlife.

Howeverexpensivetheprocedure,itwouldbecheapinthelongrunifitsavedalifetimeofmedicalbills,and

'smostseriousunfairness,thedifferenceingeneticendowment

wouldbeerasedfrombirth.

[8]"Oneday,peoplemayviewsexasessentiallyrecreational,andconceptionassomethingbestdoneinthe

laboratory,"smaystarttobelieveitis"reckless

andprimitivetoconceiveachildwithoutpriorgenetictesting".

[9]Yetthereareweightyargumentsfornotmakinginheritablechangestothehumangenome.

[10]Onthepracticalside,manygeneshavemorethanoneeffectandswappingoutthebadversionofagene

gene,forexample,mayinteractbadlywiththeperson'sother

genes.

[11]Butiftheeliminationofdisease-causingvariantsofgenesshouldprovesuccessful,theremightbeno

holdingthelineagainstparentswhowantedtoenhancestrengthorintelligenceaswell.

[12]Upgradingtheimperfecthumanmaterialisallverywell,buthandlingthetransitionbetweenthesuper

stressesmayemerge,especiallyifthetechnology

doesnottrickledownquicklyandsmoothly.

[13]SoupupthosegenesforIQ?Alteringthegenesthatshapehumanbehaviorisnottobeundertaken

atureisasubtleblendofcontraryqualities,theonlysurvivorofevolution'smanydisastrous

uldjustifytheriskofmessingwithsuchadelicatebrew?Canwebehappyasweare,justas

naturehasshapedus?

[14]"Thehumanbodyandmind,highlycomplexanddelicatelybalancedasaresultofeonsofgradualand

exactingevolution,arealmostcertainlyatriskfromanyill-consideredattemptatimprovement',"thePresident's

CouncilofBioethicswroteinareportlastmonthonthedangersofenhancingthebody'snaturalabilities.

[15]Astheproductsofevolution,peoplemayseemchurlishiftheychallengeevolution'

course,lindprocessthatdependsonconstanterrortocreateoccasionallucky

accidents.

[16]Bycullingtheunfortunateownersofbadgenes,evolutionkeepsanimalshealthyandvigorousuntilthe

ageofreproduction,andabitbeyondforspeciesthatprovideparental

[17]Butevolution'srigoratfavoringgoodgenesthatactearlyinlifeismirroredbyaweaknessinscreening

eofthisweakness,evolutionhasfailedtoeliminatethe

bone-fracturingvariantsofBMP-2,andthebad,late-actingversionsofmanyothergenesinthehumangenome.

Thisistheveryreasonthatweageanddie.

[18]Ifevolutioncannothelpusafteracertainage,whyshouldwenothelpourselves?Shouldnoteveryone

havearighttothebestversionsofthegenesinourcollectivegeneticheritage,oratleasttobebornfreeofthe

worseones?

[19]Andyet,ifwereducegeneticdifferences,weriskturningthehumanpopulationintoonegiantclone,

tedioustomeetwsuitof

perfection,ifcarriedtoextremes,isasurerecipeforextinction.(769words)

ReadingComprehension

stionofwhywedon'timprovethehumangenomeisatpresenttheoreticalbecause___.

rtoimprovethehumangenomeisthehardestofallbioethicalissues

istsarenotreadywiththemethodstoimprovehumangenome

eticengineershaven'tfoundouthowtoalterhumangenes

entthemethodstochangegenesarenotallowedtobeusedonhumans

ingtothepassage,peoplegethalfoftheirparents'genes____.

ly

ingtothestudiesmadebytheIcelandiccompanyDecodeGenetics,

oplearebornwiththepossibilityofosteoporosisandbonefracture

kofosoeoporosisandbonefracturecanbedeletedwithoutanyrisktohealth

orosisandbonefracturecanbepreventedbyinsertingBMP-2genesintoahumanembryo

ghttoreplaceBMP-2geneswithsomegoodversions

ingtothepassage,___.

neisbornequalbiologically

ureisfairforeveryonelivingonthisearth

cendowmentsmakethemostdifferenceinpeople

essomepeoplerighttohavedeleteriousgenes

yStock,inthefuture____.

willbedevelopedinlaboratories

-sexualmarriagewillbemorepopular

swillgogenetictestingbeforehavingbabies

surdforparentstogogenetictestingbeforehavingbabies

fthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedastheargumentsforopposingtheimprovementof

thehumangenome?

lychangedgenesmayhaveunknowncomplications.

geneticchangesinsomepeoplemaycausesocialstress.

kofvariationinhumanbeingscannotrespondtothechangingenvironments.

eingsaresuchadelicatebrewinnaturethattheycannotsurvivethechanges.

sident'sCouncilofBioethicsbelievesthat___.

eingsaretheonlysurvivorofevolution'smanydisastrousexperiments

anbodyandmindasmasterpiecesofevolutionneednoartificialimprovement

ldtakeitlightlytochangethegenesthatshapehumanbehavior

anbodyandmindaresocomplexanddelicatethattheyshouldbeenhanced

ingtotheauthor,evolutionis___.

ssoferrorsandtrials

sswithitspurpose

sswithoutanypurpose

iseprocessofthenature

ingtothepassage,peoplearelesshealthywhentheygetoldbecause___.

verunoutofthegoodgenesthatactearlyinlife

ionhasfailedtoeliminateBMP-2genes

-actingversionsofgenesinthehumangenomearebad

iondoesn'teliminatethebadgenesthatactaftertheageofreproduction

hor'sattitudetowardgenomeimprovementis____.

erent

VOCABULARYTEMS

:ertfromcodeintoplaintext

ical:latingtobiologicalethics

tion:ditionofbeingpregnant

:elout;distributeorapportion

ght:ghly;absolutely

rious:aharmfuleffect;injurious

orosis:seinwhichthebonesbecomeextremelyporous,aresubjecttofracture,andheal

slowly,occurringespeciallyinwomenfollowingmenopauseandoftenleadingtocurvatureofthespinefrom

vertebralcollapse

ent:algift,ability,orquality

tional:latingtorecreation

ss:ss,rashordisregardfulofconsequences

ive:latingtoanearliestororiginalstageorstate)flet,

cation:darydiseaseoranegativereactionoccurringduringthecourseofanillnessand

usuallyaggravatingtheillness

e:orfallindropsorinathinstream

:edasifbybrewing;amix

:finitelylongperiodoftime;anage

ng:severedemands;rigorous

sh:abaddisposition

:outfromothers;select

s:mebyreasonoflength,slowness,ordullness;boring

:edofsth.;lackingsthneededorexpectedit

:directionswithalistofingredientsformakingor

preparingsth.,especiallyfoodormedicalprescriptionA2,-;

t:toexchange(onething)foranother.

elineagainst:torestrain;keepback

:toincreasethepowerof(aengine)ormakebetter

th:tointerferewith

NOTES

:organismsthisiscontainedinthe

DNAsequenceswithinchromosomes,sizes

havea100,000foldrangefr

individualmembersofanorganismmayhaveslightlydifferentgeneticconstitutions(genotypes),genomes

describethecommonsequencescharacteristicoftheorganism.

ics:inphilosophy,abranchofethicsconcernedwithissuessurroundinghealthcareandthe

ssuesincludethemoralityofabortion,euthanasia,invitrofertilization,andorgan

1970sbioethicsemergedasadisciplinewithitsownexperts,oftenprofessionalphilosophers,

spitalsnowemployexpertsonbioethicstoadviseon

suchissueesinhealthcare,the

developmentofgeneticscreening,andthenewresearchingeneticengineering,includinggenetherapy,havealso

givenrisetoquestionsinbioethics.

:Anintelligencequotientorisascorederivedfromasetofstandardizedtestsofintelligence.

Intelligencetestscomeinmanyforms,stsyieldboth

lessofdesign,allIQtestsattempttomeasurethesame

enttestsaregenerallydesignedandselectedbecausetheyarefoundtobepredictive

oflaterintellectualdevelopment,correlateswithjobperformance,

socioeconomicadvancement,and"socialpathologies",butveryweaklyornotatallwithaccumulatedwealth,

workhasdemonstratedlinksbetweenIQandhealth,longevity,andfunctional

literacy.

Forpeoplelivingintheprevailingconditionsofthedevelopedworld,IQishighlyheritable,andby

,significantvariationinIQbetween

adultscanbeattributedtogeneticvariation,withtheremainingvariationattributabletoenvironmentalsources

nitedStates,markedvariationinIQoccurswithinfamilies,with

siblingsdifferingonaveragebyaround12points.

TheaverageIQscoresformanypopulationswererisingrapidlyduringthe20thcentury:aphenomenon

tknownwhetherthesechangesinscoresreflectrealchangesinintellectualabilities

(ifnot,thenthisraisesquestionsaboutwhatIQtestsdomeasure).Onaverage,IQscoresarestableoveraperson's

lifetime,mple,scorescanbeaffectedbythepresenceof

learningdisabilities.

spaceprobes.

第五课A科学与技术

朱迪思·鲍曼（编辑）

[l]乐观与强盛到世纪末时，人类的发明和认识似乎没有止境。从物质的基本构成单位到一切生命体

的遗传密码，从宇宙的起源，也许到宇宙的最终完结，人们对科学的认识逐日扩大。20世纪90年代的技

术进步似乎带来了一场其意义堪与200年以前的工业革命相媲美的社会与经济方面的革命，它创造了一个

崭新的社会，在这个社会里人们由技术相互连接，数字化的信息、商业以及通讯都在弹指一挥间。以“信

息高速公路”为代表的新“数字化时代”并不包括每一个人，许多人面临着被抛弃的威胁，包括老年人和

无力使用新技术的人。不过，到了1999年仍有超过四分之三的美国人“接通”了这一全新的数字化社会，

大多数美国人觉得技术进步正在提高他们的生活质量。这十年里，乐观情绪是人民生活的主色调。科技的

新发展似乎向人们承诺提供从消除有毒废料到食品采买一系列问题的最终解决方案―遗传科技人员培养

出了能够吞食工业残渣的微生物，麻省理工学院媒体实验室的研究人员设计出了能够觉察箱内牛奶告罄并

可上网定购的电冰箱。过去人们认为一个技术发达的社会必定是高度集权的，有老大哥监视着人们的一举

一动，但到了20世纪90年代，这种恐惧减轻了。相反，随着强调分散化、平等和公开资源共享的互联

网及万维网的出现，许多人发现能够更多地接触各类信息，这增强了他们的个人自由及权力感。

[2]伦理道德与自然知识爆炸引起公众对这些新发现、新技术会将社会引向何处的忧虑。1997年克隆

动物的成功表明了克隆人也己不成问题，人们担心人类可能会朝着一个由基因制造的人组成的“美丽新世

界”方向发展（这己不再是单纯的理论问题了）。1990年启动的旨在破译人类整个基因组成的人类基因

组工程为消灭基因疾病带来了希望，但也令人恐惧地要开辟一条“定做婴儿”之路，这些婴儿的基因可以

根据其父母的愿望加以调整。尽管许多人争辩说，儿百年来，为了改善人类生活，动植物培育者一直在遗

传学领域忙活，但另外一些人指出，遗传技术的新成果使得研究者得以越过大自然设定的界限，把人的基

因移植到动物身上，使它们变成药厂；让植物能生产塑料并在黑暗中发光；甚至想办法制造出“绝命”种

子，使其丧失繁殖能力，以保证种子厂家的滚滚财源。由于环境和机体都有可能被这种技术所改变，于是

什么是“天然的”，这个问题引起了人们的认真的思考。然而，尽管大多数美国人对克隆人以及按需定做

婴儿的基因组成感到僧恶，但又普遍支持有助于确定并治疗遗传疾病或使食物来源更卫生更丰盛以满足全

球日益增长的人口的需求的遗传研究。

[3]隐私随着20世纪90年代许多科技的发展，隐私就成了首当其冲的关注点。互联网是资源共享

方面令人惊异的新工具，可它也是获取本应保密的国家机密、军事机密、商业软件（指非开放源代码软件）

的源代码甚至邻居的社会保险号码的强有力的工具。公司和个人同样担忧电脑黑客“闯入”设有保护的电

脑系统，删除或盗窃重要数据，从而使私人信息遭到破坏。存心不良的人编写的电脑病毒，即可自行复制

的编码，可通过电子邮件或网络潜入个人电脑系统大肆破坏存储在那里的数据。在互联网上保护个人私密

不是一件容易的事情。许多人担心政府方面试图插手只能会阻碍互联网的发展。而当有关团体组织以“保

护儿童”的名义游说政府禁止网上出现色情及其他令人不安的东西时，也引起了同样的忧虑。尽管大多数

美国人赞成小孩不应接触这些内容，但企图规范个人网页和新闻组内容的努力还是同互联网应是公开、非

集权的大众媒体的理念发生了冲突。在大众媒体领域里，即使最荒唐、最令人讨厌的东西也应能找到发表

之地。有些公司监视员工使用互联网和收发电子邮件，使工作场所中数字监控成为备受关注的问题。

[4]遗传学与隐私遗传学的发展也威胁到了个人隐私。人类基因组项目定于21世纪初完成，许多私人

公司竞相获取遗传发现的专利，于是不少人担心科学家彻底掌握了人类遗传密码之后可能会干出什么事情

来。虽然遗传疾病有可能被发现，也许还会治好，但有人也许会利用这个信息去歧视那些易患某种基因疾

病的易感人群，或根据基因数据歧视某些群体。科学家会拥有人类基因密码专利，这点也令许多人惴惴不

安，因为这意味着人的生命会变成一种专享资源。

[5]大科学和小科学美国国家宇航局仍然做着举世惊叹的事情，他们把哈勃望远镜送入轨道来获取人

类从未见过的宇宙深处的图像，并传送回地球。这些图像提供了极具诱惑力的宇宙起源的线索。90年代，

宇航局的科学家从一块火星的陨石中发现了可能会证明细菌存活的证据，并发现遥远的行星上可能有水。

人们在继续寻找外星生命。宇航局发送宇宙探测器登陆火星，将美国航天英雄小约翰·赫谢尔·格伦再

次送入太空研究衰老问题，还计划同其他国家的研究组织共同建立一个国际太空站。但是一些批评人士提

出质疑说，把花在太空上的钱用来资助地球上的新发现是不是更好呢？似乎地球上正进行着这么多有趣的

新项目，太空研究不再那么必要了。最令人心仪的新领域是纳米技术，这项研究是力图在分子水平上操纵

物质，用原子建立新的构件以用于微型制造业、药物体内释放系统及微型计算机等。新发现的碳元素家族

成员富勒烯使得纳米技术的研究人员有了新的研究材料。这一科学领域在新旧世纪交替时期仍处在实验阶

段，但科技人员及政府官员己经看到了这门微科学的巨大潜力。

第五课B我们应该改进我们的基因组吗？

尼古拉斯·韦德

既然我们已经解读了人类基因组，我们为什么不去改进它呢了这个问题目前仅停留在理论层面上，但

很可能会成为所有生物伦理学问题中最难司多解决的问题。生物学家们已经常规地采用目前人类还无法接

受的可使遗传发生变化的方法改变老鼠的基因，但总有一天基因工程技术人员们会找到如何把基因补丁安

全地应用到人类生物软件上的方法。

每个人都想拥有健康、美丽和聪明的孩子。但人们在所有这些特质上差异很大，这取决于他们父母的

基因，以及受孕时每个孩子从其父母各自的基因库中完全凭运气分配到的一半。

人群中大多数的人类基因存在着几种不同的类型：其中一些非常优秀，值得拥有；一些很一般；还有一些

则纯粹有害。

冰岛“解读遗传学”公司本月（指2003年n月，下同―译者）发现了一种叫做BMP一2的基因的

三种具有相当共性的类型，其中每一种类型都在很大程度上增加了其拥有者患骨质疏松症和脆骨症的风

险。

假定有可能除去BMP一2和人类胚胎中所有其他人类基因中的任何不良类型，并代之以对健康没有

任何风险的优良类型。这样做难道不对吗了选择这样做的父母们知道，他们已经让自己孩子的一生有了尽

可能好的开端。无论手术费用是多么的昂贵，但假如它能省下一生的医药费，从长远看还是便宜的，所以

所有人都能付得起这笔费用。人生中最严重的不公平―遗传天赋的差别―将从出生时就得以消除。

格雷戈里·斯托克博士最近在《重新设计人类》一书中写道：“总有一天，人们会把性主要视为

一种娱乐，把怀孕视为在实验室里做得最好的事。”父母们会开始相信“怀孕前如不进行基因测试就是鲁

莽和无知”。

然而，反对改变人类遗传基因的观点也有非常有力的理由。实际上，许多基因都有不止一种的效应，

而更换不良的基因类型可能导致无法预知的并发症。比如，换上去的新基因可能与一个人的其他基因相互

作用产生坏的结果。但如果消除致病基因变种的尝试获得成功，到时候可能就会难以阻止那些想以同样方

法提高其后代的体力或智力的父母。

改进有缺陷的人类基因物质固然很好，但超人和普通人之间的过渡可能会导致令人尴尬的局面。社会

压力会随之出现，尤其是在技术不能迅速而且顺利地推广的情况下更是如此。

通过强化基因来追求智商了改变塑造人类行为的基因不应轻率而为。人类是进化过程中无数灾难性试验的

唯一幸存者，其本性是许多相互矛盾的特性的微妙组合。有什么理由值得我们去冒险干预如此精美的造化

天成？难道我们就不能为自然所赋予我们的现状而感到快乐吗2

（美国）总统生物伦理委员会在上个月发表的一份关于提高人体自然能力所带来的危险的报告中写道：“人

类的躯体和心智既高度复杂又精细地平衡，是千万年渐进而艰难地进化的结果，任何考虑欠周的‘改进’

尝试儿乎肯定会带来风险。”作为进化的产物，人们若挑战进化的智慧也许显得莽撞。但进化当然并不存

在智慧。它是一个在不断出错的基础上偶然产生幸运机缘的盲目过程。

通过淘汰不良基因的不幸拥有者，进化使动物一直保持健康，充满活力，直到其进入繁殖期。对那些

养育后代的物种，这个阶段还要再长一些。但进化对在生命早期就起作用的优良基因的严格偏爱与其筛选

在生殖年龄过后起作用的不良基因时所存在的缺陷形成对比。由于这个缺陷，进化未能淘汰造成脆骨症的

BMP一2基因变种，以及人类基因组中在生命后期才起作用的许多其他基因中的不良类型。这是导致我们

衰老和死亡的真正原因。

如果进化在某个年龄段后不能帮助我们，为什么我们不能自助呢2每一个人难道不应享有在我们共有

的基因遗传中拥有最佳的基因类型的权利吗了或者至少在一出生时就免受那些较差基因的困扰了然而，如

果我们减少个体之间的基因差异，我们就要冒将整个人类变成一个巨大克隆体的风险，导致索然无味的千

人一面，从而丧失应对环境变化所必需的多样性。追求完美如走到极端，就一定会导致灭绝。

Lesson6

READINGSELECTIONA

ThankGodIt'sMonday

ByJyotiThottam

[1]Asresearchersinpsychology,economicsandorganizationalbehaviorhavebeengraduallydiscovering,

t,wholovetheirjobs,feel

vebosseswhomakethemfeelappreciated(enjoyed)and

nfindmeaning(interest/significance)yaren'tjust

(only)srealefforttoreachthatsublimestate(status).

[2]Anevenbiggerobstacle(thereis),though（however）,maybeourlowexpectations(hopes)onthejob.

Love,family,community(society)—thosearesupposed(thought)tobethetruesourcesofhappiness,while

worksimply(only)givesusthemeans(tools)Csikszentmihalyi,who(coinage->)coined

thetermflow(happinessebb),whichadherents(supporter)ofpositivepsychologywouldusetodescribethe

job-inducedhighs(highspirit/happiness),saysthatdistinction(difference)isafalseone."Anythingcanbe

enjoyableiftheelementsofflow(happiness)arepresent,"hewritesinhisbookGood(Successful)Business."

Withinthatframework,doingaseeminglyboringjobcanbeasourceofgreaterfulfillment(achievement)than

one(anybody)everthoughtpossible."

[3]Csikszentmihalyiencourages(urge)ustoreachastate(level/status)inwhichworkisanextensionof

ed(absorbed)inthepleasureofwork,wedon'tworryaboutitsultimate

(final)(state)soundsoutofreach,takeheart(tryone’sbest).Youmaysoongetsome

encouragementfromtheheadoffice(headquarters).Agrowing(increasing)body(amount)ofresearchis

demonstrating(showing)thathappyworkersnotonlyarehappierinlifebutarealsocrucial(mostimportant)to

thehealth(n.)ofacompany.

[4]Thirty-fiveyearsago,theGallupOrganizationstartedresearchingwhypeopleincertainworkgroups,

evenwithinthesamecompany,weresomuchmoreeffective(->efficient)Clifton,theGallup

researcherwhopioneeredthatwork,conducted(directed)aseriesofextensiveinterviewswithhighlyproductive

oseinterviews,Gallupdevelopedasetof12statements(rules/points)designedto

measureemployees'overall(general)levelofhappinesswiththeirwork,whichGallupcalls"engagement".Some

ofthe(criterion->)criteriareflecttheobviousrequirementsofanyworker[Doyouhavewhatyouneedtodoyour

job(well)?]Doyouknowwhat'sexpectedofyouatwork?),whileothersreveal(show)moresubtlevariables(Do

youhaveabestfriendatwork?Doesyoursupervisor(boss)orsomeoneelseatworkcareaboutyouasaperson?).

Gallupstartedthesurveyin1998,anditnowincludes5.4millionemployeesat474organizations;Gallupalso

doesperiodicrandompollsofworkersindifferentcountries.

[5]Thepollspaintapictureofaratherdisaffected(unpleasant/unsatisfying)ost

recentpoll,fromSeptember2004,only29%anhalf,

55%,werenotengaged,and16%(Furthermore),thosenumbersarebetterthan

those(figures)thantwiceas

largeasGermany'sandthreetimesasgreatasSingapore's(figures).Butneitherthelate1990sboomnorthe

subsequent（following）bust(depression)hadmuchimpact(influence)ineitherdirection,indicating(showing/

implying)thatthestateofworkerhappinessgoesmuchdeeperthantheswings(waves)oftheeconomy.

[6]JamesHarter,apsychologistdirecting(conducting)thatresearchatGallup,saysmanycompaniesare

simply(only)misreading(->misled/don’tknow)acertainminimum

（minimal）level,itisn'tpayorbenefits(~sb./~fromsth.);it'sstrongrelationshipswithco-workersanda

supportiveboss."Thesearebasic(important)humanneedsintheworkplace,butthey'renottheonesthoughtby

managerstobeveryimportant."hasfoundthatastrongpositiveresponsetothestatement

(=sentence;questiononquestioner)"Ihaveabestfriendatwork",forexample,isapowerfulpredictorfor

engagementatworkandiscorrelatedwithprofitabilityandconnectionwithcustomers."Itindicates(imply/shows)

ahighlevelofbelonging,"Hattersays.[(1)handsome/beautiful;(2)intelligent;(3)considerate]

[7]Withoutit(happiness),ajobthatlooks(seems)goodonpaper(theoretically)canmakeaworker

miserable[tolive/leadamiserable/happylife].MartinaRadix,41,traded(exchange)ahigh-pressurejobasan

executiveassistantatacompanywhereshelikedhercolleaguesforalesstaxingposition(job)asaclerical

worker(clerk)more(free)timeandflexibilitybutfeelsstifled(depressed)by

herco-workersandunappreciatedbyherboss."Iamamisfit(mismatch)inthatdepartment,"shesays."Nomatter

howgoodyourpersonallifeis,ifyougointoabad(atom->)atmosphereatwork,ittakesawayfromit."

[8]Infact,(beengagedinsth.)engagementatworkislessafunctionofyourpersonalitythanishappiness

(satisfaction)estimatesthatindividualdisposition(personality)accountsfor(takeup/explain)

onlyabout30%ofthtofit

isshaped(decided)bythehundredsofinteractionsthatemployeeshaveeverydaywithco-workers,supervisors

andcustomers.

[9]Themostdirectfix(remedy/cure/solution),then,istoseekout(lookfor)asupportive(positive)

gajobthatfitsalifecalling(need/lookforoneself->lookforone’splace)unlocksthedoorto

teMendez,33,saysherjobcoordinatingtheannualbookfairatMiamiDadeCollegeistheone

shewasborntodo."Booksareaninextricable(inseparable)partofmylife,"shesays.

[10]Evenifyourpassion(->passionate)doesnoteasilytranslateintoaprofession(job->career),youcanstill

usstudies(n.)haveshowncorrelationsbetweenmeaningfulworkand

happiness,nse(feeling/significance)ofmeaning,however,can

oplefinditintheworkitself;otherstakepride(n./vt.)in(beproudof)their

company'smission(task/->missionary)canfindmeaninginanything.

[11]Thedesire(n.)formeaningissostrongthatsometimespeoplesimply(only)createit,especiallytomake

sense(gful)entlycompletedsix-yearstudyof(doctor)

physicians(->surgeon->specialist)duringtheirsurgical(reside->resident->)residency,forexample,itwasfound

thatthesurgeonswereextremelydissatisfiedinthefirstyear,whenthemenial(slave)worktheywereassigned,

like(suchas)fillingoutendlesscopiesofpatientrecords,seemedpointless(meaningless).Oncetheystartedto

thinkof(regard)thetrainingaspartofthelargerprocess(vt./n.)ofjoininganelitegroupofdoctors,theirattitude

'reabletoreconstruct(reconsider)ndof

yearone,they'vestartedtocreate(feel)somemeanings.(self-employed)

[12]Whilepositivepsychologyhasmostlyfocusedon(stressed/emphasized)theindividual

(pursue->)pursuitofhappiness,anewfield—positiveorganizationalscholarship—hasbeguntoexamine(study)

theconnectionbetweenhappyemployeesandhappy(successful)doffocusingonprofitability

andcompetitiontoexplainsuccess,researchersinthisfieldarestudyingmeaningfulness,authenticleadership

(underthe~of)andemotionalcompetence(ability:language~).NotthetypicalB-schoolbuzzwords,butthey

maysoonbecomepartofthelanguagespokenbyeveryM.B.A.(student)

[13]Untilrecently,businesspeoplewoulddismiss(fire/reject)employeewell-being(health/happiness)as

"outsidetheirdomain(field)andkindof(alittle/somewhat)fringe-ish",saysThomasWright(playwright),a

professoroforganizationalbehaviorattheUniversityofNevada,ints()oftheimportanceof

workerhappinesswereslow(dull/stupid->sharp)tobeaccepted(admitted/understood).A1920sstudy(n.)onthe

edat(examined)whetherincreased

lighting,shorterworkdaysandotherworker-friendlyfixes(measures)wouldimprove(increase)productivity.

While(Although)theworkplacechanges(n.)boosted(improved)performance,theexperimenterseventually

(finally)discovered(found)thatthedifferencesworkerswererespondingtonotinthephysicalenvironmentbutin

thesocial(spiritual)one(factor).Inotherwords,theattention(love)they(workers)weregettingwaswhatmade

themhappierandmoreeffective(->efficiency).ThisphenomenoncametobeknownastheHawthorneeffect.

"Theresearcherscametorealizethatitwaspeople'shappinessthatmadethedifference,"er

studies(n.)thatlookedatjob-satisfaction(rate->)rmeasures(degree)of

happiness,itturnsout,arebetterpredictorsofproductivity.

[14]Makinganyofthosechangesdependsontheboss,althoughnotnecessarily,dfulof

(many)businessschoolsaretryingtocreate(educate)anewkindoffrontlinemanager,basedontheideaof

"authenticleadership".Insteadofimposingfaddish(fashionable)managementtechniquesoneachsupervisor,

ertedbosseshavetoknowtheirownstyleandthenfind

strategiestomanage(administrate)peoplethatfeelnatural(friendly).Inotherwords,byfiguringout(workingout)

theirstrengths(advantages),theylearntorecognizethose(advantages)ofemployees.[handin->handout;

routiner;]

[15]Thegoal(objective->purpose->aim)ofallthatrethinking,however,isnotnecessarilyaworld(field)in

,bydefinition,issomewhat(alittle;somehow=for

reasonsunkown)'swhywestillexpecttoget

heveryleast(atthemost),businesses(companiesororganizations)coulddobetter

justbypayingattentiontowhattheiremployeeswantandneed(financiallyandspiritually).Thenmoreofus

couldfindameasure(degree)offulfillment(achievement)einawhile(nowandthen/

occasionally),wemighthopetotranscend(surpass)it(materialnecessity)(miracle)canhappenonthe

basketballcourt(field),infrontofaroaringcrowd,orinaclassroom,infrontofjustonegrateful(thankful)

student.(1,669words)

ABOUTTHEAUTHOR

Jythepresidentof

theSouthAsianJournalists'Associationfrom2001-2002.

EXERCISES

gComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatements.

itle"ThankGodIt'sMonday",theauthorwantedtoconveytheideathat_____.

lovetheirworkaboveeverythingelse

canfindhappinessintheirwork

oplehavetheexperienceofbeinghappyatwork

canfindmeaninginwhatevertheydo

ingtoMihalyCsikszentmihalyi,_____.

,familyandcommunityarenotsupposedtobethetruesourcesofhappiness

mplygivesusthemeanstoenjoythehappinesswegetfromlove,familyandcommunity

eeminglyboringjobcanbeasourceofhappinessforus

itivepsychologythatisusedtodescribethejob-inducedhighsisfalse

ingtotheresearchmadebytheGallupOrganization,whatmakespeoplehappyatwork?

ablepayorbenefits.

verelationshipwithco-workersandboss.

'sengagementwiththeirwork.

ndB.

ingtotheresearchmadebytheGallupOrganization,thenumberofengagedworkersinSingapore

wasabout_____.

A.10%B.14.5%C.16%D.29%

tinaRadix_____.

gh-pressurejobbutshehaspositiverelationshipwithherco-workers

ssdemandingjobbutshehasabadrelationshipatwork

etimeandflexibilitysosheissatisfiedwithherpersonallife

ecutiveassistantatacompanybutshefeelssheisamisfitinthatdepartment

canfindmeaningintheirworkinthefollowingsituationsEXCEPT_____.

lovetheirjobverymuch

rworkitselfisveryimportant

rcompany'smissionisveryimportant

arepaidataminimumlevel

ndofyearone,surgicalresidentscanfindtheirmenialworkmeaningfulbecause_____.

astyear,theyhavebecomeaccustomedtothework

nstopdoingsuchpointlessjobsasfillingoutendlesscopiesofpatientrecords

alizethatthemenialworkisanecessarysteptobecomeadoctor

'reabletoconstructtheirfameiftheydealwithpatientsmoreoften

detheworkershappierandmoreeffective,accordingtothestudyattheHawthornePlantofthe

ro,inthe1920s?

entionpaidtotheworkers.

worker-friendlymeasures.

rovementofthephysicalenvironment.

rovementofthesocialenvironment.

ingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

terproductivityofacompanydependsonitsCEO.

ticleadersshouldlearnmoremanagementtechniques.

shouldfindstrengthinboththemselvesandtheiremployees.

ultsofthestudiesonjob-satisfactionratingswereallsimilar.

hor'spurposeinwritingthisarticleis_____.

morepeopleenjoytheirwork

pletofindfulfillmentinwhattheydo

aluatesometheoriesinpositivepsychology

businessbemoreeffectiveandproductive

lary

efollowingsentencesanddecidewinchofthefourchoicesbeloweachsentenceisclosestin

meaningtotheunderlinedword.

ate(vt./n.)a(whole->)holisticrecognitionthatbiologyandcultureinterpenetrateinaninextricable

manner(way).

rehensible

(Rome->romance)romanticpaintingmovementintroducedatasteforthemysteriousaswellas(=and)

aloveofthepicturesqueandsublimenature.

ating(attractive)

icent(great/noble)ting(attractive)

ortantfeature(property/character;featurestory专题报道)oftheperiodwasthegrowth

(development)erentshonoredtheBuddhainordertobereborninhisparadise(heaven).

rs(vt./n.)torsD.(advise->advice)advisors

orshipwasextremelystrictinthatperiod,littleauthenticnewscameoutofthecountry(Churchill:

iron-curtaincountry).

veB.(astro-/aster-:星象)al(a./n.)le

ckofwoodiscompletelyimmersedinwater,theupwardforceisgreaterthantheweightofthe

wood.

ingtoZhuangzi,aDaoist(道家)philosopherofthelate4thcenturyB.C.,throughmystical(unite->)

unionwiththeDaotheindividualcouldtranscendnatureandevenlifeanddeath.

ve(->solvent)e(bringup)s(->suppress)

(when)economicgrowthgroundtoahalt(stop),thelocalpopulationsgrew(became)moreandmore

disaffected.

edD.(dignity->)indignant(->angry)

8.(capitalpenalty死刑)Capitalismwasbeset(betroubled)by(circle->)cycles(->recycle)of"boomand

bust",periodsofexpansionandprosperityfollowedbyeconomiccollapse[->collapsible]andwavesof

unemployment.[beheaded=killed]

tion

C.(lose->lost->)sion[theGreatDepression]

time(=then),lifewasnearlyastaxing(burdensome/tiring)forall-blackbands:blackmusicians

wererequiredtousekitchen(restaurant)entrancesandserviceelevators(=lift;escalator),whichforcedthemto

confronttheuglyrealitiesofracialdiscrimination.[HardTimes]

(=difficult)(=severe)

andimplicit(explicit)censorshiphasnothinglikethepoweroftheoldsystemandcontrary

opinionisneverentirelystifled.

ed

ed(->retardant)ited[pro-:(1)officially;(2)forward]

hwordorexpressiononlyonce

andmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.

incontrolofwithintheframeworkvariablesitturnsoutonpaper

takeawayfromonceinawhiletrade...formakesensetakeheart

tfamous(eminent)privateboardingschoolsareopentothepubliconpaper,butinrealityare

attendedbythosewhocanafford(=payfor)thefees(->fare).[(1)boarder房客/border;(2)边界]

edherdogsomuchthatafteryearsofitsdeathshestillthinksofitonceinawhile(nowandthen/

occasionally).

(equal:a./vi.~tosth.)equationissaidtobesatisfiedforcertainvaluesofthevariablesiftheexpression

ontheleftsideoftheequationisequaltothatontherightside.(->equator)

mission(->committee)wastoformulateplansforestablishinganinternationalcontrolorgan

(organization)withintheframeworkoftheSecurityCouncil.[citycouncil]

hisconfidenceafterhelostthefirsttwo(try->)trials,buthiscoachtoldhimtotakeheart(lose

one’sheart),sothathecouldwinatlast.

(refuse->)refusaltoaccepttheprizedoesnottakesawayfromhissuccessinwritingit.

sentationofhispaper(oralpresentation)washighlypraised,butitturnedoutthatthepaperwas

copiedfromtheInternet.[thinkgreat/muchofsb./thinkhighlyofsb.thinklittleofsb./lookdownuponsb.;

Turnout:(1)Thepoliceturnedouttothesiteofthecrime;(2)Theproduceorproductthefactory/thefarmturned

out;(3)Ithasbeenprovedthat…;]

asreaditforfourtimes,buttheletterstilldoesn'tmakesensetoher.[Shedoesn’tunderstandit;

French:It’sChinese.是天书].

asincontrolof(inchargeofsth.)themeeting,andaftersingingandprayer(n.)sheintroduceda

strangefriendfromAmerica(theUS/theU.S.).

ly(settle:vi./vt.)settlers(settlement)tradedcopperforcornfromnatives.[tosettleinsomewhere/

~anargument][scorn=lookdown(up)onsb.]

epassagecarefullyandchoosethe

theformifnecessary.

supposedtobeunlessalltoooftenwhichexternal

thoroughlythatontheotherhandinreturnironically

Although,aswehaveseen,peoplegenerallylong(vt.,want/desire)toleavetheirplacesofworkandget

home,ready(=willing)toputtheirhard-earnedfreetimetogooduse(n.),1alltoooften(frequently)theyhave

noidea(=don’tknow)whattodothere(home).2Ironically,jobsareactuallyeasiertoenjoythanfreetime,

becauselike(pre.)flow(happy)activitiesthey(work)havebuilt-in(内建，内在)goals,feedback,rulesand

challenges,allof3whichencourageone(anybody/worker)tobecomeinvolved(join)inone'swork,to

concentrateandloseoneself(beabsorbed)me,4ontheotherhand(onthecontrary),isunstructured

(unorganized),andrequiresmuchgreaterefforttobeshapedintosomething(meaningful)thatcanbeenjoyed.

Hobbiesthatdemandskill,habitsthatsetgoalsandlimits,personalinterests(tastes),andespeciallyinner

discipline(n./vt.),helptomakeleisure(freetime)whatitis5supposedto(should)bechancefor"re-creation".

Butonthewhole(ingeneral),peoplemisstheopportunitytoenjoyleisureevenmore6thoroughly(completely)

theimprovident(unwise/wasteful)useofourleisuretime,Isuspect

(think),7thatthegreatestwastesofAmericanlifeoccur.[tourismandrecreationindustry]

Massleisure,massculture,arid(meaningless)evenhighculturewhenonly(theyare)attendedto

(actively)passivelyandfor8externalReasons—suchasthewishtodisplay(show)one'sstatus—are

parasites(寄生虫)sorb(=exhaust)psychicenergywithoutprovidingsubstantive

(considerable)strength(energy)ave(=make)usmoreexhausted,moredisheartened

(depressed)thanwewerebefore.10Unlessapersontakescharge(control)ofthem,bothworkandfreetimeare

likely(possible)bsandmanyleisureactivities—especiallythoseinvolvingthe

passiveconsumptionofmassmedia—arenotdesigned(intended)tomakeushappyandstrong,ortomakeus

learntoenjoyourwork.[attend:(1)vt.~ameeting/aclass;(2)vi.~tosb.;attendant服务员]

ation

PutthefollowingpartyintoChinese.

Csikszentmihalyi,whocoinedthetermflow,whichadherentsofpositivepsychologywoulduseto

describethejob-inducedhighs,saysthatdistinctionisafalseone."Anythingcanbeenjoyableiftheelementsof

flowarepresent,"hewritesinhisbookGoodBusiness."Withinthatframework,doingaseeminglyboringjobcan

beasourceofgreaterfulfillmentthanoneeverthoughtpossible."

米哈里·奇凯因特米哈里认为这种区分是错误的。他发明了“强感受”(flow)这个说法,信奉正面心理学

的人常用此词来描述由工作而引发的兴奋状态。在《称心如意的工作》一书中他写道:“只要存在强感受因

素,任何事情都能给我们带来愉悦。根据这一观点,从事一份表面看上去枯燥的工作却会给人们带来想象

不到的更大的成就感。”

therthelate1990sboomnorthesubsequentbusthadmuchimpactineitherdirection,indicating

thatthestateofworkerhappinessgoesmuchdeeperthantheswingsoftheeconomy.

但是20世纪90年代后期的经济繁荣和随之而来的经济萧条都没有对员工的两种工作态度产生多大影

啊,这表明工人在工作中是否能获得快乐感有比经济形势更深层的原因。

aRadix,41,tradedahigh-pressurejobasanexecutiveassistantatacompanywhereshelikedher

colleagmoretimeand

flexibilitybutfeelsstifledbyherco-workersandunappreciatedbyherboss."Iamamisfitinthatdepartment,"

shesays."Nomatterhowgoodyourpersonallifeis,ifyougointoabadatmosphereatwork,ittakesawayfrom

it."

41岁的马丁娜·蕾迪克斯原是一家公司的经理助理,虽然工作压力大,但她和同事相处都很好;6年前她

换了工作,到一家律师事务所成了一名职位相对清闲的办事员。如今她时间多了,自由度也大了,但她感觉

和这里的同事共事太压抑,也得不到老板的赏识。她说:“我不适应这个部门。不管你个人生活多惬意,如

果工作单位氛围不好,个人生活就会大受影响。”

,engagemen

estimatesthatindividualdispositionaccountsforonlyabout30%ofthedifferencebetweenemployeeswhoare

tofitisshapedbythehundredsofinteractionsthatemployeeshave

everydaywithco-workers,supervisorsandcustomers.

事实上,对工作的投入与其说是人的个性使然,不如说是源于人们在工作中总体上感到的快乐。哈特

认为,对工作高度投入与并不投入的员工之间之所以存在差异,员工的个性只起30%的作用,其他的取决

于员工每天与同事、主管以及客户的频繁交往。

ecently,businesspeoplewoulddismissemployeewell-beingas"outsidetheirdomainandkindof

fringe-ish”,saysThomasWright,aprofessoroforganizationalbehaviorattheUniversityofNevada,Reno.

内华达大学里诺分校的组织行为学教授托马斯·赖特说,直到不久前,企业家们还不愿考虑员工是否工

作心情舒畅的问题,认为这“不属于他们关心的范围,和他们的职责范围相去甚远”

rmeasuresofhappiness,it

turnsout,arebetterpredictorsofproductivity.

但后来对工作满意度的许多研究结果却前后矛盾。现在看来,用更广泛的衡量标准来评估快乐感受,

能更有效地预测生产率。

heveryleast,businessescoulddobetterjustbypayingattentiontowhattheiremployeeswantand

einawhile,wemighthopeto

appenonthebasketballcourt,infrontofaroaringcrowd,orinaclassroom,infrontofjust

onegratefulstudent.

但通过关心员工的需求,至少企业可能发展得更好。那样,我们更多的人就会在工作中找到一定程度

的满足感。而且偶尔我们可能还希望获得最大程度的满足。这种情况可能发生在篮球场上喧闹欢呼的人群

前,也可能发生在教室里,在仅仅一个充满感激的学生面前。

acticeandDiscussion

oveyourjob?Doyoulikeyourcolleagues?Isyourbosssupportive?

akesyouhappier:yourworkorthethingsoutofwork?

acertainminimumlevelofincome,whatmakesyouworkharder:morepayandbetterbenefitsor

strongrelationshipswithco-workersandasupportiveboss?

hinkyourworkismeaningful?Howcanyoufindmeaninginit?

hinkworkers'happinessisimportanttotheircompany'sproductivity?Whatelsecanmakea

companymoreproductive?

greewiththeauthorthat"work,bydefinition,issomewhatunpleasantrelativetoalltheother

thingswecouldbedoing"?Howcanyoufindameasureoffulfillmentinwhatyoudo?

VOCABULARYITEMS

e:terizedbynobilitymajesticsupreme庄严，崇高，壮丽的:(super->)thesupremecourt;

[limelight]；sub-/sub-:under;sub-marine(sea)潜水艇

2.(ebb)flow(fly->flew->flown;flowed->flowed):n.(psychology)acontinuousoutputoroutpouringof

feeling[心理学]感受强烈的;happiness快乐，幸福指数

3.(ad-:add)(adhere:vt.)adherent:rter,asofacause(事业)oranindividual拥护者，追随者;

adheretosb./sth.

:mentoreuphoria;(bein)high/low)spirits兴高采烈的;benot/inthemood->mode=

channel

ed:gagedwhollyordeeply;beabsorbedinsth.沉迷，沉思;be~insth.;immersion

method

le:riesorispronetovariation变量;vary->variety->various;avarietyofsth.

:yofthepublicorofasampleofpublicopiniontoacquireinformation民意调查;polltax;

ected:fulandrebellious,especiallyagainstauthority不满的;effect(n.)->affect

(vt.)->affection(love)->affectionate(adj.)

:feconomic(prosper->)prosperity繁荣;prosper->prosperous/thrive（vi）;

prosperous-looking

:rperiodofwidespreadfinancialdepression萧条时期:TheGreatDepression.

:some;wearing繁重的，难以负担的;tiresome=tiring(a.)

d:bypreventingrespiration;smotheredorsuffocated使窒息的

ition:ualinclination;atendency意向，倾向;posingpicture;beinclinedtodosth.;

position->preposition;dispose->disposition;posingpicture

:retosolvetheproblem解决问题，纠正错误;tosolveaproblem;toansweraquestion;

fix(n.)：adoseofdrug

15.（extract->）inextricable:ultorimpossibletodisentangleoruntie难解难分的;

:orclassofpersonsoramemberofsuchagrouporclass,enjoyingsuperiorintellectual,

social,oreconomicstatus精英，杰出人才;whoiswho名人辞典

tic:mingtofactandthereforeworthyoftrust,reliance,orbelief真实的

rd:lyimportant-soundingwordorphraseconnectedwithaspecializedfieldorgroup

thatisusedprimarilytoimpresslaypersons(laymen/green-hand)术语

-ish:ge边缘化，次要化

h:thenatureofafashionthatistakenupwithgreatenthusiasmforabriefperiodof

time风行，流行的;fad=fashion->fashionable(a.)/faddish

21.(extroverted)introverted:sonwhosethoughtsandfeelingsaredirectedtowardoneself性

格内向的

end(=surpass):beyondthelimitsofortobegreaterthan,asinintensityorpower;

surpass超越，胜过;trans-:across;transport-translate

art[lose(one’sheart)]:tobeconfident有信心，振作起来;self-confident(a.)->self-confidence

(n.)

r:judgedfromwrittenorprintedevidence在纸上，在理论上theory->theoretical->theoretically

or:toexchange;bartersystem以…换…;trade/workers’union

ayfrom…:tolessen;weaken;diminish减少

NOTES

Csikszentmihayi:bornin1934,heisapsychologyprofessoratClaremontGraduateUniversityin

Claremont,Californiaandistheformer(->thelatter)head(president/dean)ofthedepartmentofpsychologyat

theUniversityofChicago

notedforhisworkinthestudyofhappiness,creativity,subjectivewell-being(health),andfun,butisbestknown

asthearchitectofthenotion(concept)e

Seligman,former(later)presidentofthe

AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,describedCsikszentmihalyiastheworld'sleadingresearcheronpositive

eofthemostwidelycitedpsychologiststodayinavarietyoffieldsrelatedtopsychologyand

1965,-image

:GeorgeHorace(1901-1984),Americanpublicopinionanalystandstatistician,borninJefferson,

Iowa,eadofthejournalismdepartmentatDrakeUniversity

(1929-1931),professorofjournalismandadvertisingatNorthwesternUniversity(1931-1932),andprofessorat

thePulitzerSchoolofJournalism,ColumbiaUniversity(1935-1937).In1935hefoundedandbecamedirectorof

theAmericanInstituteforPublicOpinion,andin1936heestablishedtheBritishInstituteofPublicOpinion.

Gallupwasapioneerintheuseofstatisticalmethodsformeasuringtheinterestofreadersinthefeaturesand

advertisementsofmagazinesandnewspapersandfordeterminingpublicopinionongeneralissues(problem).He

extendedhisresearchtoincludethereactionsofradioaudiencesandfoundedtheAudienceResearchInstitutein

cted(conducted)researchformanyorganizations,wonnumerousawards,andwroteseveralbooks.

Poll:publicopinionsurveysonpolitics.盖洛普民意调查

arter:,Ph.D.,isChiefScientistofWorkplaceManagementforTheGallup

Organization'authorofTheNewYorkTimesbestseller:TheElements

ofGreat(Successful)Managing.

5.(negative)Positivepsychology:Positivepsychologyisthescientificstudyofthestrengths(advantages)

andvirtues(quality)thatenableindividualsandcommunitiestothrive(prosper,succeed).

veOrganizationalScholarship:PositiveOrganizationalScholarshipisanexcitingnewmovementin

veOrganizationalScholarshipisdedicate(used/devoted)tounderstandinghowwork

organizationscontributetothedevelopmentofhumanstrengthandvirtues.成功组织研究学院

7.B-school:businessschool

8.M.B.A.:MasterofBusinessAdministration工商管理硕士的缩写

rne:HereitreferstoHawthorneplantofWesternElectric(WesternElectricCompany)美国西部电

器公司霍桑厂;mill/factory/plant;ScarletLetter

thorneeffect:TheHawthorneeffectisanincreaseinworkerproductivityproducedbythe

psychologicalstimulus(stimuli:pl.，”~andresponse”)l

(preliminary)improvementinaprocessofproductioncausedbytheobtrusive(forced)observationwasfirst

noticedinHawthorneplantofWesternElectric(WesternElectricCompany)in1924after12yearsofstudythere.

霍桑效应;besingledoutforpraise/criticism

.:Illinois美国伊利诺伊斯州的缩写

:ChiefExecutiveOfficer执行总裁，首席执行官的缩写;(1)legislature(Congress->theCapitol)(2)

executive(Thepresidentandthecabinet);(3)supervisor(theSupremeCourt)

READINGSELECTIONB

Success

[1]Ayoumed,in

theAmericanway,iligentandshrewdand,

whenhehadtobe,ogetherthedealandhedidsomethingswithanelectronicsacquisitionthat

wouldn'eededevenbeyondhisdream:hemadetwelvemilliondollars.

[2]Atfirsttheyoungmanassumedthateverythingwasworkingoutsplendidly."Isn'titgrand?"hesaidto

hiswife,onceitwasapparentthathehadmadetwelvemilliondollars.

[3]"No,itisn't,"hiswifesaid."You'reanobody."

[4]"Butthat'simpossible,"theyoungmansaid."I'inanerathatcelebratesrich

opleareshowninthenewspapersinthecompanyofmoviestarsandfamousnovelistsand

re

richrealestatesharkswhosefacesappearonthecoversofglossymagazines.

[5]"Yourswon't,"hiswifesaid."You'reanobody."

[6]"ButIhavetwelvemilliondollars,"theyoungmansaid.

[7]"Sodoalotofpeople,"hiswifesaid."They'renobodies,too."

[8]"Icouldbuyourwayontothecommitteesofimportantcharityballs,"theyoungmansaid."Thenwe'dbe

mentionedinthecolumns."

[9]"Don'tkidyourself,"hiswifesaid."Theimportantcommitteesarealreadyfilledupwithpeoplewhoare

reallyrich,peoplelikeuswouldendupworkingonsomethinglikeadinner-dancetobenefittheAmerican

PsoriasisFoundation."

[10]"ButIownaco-opapartmentonFifthAvenuethat'sworthtwomilliondollars,"theyoungmansaid.

[11]"Twomillion-dollarco-opsareadimeadozen,"hiswifesaid."Sotospeak."

[12]"Ihaveastretchlimousine,"theyoungmansaid."It'stwenty-oneandahalffeetlong."

[13]"Nobodyfamoushaseverriddeninit,"hiswifesaid."HenryKissingerandCalvinKleinhavenever

'reanobody."

[14]Theyoungmanwassilentforawhile."Areyoudisappointedinme?"hefinallysaidtohiswife.

[15]"OfcourseI'mdisappointedinyou,"shesaid."Whenyouaskedmetomarryyou,yousaidyouwould

Itoknowthatyou'dturnouttobeanobody?"

[16]squaredhisshouldersandclearedhisthroat."I'll

makethempayattention,"hesaid."I'llbuyaprofessionalfootballteamandarguealotwiththecoachinpublic.

Celebritieswilljoinmetowatchbiggamesfromtheowner'sbox."

[17]"Youcan'tbuyaprofessionalfootballteamfortwelvemilliondollars,"hiswifesaid."Professional

footballteamscostbigbucks."

[18]"ThenI'llbuyamagazineandappointmyselfchiefcolumnist,"theyoungmansaid."Atinybut

ersofprofessionalfootball

teamswillinvitemetowatchbiggamesfromtheowner'sbox."

[19]"Youmightbeabletobuyoneofthoseweekly-shoppersthrowawaysfortwelvemilliondollars,butnot

arealmagazine,"hiswifesaid."Youcan'tbuyarealmagazineforchickenfeed."

[20]"Isthatwhatyoucallwhatwehave?"theyoungmanasked."Istwelvemilliondollarschickenfeed?"

[21]"It'snotbigbucks,"hiswifesaid."WhatcanItellyou?"

[22]"Butthat'snotfair,"theyoungmansaid."I'mayoungmanofhumbleoriginswhomadetwelvemillion

ededevenbeyondmydream."

[23]"Someofthosethingsyoudidwiththeelectronicsacquisitionprobablyweren'tfaireither,"hiswifesaid.

"Fairisn'eymeasureismoney."

[24]"ThenI'llgetmoremoney,"theyoungmansaid."I'mgoingtogobacktoWallStreetandmakefifty

milliondollars."

[25]ButbeforetheyoungmancouldmakefiftymilliondollarsamanfromtheSecuritiesandExchange

Commissioncameandarrestedhimforhavingcommittedinsider-tradingviolationsintheelectronicsacquisition.

[26]reonthefrompageofthe

afternoonpapershowedhimleavinghisarraignment,tryingtohidehisfacebehindan$850Italianovercoat.A

longarticleinthemorningpaperusedhimasanexampleofanewbreedofWallStreettraderswhowerethe

victimsoftheirowngreed,endsandassociatesavoidedhim.

[27]edtoseethebrightside."Forsomeonewithonlytwelvemillion

dollars,"shesaidtotheyoungman,"You'regettingtobeprettywellknown."(796words)

ABOUTTHEAUTHOR

CalvinTrillin(1935—)esaweeklycolumnforTIMEandother

iclesandco

articlesincludeChild'sPlay(December30,1996);Shoulda,Woulda,Coulda(October28,1996);Don'tCount

ThatVote(October21,1996);WhoWasThatWoman!

ReadingComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatement.

theyoungmanmaketwelvemilliondollars?

erycleverandworkedveryhard.

eryluckyinbuyingandsellingstocks.

advantageofhispositionandplayedsometricks.

someelectronicsacquisitiontoexplainthetrendofstockindexes.

eyoungmanmadetwelvemilliondollars,atfirsthe_____.

ysatisfiedwithwhathehadachieved

theshouldusehismoneytobuyfame

toinvestittomakemoremoney

edhewasstillanordinaryperson

eofhisaccumulationoftwelvemilliondollars,hiswifewas_____.

ant

ingtotheyoungman'swife,successmeant_____.

millionsofdollars

nowntofamouspeople

co-opapartmentandluxurycars

nowntoschoolboys

pliedinthetextthatintheUnitedStatesrichpeopleholdcharityballsto_____.

moneytotheneeded

lvesocialproblems

heirfame

hemselvesdancing

dtheyoungman'swifemeanbysaying"Youcan'tbuyarealmagazineforchickenfeed"?

'tbuyamagazinewhichisverypopular.

milliondollarsistoolittletobuyapopularmagazine.

bandisnobodythatarealmagazinewillnotbesoldtohim.

gazineswouldnotbethrownawayevenafterbeingread.

ingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrue?

reasonableforayoungmanofhumbleorigintomakesomuchmoney.

ngman'swifeknewthathehadmadethemoneybydishonestmeans.

ngmanwasarrestedafterhemadefiftymilliondollars.

ngmanwasconvictedacrimeofviolatingtheinsidetraderegulations.

eyoungmanwasarrested_____.

izedthathewasavictimofhisgreed

ewasashamedofhismisconduct

edhiswrongdoingsonhiswife'sgreed

ewassomewhatoptimisticaboutit

horofthetexthintsthat_____.

ericanrichpeoplegettheirwealthillegally

lpracticeinWallStreethasmadesomemillionaires

ricandreamcannevercometruesoeasily

ttertobeanordinarypersonthanamillionaire

hor'sprimarypurposeofwritingthispassageisto_____.

zetheAmericanvalueofsuccess

zethelifestyleoftheAmericanrich

theWallStreetinsidertrades

thetruthoftheAmericandream

VOCABULARYITEMS

nt:bypersevering,painstakingeffort

:terizedbykeenawareness,sharpintelligence,andoftenasenseofthepractical

s:aightforward;shifty

sis：n.

:asmooth,shiny,lustroussurface

:

nment:fortrial

e'slottune:totrytomakewealth

ether(adeal):tomakeadealsuccessful

onicsacquisition:

ompanyof:togetherwith

ateraider:afinancierwhomakesapracticeofmakinghostiletake-overbidsforcompanies,either

tocontroltheirpoliciesortoresellthemforaprofit

tateshark:apersonwhoownsagreatamountoflandedproperty,usuallyofconsiderablesize

hlimousine:longluxurycar

yballs:dancepartiesheldforcollectingmoneyforcharity

-opapartment:corporatelyownedapartmenthouse

NOTES

reet:

ogetherthedealandhedidsomethingwithanelectronicsacquisitionthatwouldn’tbear

explanation:

venue:intheboroughofManhattan,NewYorkCity

dozen:verycheap,costingonlytencentsfortwelve

issinger:(Alfred)(1923—),AmericanscholarandNobellaureate,statesman,secretaryofstate

Klein:(Richard)(1942—),famousAmericanfashiondesigner

shoppersthrowaways:

nfeed:meansaverysmallsumofmoney

tyandExchangeCommission:

r-tradingviolation:

第六课A感谢上帝，星期一到了

吉奥提·托塔姆

[l］从事心理学、经济学和组织行为学研究的人已逐渐发现，各行各业的人们在工作中感受到快乐的

体验看起来十分相似。热爱本职工作的人会感到他们的工作有挑战性，但自己能驾驭它；他们既得到老板

的赏识，又有和自己投缘的同事；无论干什么他们都能发现其中的意义。他们可不是仅仅凭着运气好。要

达到那种完美的境界需要切实下工夫才行。

[2]不过，一个更大的障碍也许是我们对工作的期望值太低。爱、家庭和社区往往被看作是快乐的真正

来源，而工作只是为我们提供了享受那一切的手段。米哈里·奇凯岑特米哈伊认为这种区分是错误的。

他发明了“强感受”(flow）这个说法，信奉正面心理学的人常用此词来描述由工作而引发的兴奋状态。

在《称心如意的工作》一书中他写道：“只要存在强感受因素，任何事情都能给我们带来愉悦。根据这

一观点，从事一份表面看上去枯燥的工作却会给人们带来想象不到的更大的成就感。”

[3］奇凯岑特米哈伊鼓励我们达到这样一种境界―在此境界中，工作是我们本就想做的事情的一种延伸。

沉浸在工作的快乐中，我们就不会为最终的报酬去操心。即便听起来很难达到这种境界，我们也要树立信

心。也许你很快会从上司那儿得到某种鼓励。越来越多的研究证明，如果员工工作时心情愉快，不仅其自

身生活会更幸福，而且对公司的健康发展也有着举足轻重的作用。

[4]35年前，盖洛普民意调查机构开始研究为什么某些工作团队（甚至在同一公司内）的工作效率比

别的团队高得多。盖洛普此项调查的发起者唐纳德·克利夫顿对许多高效的员工团队进行了一系列范围

广泛的采访，从中总结出了一套旨在衡量员工工作快乐感受―盖洛普称之为“工作投入”―总体水平的

12条提法。有些衡量标准明显反映的是对任何一个员工的要求（你具有必备的工作能力吗2你了解工作

中姐乡人们对你的期望吗约；而另一些衡量标准则反映出更加细微的可变因素（同事中有你最好的朋友吗

了你的主管或其他同事对你本人是否关心了）。盖洛普的调查是从1998年开始的，现在己经覆盖474家

机构里的540万员工；它还对不同国家的企业员工定期进行随机民意调查。

[5］对美国的调查反映出美国公司员工工作时情绪不佳。根据2004年9月开始的最新调查，只有29％

的员工说他们对工作很投入，而一半以上（55%）的员工说他们对工作不投入，16％的员工根本就是消

极怠工。尽管如此，这些数字比许多其他国家还要好些。美国对工作投入的员工的百分比是德国的两倍多，

是新加坡的3倍。但是20世纪90年代后期的经济繁荣和随之而来的经济萧条都没有对员工的两种工作

态度产生多大影啊，这表明工人在工作中是否能获得快乐感有比经济形势更深层的原因。

[6］盖洛普指导这项调查的心理学家詹姆斯·哈特说，很多公司完全误解了工作快乐感受产生的原因。

高于某种最低水平之后，工作中的快乐感受与收入或奖金的关系就不大了，关键在于是否有融洽的同事关

系和支持自己工作的老板。哈特说：“这是人们在工作场所的一些基本需求，但往往得不到上司的重视。”

盖洛普的调查己发现，例如，如果有人对“同事中有我最好的朋友”这个提法反应强烈的话，这就有力预

示着他能积极投入工作，而且这与企业的收益率以及企业和客户之间的联系都互有关联。哈特说：“这显

示了一种高度的归属感。”

[7]如果没有归属感，一项表面上看起来不错的工作也会使人感到痛苦。41岁的马丁娜·雷迪克斯原

是一家公司的经理助理，虽然工作压力大，但她和同事相处都很好；6年前她换了工作，到一家律师事务

所成了一名职位相对清闲的办事员。如今她时间多了，自由度也大了，但她感觉和这里的同事共事太压抑，

也得不到老板的赏识。她说：“我不适应这个部门。不管你个人生活多惬意，如果工作单位氛围不好，个

人生活就会大受影响。”

[8］事实上，对工作的投入与其说是人的个性使然，不如说是源于人们在工作中总体上感到的快乐。

哈特认为，对工作高度投入与并不投入的员工之间之所以存在差异，员工的个性只起30％的作用，其他

的取决于员工每天与同事、主管以及客户的频繁交往。

[9］所以，最直接的解决办法就是选择一个称心的工作单位。找到一份适合自己终生从事的工作便打

开了快乐之门。33岁的利塞特·门德斯在迈阿密达德学院每年的书展中搞协调工作，她称自己天生就是

做这份工作的料。她说：“我和书有一种不解之缘。”

[10]即使你的爱好无法轻易地转化为一项职业，你仍可在自己的工作中找到乐趣。大量研究己经表明，

有意义的工作与心情愉快、工作满意度甚至健康状况都相关。然而，这里所说的工作意义可能包括多种形

式。有人感到工作本身有意义；有人则以公司的使命而非自己的具体工作而自豪。人们可以在任何事情当

中发现意义。

[11]人们对工作意义的渴望是如此强烈，以至于有时干脆造出个意义，尤其对那些困难或烦心的工作

而言更是如此。例如，最近完成了一项为期6年的对外科住院医生实习期间表现的研究。该项研究发现，

头一年里外科医生都牢骚满腹，因为分配心选知给他们的那些乏味的活儿（如没完没了地填写病历本）似

乎都毫无意义。可是一旦开始想到这项训练是他们加入医生这一精英群体所要经历的更重大过程的一部分

时，他们的态度就改变了。他们会调整心态，给自己的工作和所做的事情赋予意义。到第一年结束时，他

们己经开始创造出工作的某些意义了。

[12]尽管正面心理学的重点大多关注个人对快乐的追求，但是一个新的领域―一门研究成功组织的学

问―己开始着手研究员工心情愉快和公司生意兴隆之间的关系。这一领域的研究者们不专注于用利润率

和竞争来解释成功，而是对工作意义、可信赖的领导层和情感能力这些因素进行深入研究。这些都不是商

学院典型的时髦用语，但不久就可能成为每个MBA学生的口头禅。

[13]内华达大学里诺分校的组织行为学教授托马斯·赖特说，直到不久前，企业家们还不愿考虑员工

是否工作心情舒畅的问题，认为这“不属于他们关心的范围，和他们的职责范围相去甚远”。很早就有人

提出工作时雇员是否心情愉快很重要，但人们接受这个观念却用了很长时间。早在20世纪20年代，在

伊利诺伊州西塞罗市的西部电力公司霍索恩发电厂就进行了有关这一命题的研究，对增加照明、缩短工作

日以及其他有利于员工的措施能否提高生产率的问题进行了调查。尽管工作场所的变化改善了员工的工作

表现，但调查者最终发现对员工产生影响的不在于物质环境的变化，而在于人际环境的变化。换句话说，

让员工们心情更愉快、工作劲头更高的是他们所受的关注。这种现象后来被称为霍索恩效应。赖特说：“研

究人员逐渐意识到，起关键作用的是人们的快乐感受。”但后来对工作满意度的许多研究结果却前后矛盾。

现在看来，用更广泛的衡量标准来评估快乐感受，能更有效同“地预测生产率。

[14]任何这类改变都取决于公司的领导，尽管不一定非取决于首席执行官。因此，一些商学院根据“可

信赖的领导层”的思想正努力塑造一类新型的第一线管理者。他们不是把流行的管理技巧强行灌输给每个

管理者，而是从提高自我意识开始构建可信赖的管理层。内向型的老板必须了解自己的管理风格，然后去

开发更人性化的员工管理策略。换句话说，通过发现自己的优势，学会发掘员工的优势。

[15]然而，上述反思的目的并非一定要缔造一个人人都热爱工作超过其他一切的社会。从定义上看，

与我们能从事的所有其他活动相比，工作本来就是有些让人反感的事情，这就是为什么我们仍然希望工作

必须有报酬的原因。但通过关心员工的需求，至少企业可能发展得更好。那样，我们更多的人就会在工作

中找到一定程度的满足感。而且时不时的我们还可能希望超出这种满足感。这种情况可能发生在篮球场上

喧闹欢呼的人群前，也可能发生在教室里，在仅仅一个充满感激的学生面前。

第六课B功成名就

卡尔文·特里林

[l］一个出身贫贱的年轻人从美国的中西部到纽约来寻找发迹的机会。他以美国砚奋人的方式梦想着

成为百万富翁。他来到华尔街碰运气。他勤奋、精明，必要时还能耍上点花招。他把华尔街金融市场的各

种交易数据汇集起来，用一种说不清是什么的电子设备做了些处理。结果他的成功甚至超过了自己的梦想：

他赚了1200万美元。

[2］起初这位青年以为事事都很如意。“够棒的吧？”搞清楚自己赚了1200万美元后，他问妻子。

[3]“不，算不上。”妻子说，“你不过是个无名之辈。”

[4]“不可能，”年轻人说，“我是个有钱人。我们生活在一个有钱人吃香的时代。有钱人同电影明

星、著名小说家、著名服装设计师一起在报纸上露脸。那些最有钱的金融大亨们的名字连学生都知道。一

些富有的房地产高手的照片被登在通俗杂志的封面上。”

[5]“你的名字、照片是不会被刊登的，”他的妻子说，“你不过是个无名之辈。”

[6]“可我有1200万美元啊，”年轻人说。

[7]“这样的人可多了，”妻子说，“他们也都是无名之辈。”

[8]“我可以花钱活动活动，加入重大慈善募捐舞会的组委会，”年轻人说。“然后报纸的专栏文章

里就会提到我们的名字了。”

[9]“别骗自己了，”妻子说。“那些重大活动的组委会里早就挤满真正有钱的人了。我们这样的人

啊，到头来也就是组织一些筵席后有舞会的宴会之类的活动来给美国银屑病基金会捐点钱罢了。”

[10]“可我在纽约第五大街上有一套值200万美元的合作公寓呢。”年轻人说。

[11]“200万的合作公寓嘛，可以说没有什么稀罕的。”妻子说。

[12]“我还有一辆加长型轿车，”年轻人说，“车有21英尺半长呢。”

[13]“没有哪位名人坐过你的车，”妻子说，“亨利·基辛格和卡尔文·克莱因都没听说过你。你

不过是个无名之辈。”

[14]年轻人沉默了一会儿。最后他问妻子：“你对我失望了吗？"

[15]“我当然失望了，”妻子说，“你向我求婚时，你说你肯定会有所作为的。我怎么会想到你到头

来不过是个无名之辈呢？"

[16]有一会儿年轻人看上去挺沮丧的。然后他端起肩膀，清了清喉咙。“我要让他们注意我。”他说，

“我要买下一支职业橄榄球队，并且经常公开同教练争吵。知名人士会和我一起在球队老板的包厢里观看

重大的比赛。”

[17]“花1200万美元你是买不下来一支职业橄榄球队的，”妻子说，“职业橄榄球队得花大笔钱呢。”

[18]“那么我就买下一家杂志，指定自己为首席专栏作家，”年轻人说，“每个星期都有我的一张不

大但比本人更帅气的照片印在专栏文章旁边。职业橄榄球队的老板们会邀请我到他们的包厢里去观看重大

比赛。”

[19]“花1200万美元，你或许能够买到一家每周购物一次的人看完就随手扔掉的那种杂志，但是买

不到像样的杂志。”妻子说，“这点小钱你是买不到像样的杂志的。”

[20]“这就是你对我们的家当的提法吗？”年轻人问，"1200万美元是小钱吗？"[21]“算不上什么

大钱，”妻子说，“我跟你怎么说呢2"

[22]“但这不大公道，”年轻人说，“我这么年轻，又出身贫贱，可我赚了1200万美元。我的成功

甚至超过了我的梦想。”

[23]“你用电子设备做的一些事情恐怕也不公道，”妻子说，“如今不看公道不公道。人们看的是钱

的多少。”

[24]“那我要去赚更多的钱，”年轻人说，“我要回到华尔街，赚它5000万美元。”

[25]但是还没等他赚到5000万美元，证券交易委员会就来了个人把他逮捕了，因为他利用电子设备

时违反了公司内幕交易的规定。

[26]年轻人是带着手铐从办公室里被带走的。下午的报纸在头版登出了他传讯结束时的一张照片，照

片上他试图用一件意大利产的价值850美元的外套挡住自己的脸。晨报中的一篇长文章把他作为一类新的

华尔街交易商的例子：他们成了自己的贪婪的牺牲品，而这很有可能是因为他们贫贱的出身。他的朋友和

同事都躲着他。[27]只有妻子忠于他。她尽量看到事情好的一面。“对一个只有1200万美元的人来说，”

她对年轻人说，“你开始有点名气了。”

Lesson7

AWholeNationandaPeople

[1]TherewasonestorekeeperIrememberaboveallothersinmyyouth,whenIwasspendingagood

portion(part)ofmytimewithamotley(mixed)groupofvariedethnicancestry(racialbackground).We

contended(competed)withoneanothertoderide(laughat)thecustomsoftheoldcountry(motherland).Onour

Saturdayforays(attack)intoneighborhoodsbeyondourown,toprovewewerereallyAmericans,weatehotdogs

didn'thavetencents(dime)forthisrepast(meal)hewent(was)hungry,forhedared

notbringasandwichfromhomemadeofthespicedmeatsourfamiliesate.

[2]Oneofouruntamedgameswastoseekout(found)theownerofapushcart(wagon)orastore,

unmistakablyanimmigrant(emigrant),andbedevil(annoy/troubled)himwithachorusofinsultsandjeers.

Toproveallegiance(loyalty)tothegangitwasnecessarytoreserve(keep)ourfiercestmalevolencefora

storekeeperorpeddlerbelongingtoourownethnicbackground.

[3]ForthatreasonIledaraid(attack)onthesmall,shabby(oldandbroken)groceryofoldBarbaNikos,

short,sinewy(strong)Greekwhowalkedwithaslightlimpandsported(showed)aflaring,handlebarmustache.

[4]Westoodoutsidehisstoreanddared(challenged)emerged(appeared)todo

battle(fight),weplucked(grasped)afewplumsandpeachesfromthebasketonthesidewalk(pavement)and

retreated(withdrew),Igoacrossthestreettoeatthemwhile(atsametime)dafistand

hurledepithetsatusinornamental(graceful)Greek.

[5]Aware(Realizing)thatmymettle(courage)wasbeingtested,Iraisedmyarmandthrewmyhalf-eaten

asaccurateandtheplumstruck(hit)deredandputhis

edatmeacrossthestreet,andalthoughIcouldnotseehiseyes,Ifeltthemsear(burn)

myflesh(->meat).sslapped(patted)myshouldersin

admiration,butitwasahollow(empty)victorythatrested(felldown)likeastoneinthepitofmystomach

(depressed).

[6]Attwilight(dusk),whenwedisbanded(dismissed),

wasasmalllightburninginthestoreandtheshadowoftheoldman'

(Encouraged)byremorse(regret),Iwalkedtothedoorandentered.

[7]dtoturnandflee

(escape;fleet),tioned(waved)formetocomecloser,Ibraced(prepared)

myselfforacurse(abuse/scoring)orablow(beating).

[8]"Youweretheone,"hesaid,finally,inaharsh(rigid/fierce)voice.

[9]Inoddedmutely(silently).

[10]"Whydidyoucomeback?'

[11]Istoodthereunabletoanswer.

[12]"What'syourname?"

[13]"Haralambos,"Isaid,speakingtohiminGreek.

[14]Helookedatmeinshock(surprisedly),"YouareGreek!"hecried."AGreekboyattackingaGreek

grocer!"Hestood(was)appalled(shocked)attheimmensity(seriousness)ofmycrime."Allright,"hesaidcoldly.

"Youare(come)herebecauseyouwishtomakeamends(edy)."Hisgreatmustachebristled

(stoodonend)inconcentration."Fourplums,twopeaches,"hesaid."Thatmakesatotalofseventy-eightcents.

aveseventy-fivecents,boy?"

[15]Ishookmyhead.

[16]"Thenyouwillworkitoff(payforitbyworking),"hesaid."Fifteencentsanhourintoseventy-five

centsmakes(equalsto)"—hepaused—"comehereSaturdaymorning?"

[17]"Yes,"Isaid.

[18]"Yes,BarbaNikos,"hesaidsternly(seriously/rigidly)."Showrespect."

[19]"Yes,BarbaNikos,"Isaid.

[20]"Saturdaymorningateighto'clock,"hesaid."NowgohomeandsaythanksinyourprayersthatIdid

not[lose(vt.)->loose(a.)->loosen(d)yourimpudent(rude/impolite)headwithasolid(strong/heavy)

smack(slap)ontheear."Ineedednofurtherurging(scoring)andfled(escaped).

[21]Saturdaymorning,stillapprehensive(fearful),bysweeping,raising

dthewindows,whippingthesqueegeeswiftly(quickly)upand

downtheglassinafeveroffear(anxiously)inishedI

hurried(ran)backinside.

[22]Forthebalance(Payingthedebt)ofthemorningIstacked(piled)cans,washedthecounter,anddusted

stomersentered,eaftertwelveo'clockhe

imselfafewslices(slicedbread)ofsausage,torealargechunk(a

piece)fromaloafofcrisp-crustedbread,andfilledasmallcupwithadozenblackshinyolivesfloatinginbrine.

Heoffered(gave)nothelp(fromdoingsth.)myselfandgrimaced.

[23]"Youareastupid(foolish)boy,"theoldmansaid."YouarenotreallyGreek,areyou?"

[24]"Yes,Iam."

[25]"Youmightbe,"headmittedgrudgingly(unwillingly)."Butyoudonotact(likea)ing

yournoseatthesefine(excellent)oundthisstoreforaminute(moment).Whatdoyousee?"

[26]"Fruitsandvegetables,"Isaid."Cheeseandolivesandthingslikethat(r)."

[27]Hestaredatmewithamassivescorn."That'swhatImean,"hesaid."Youareabonehead(fool).You

don'tunderstandthatawholenationandapeopleareinthisstore."

[28]Ilookeduneasily(anxiously)towardthestoreroomintherear(back),almostexpectingsomeoneto

emerge(appear).

[29]"Whataboutolives?"hecut(wave)theairwithasweepofhisarm."Thereareolivesofmanyshapes

dblackonesfromKalamata,ovalonesfromAmphissa,pickledgreenolivesandsharptangy

escarriedblackolivestoTroyandafteradayofsavage(fierce)battleleadinghisMyrmidons,

he'd(would)eheardofAchilles,boy,

haven'tyou?"

[30]"Yes,"Isaid.

[31]"Yes,BarbaNikos."

[32]"Yes,BarbaNikos,"Isaid.

[33]He(move->)motioned(waved)attherowofjarsfilledwithvariedspices."Theseareallthemarvelous

(wonderful)flavorings(ingredients)ofMarathon

carriedsmallpacketsofthesespicesintobattle,andthescentsremindedthemoftheirhomes,theirfamilies,and

theirchildren."

[34]Hewalkedlimpingfromthecountertothewindowwherethepilesoftomatoes,celery,andgreen

peppersclustered(gatheredtogether)."Isuppose(think)allyouseeherearesomerandomvegetables?"Hedid

notwaitformetoanswer."Youaredumb(stupid)resomeoftheingredientsthatgotomakeupa

nowwhataGreeksaladreallyis?Amealinitself,anexperience(oflife),anemotional

eated(cooked)deftly(skillfully)andwithgrace(taste).Thestorygoes(says)thatZeus

himselfcreatedtherecipeandassembledandmixedtheingredientsonMountOlympusonenightwhenhehad

nderstandnow,boy?"

[35]Hewatchedmyfaceforsomeresponseandthengrunted(muttered).Westood(were)silentfora

momentuntilhecocked(raised)hisheadandstaredattheclock."Itistimeforyoutoleave,"hemotioned(waved)

brusquely(swiftly)towardthedoor."Wearesquare(equal)thatway."

[36]Idecided(thought)theoldmanwascrazy(mad)andreachedbehindthecounterformyjacketandcap

andstarted(headed)oxhedrewoutseveralsoft,yellowfigsthathe

placed(put)inapieceofpaper."Abonusbecauseyouworkedwell,"hesaid."utastethem,

maybe(perhaps)youwillunderstandwhatIhavebeentalkingabout."

[37]ItookthefigsandheunlockedthedoorandIhurried(ran)dbackonceandsaw

himstandinginthedoorway,watchingme,theswirlingtendrilsoffoodcurlinglikemist(fog)abouthishead.

[38]hemorningwhenIwoke,Icouldstilltasteandinhaletheir

fragrance.

[39]IneveragainenteredBarbaNikos'store,becauseshortlyafterwards(soon)myfamilymovedfromthe

city.[anationonthewheel]

[40]Some(About)twelveyearslater,afterthewar,Idrovethroughtheoldneighborhoodandpassedthe

dowswerestained(dirty)withdust

andgrime,theinterior(was)bare(uncovered)anddesolate(deserted),astoreinadecrepit(oldandbroken)group

ofstoresmarkedforrazing(fellingdown)sonewstructurescouldbebuilt.

[41]Ihavebeenin(visited)manyGreekgroceriessincethenandhaveoftenboughtthefetaandKalamata

veneverbeen

abletorecapture(re-catch)theflavor(tasteandfragrance)ofthosefigshegavemeonthatdaysolongago,

oundthempleasanttomytongue,butthereissomethingmissing

(spiritualexperience).Andto(until)thisdayIamnotsurewhetheritwasthefigsorthevision(appearance)and

passion(love)oftheoldgrocerthatcoatedthefruitsosweetlyIcanstillrecall(callback)theirsavor(taste)and

fragranceafteralmostthirtyyears.(1,478words)[goldcoated;goldgraded]

ABOUTTHEAuthor

HarryMarkPetrakis(1923—)

charactersarepeoplewholivewithmemoriesofanothercultureandseektojointheoldwayswithnewcustoms

,Missouriandworkedatanassortmentofjobs,insteelmillsand

drivingtrucks,thereistakenfromhisautobiography,Stelmark.

EXERCISES

gComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatements.

eauthorwasyoung,heandhisfriendsbandedtogetherto_____.

ewimmigrants

gainstoldcustoms

dthattheywererealmen

theirownethnicbackground

horandhisfriendsoftenchoseapushcartorastoreoftheirownnationalitytoattackbecause

_____.

tedtheirownpeople

uldthusberespectedasrealAmericans

tedallthepeddlersandstorekeepers

uldthusgetfreefruitsandotherfood

theauthorfeelthattheattackonthegrocerwasahollowvictoryafterhewontherespectofhis

friends?

eheonlyhitthegroceronce.

ehecouldhavetakenmoreplums.

ehefeltsortofguiltyinhisheart.

ehewantedtoattackthegroceragain

ighttheauthorreturnedtothegrocerystoreandenteredbecause_____.

regretandwantedtomakeamends

edtoplaytricksonthegrocer

hungryandwantedtobuysomeolives

edtocheckwhetherthegrocerwasinjured

nsistedontheauthor'ssaying“Yes,BarbaNikos"becausehewantedtheboyto_____.

erhisname

izehisauthority

owtorespectothers

oreGreek

aymorningtheauthorwashedthewindowsofthestoreveryquicklybecausehe

_____.

'twanthisfriendstoseehim

toshowthathewasagoodboy

ouldpunishhim

togohackhomeearly

houghtthattheauthorwas_____.

reek

merican

ulofhissmallbusiness

ntofhisownculture

elievedthattheancientGreekculture

richestandmostcolorfulintheworld

pedthewholenationofGreeceanditspeople

hesamevalueasthatoftheAmericans

etastedinGreekfood

ribingtheappearanceofthestoretwelveyearslater,theauthorimplies

that_____.

tomsandcultureshouldbegotridofinAmerica

nicculturesweregivingwaytotheAmericanmainstream

anvalueshouldberestructuredandrebuilt

ansocietychangesquicklyanddramatically

horconveyshisthesisinthelastparagraphthat_____.

plecanteachyoungAmericansgoodlessons

nfluencedhisperspectiveinappreciatingtheirownculture

oodisstillthebestforAmericanGreeks

asthebestteacherhehadeverseen

lary

efollowingsentencesanddecidewhichofthefourchoicesbeloweachsentenceclosestin

meaninggotheunderlinedword.

heissuedadecree(law)orderingallunofficialarmedgroupsinthecountrytodisband.

p

zonantcarriesoutforays(attack)againstotherantsandbringsbacksomeofthemtothehome

nesttoserveasslaves.

A.(invade->)ns(task)

virusthataremost(prevail->)prevalentoneyeardifferfromthosethatbedevilhumansthenext

year.

e

ectlypredictedthatthepolicyagainsttheirneighboringcountrieswouldgoad(force)theminto

economicnationalism.

(help)(make)(help)

gmade(declare~oncountry)waronthestateofKalinga,

sawthesufferinghehadcaused,however,hewasovercome(overwhelmed)withremorse.

(n.)n

efirstvisitedSouth-WestAfricain1947asaninvestigativejournalist,shehelpedrevealthe

appalling(surprising/shocking)conditionsunderwhichblackswereobligedtowork.

(foreign)

C.(terror->terrible/)terrific(wonderful)D.(amazing->)amusing(interesting)

ooktheIliad,HomerdescribesThersitesastheugliestandmostimpudent(rude)oftheGreeks.

-famed(notorious)l

ensive(Fearful)oftheirenemy'sencirclement,thecountryenhanceditsforeigncontactswithits

neighborsinEurope.

ss

ve-ownersgrudgingly(reluctantly)acceptedthe(abolish->)abolitionin1888,ratherthanfacethe

massiveslaveunrest(rebelling)andflight(escape).

ally(finally)

(swear->)sworetheirallegiancetothenationandreceivedtheirnaturalizationpapers.

ity(greatness)t(scoring)

hwordorexpressiononlyonce

andmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.

workoffcontendwithdeftlysternlybrusquely

seekoutmakeamendsdesolatederidemutely

'sfullofusefulfacts,informationandchecklistswhichwillgiveyousomeideaofalltheaspectsa

businessneedstocontendwith(competewith)inordertosurviveintoday'scurrenteconomicclimate

(->weather).

hetimeforlocalcompaniestoseekoutbusiness

opportunitiesinEurope.

ortproposesthatstudents(should)beallowedtoworkoff(payoff)theirdebtthrough

communityservice.

onderfultowatchherfingersmovingdeftly(skillfully)and(errerror)unerringly.

mystudentsonceprotestedtomerecentlybecauseI

shoutedatsternly(severely)aproblemboyofseven.

6.(Evidence->)Evidently(Obviously)menofgreatenergyandcharm,BouvierandThierryfound

friendlinesswherevertheywent,andhadthefortunateabilitytoperceive(see/find)beautyineverylandscape,

howeverdesolate(deserted).

7."IsthereabarattheCenter?"heaskedbrusquely.

hedbyhimandgraspedhishand,mutely(silently)offering(giving)whatcomfortIcould.

edtomakeamendsforcausingtheirmarriagetofail.

histicated(complete)theoryabouteconomicdevelopmentiswidelyderided(laughedat)by

conventional(traditional)scientists.

epassagecarefullyandchoosetherightwordor

theformifnecessary.

infavoroflookdownondistinctivetraditionallysuccessive

diversedespitetargetinsearchofintegrate

AlthoughtheUnitedStateshasbeenshaped(formed)by1successivewavesofimmigrants,Americans

culturalhabitsofimmigrantsarefrequently3targetsofcriticism,especiallywhenthenewarrivalscomefroma

differentcountrythanthoseintheestablishedcommunity.4Despitesuchtensions,economicneedshavealways

forcedAmericanstoseekimmigrantsaslaborersandsettlers,andeconomicopportunitieshaveattracted

tmajorityofimmigrantstotheUnitedStateshavecome5insearchofjobsandthechanceto

fAmericanhistory,lessthan10percentofimmigrants

havecomeforpoliticalorreligiousreasons.

6TraditionallytheUnitedStateshasbeendescribedasameltingpot,aplacewherethepreviousidentitiesof

eachihe1960s,many

Americanshaverejectedthetermof"meltingpot"8infavoroftheimageofthemosaic,apicturecreatedby

aic,eachpieceretains(keep)itsown9distinctiveidentity,while

(atthesametime)tesofthetermof"mosaic"believethatitbetter

,manyAmericansvaluetheir

immigrantheritage(tradition)centimmigrantgroupsfromAsiahave

establishedcommunitiesalongside(togetherwith)thosepopulatedbythedescendantsofEuropeanimmigrants.

ation

PutthefollowingpartsintoChinese.

asonestorekeeperIrememberaboveallothersinmyyouth,whenIwasspendingagoodportion

endedwithoneanothertoderidethecustomsof

aturdayforaysintoneighborhoodsbeyondourown,toprovewewerereallyAmericans,

didn'thavetencentsforthisrepasthewenthungry,forhedarednot

bringasandwichfromhomemadeofthespicedmeatsourfamiliesate.

我常和一帮来自各国的移民子弟一起玩。这一时期给我记忆最深的就是一位杂货店的老板。当时我们

争相嘲笑原来国家的风俗习惯。星期六到别的居民区进行冒险时,为了证明自己是真正的美国人，我们吃热

狗，喝可口可乐。如果谁没带10美分，他这顿饭就得饿着，因为他不敢带自己家里吃的那种加了香料的

夹肉三明治。

uruntamedgameswastoseekouttheownerofapushcartorastore,unmistakablyanimmigrant,

eallegiancetothegangitwasnecessarynoreserveour

fiercestmalevolenceforastorekeeperorpeddlerbelongingtoourownethnicbackground.

我们的野蛮游戏之一就是找一个推车的小贩或是一个店主，毫无疑问都是移民，然后齐声骂他或嘲笑

戏弄他。为了证明对团伙的忠诚，我们必须找一个自己民族的移民小店主或是小贩，以最恶毒的方式捉弄

他。

'tunderstandthatawholenationandapeopleareinthisstore.

“你真愚蠢。你不知道我这个小店里装着我们整个的国家和民族（包含整个希腊国家与民族的历史与

文化）。”

escarriedblackolivestoTroyandafteradayofsavagebattleleadinghisMyrmidons,he'drestand

eatcheeseandripeblackolivessuchastheserighthere.

阿喀琉斯就是带着黑橄榄前往特洛伊城的，而且在带领他的密耳弥多涅勇士们激战一天后，他会休息，

吃些奶酪和熟透的黑橄榄，就是店里的这种黑橄榄。

ofMarathoncarriedsmallpacketsofthesespicesintobattle,andthescentsremindedthemof

theirhomes,theirfamilies,andtheirchildren.

马拉松城的人们带着这些香料去参战，香味能使他们想起自己的家乡、家人和孩子。

nowwhataGreeksaladreallyis?Amealinitself,anexperience,

rygoesthatZeushimselfcreatedtherecipeandassembledandmixedthe

ingredientsonMountOlympusonenightwhenhehadinvitedsomeoftheothergodstodinner.

你知道希腊色拉到底是什么吗？它本身是一顿饭，也是一次经历，一种情感。它的制作是一个娴熟而

高雅的过程。希腊神话中说：一天晚上宙斯请众神来奥林匹亚山赴宴时，他亲自创造了希腊色拉的调制法，

并亲手把山里的各种原料收集混拌在了一起。

dbackonceandsawhimstandinginthedoorway,watchingme,theswirlingtendrilsoffood

curlinglikemistabouthishead.

我回头望了一下，他还在门廊下看着我，那些希腊食物的余味像薄雾一样，在他的头顶萦绕盘旋。

acticeandDiscussion

theauthorandhisgangbedevilimmigrants?Whydidtheybedevilashopkeeperorpeddlerfrom

theirownethnicbackground?

peningparagraphs,Petrakistellshow-heandhisfriendsbandedtogethertorejecttheirownethnic

hisinformationimportantforunderstandingtheexperiencehenarrates?

tailscharacterizeBarbaNikos?

ikosthinkofthechildrenwhowereraisedinAmerica?

ghtheauthorwantedtherespectofhiscompanions,hefeltthattheattackonthegrocerwas"a

hollowvictory".Why?

ledidancientGreekcultureplayinBarbaNikos'life?Howdoesthatcultureshapehisvalues?

toryofsomeonewhoinfluencedyourlifeinthewayBarbaNikosinfluencedthatofHarryMark

bethepersonfullyintermsofhisorherphysicalappearance,mannaofspeech,values,attitude

towardchildren,andotherrelateddetails.

titudeshouldwetaketowardourowncultureandculturesofothercountries?

VOCABULARYITEMS

:erentkinds,amixtureofgoodandbadorhigherandlowerworth,class,etc.

混乱的，杂色的

:latedtoaracial,national,ortribalgroup少数民族的

:andvigorous(energetic)强壮有力的;sincrime

4.(ancestor->)ancestry(plural):n'sfamilyornationalityconsideredasagrouporasacontinuous

line祖先;[humanbeing(s)->humanity(pl.)]

d:eteasinaraceoragainstdifficulties,toclaim主张，比赛

:hatormakefunofasofnovalue嘲笑，愚弄

:nrushintoenemycountry,llnumberofsoldiers,inordertodamageorseize

arms,food,etc.侵略，攻击;suddenattack

:一顿饭;past(pre.)pass(vi./vt.);inthepastfewyears;gopastsomewhere.

l:blegreatly;haveabadeffecton虐待，困扰;head->behead=kill

[kores]:manypeopleatonetime齐声说

:ngrudelywithremarksornoise嘲弄，讥笑

ance:y;faith,anddutifulsupporttoaking,country,idea,etc.忠诚;alley(vt./n.)

lence:teofhavingorexpressingawishtodoeviltoothers恶意;malice(n.)->malicious;

spiteful(a.)

r:nwhotravelsaboutsellingthings小贩;pedestriandriver

:rongsmellortaste强烈盐味的，有刺激的

:walkingunevenlywithonefootorlegmovinglesswellthantheother;sorft.

:fvegetableintheparsleyfamily,havingedibleroots,leafstalks,andleaves芹菜

:orshowpublicly;showoff穿戴，炫耀;showy(a.)

g:gwithbrightflame,butuncertainlyorforashorttime闪耀的

:topick;pickup采，摘;picky(a.)

:wwithforce;cast扔，掷;broadcast

t:anadjectiveordescriptivephrase,seorblameusedofaperson带侮辱的的词语;

scoring

ntal:itricherinstyleormorebeautiful装饰的;decorate->decoration

:e[->encourage(urge)->courageous]勇气

r:euncontrollablyforamoment,asfromfear,cold,orstrongdislike;tremble战栗，发

抖

:withasuddenpowerfulheat打烙印

ht:thetimewhennightisabouttocome黄昏;blackdark;atdusk

d:kupordismiss解散

:apersontoaction刺激，激起

e:悔恨;regretdoingsth.

:are(oneself)santordifficulty防备，准备

:ly不出声

ed:ddeeply吃惊;ing

34.(immense->)immensity:izeordegree巨大

e:dupstiffly竖立

nt:esslybold,derormoreimportantperson鲁莽，大胆的;boldbald

[bod]

:n.拍击;ace

38.(apprehend->)apprehensive:l,hefuture;worried,anxious忧虑不安的

comprehend(understand)->comprehensive(a.)

39.(squeeze)squeegee:ithstraight-edgedrubberbladeandshorthandle,window

washingT型玻璃器

e:leftover剩余的;losebalancekeep~;

-crusted(bread):adj.脆皮的

:egg-shaped(oval)fruit橄榄

:watercontainingquitealotofsalt,usedforpreservingfood盐水;saline(n.)

e:anexpressionofpain,annoyance,etc.,whichmakesthefacelookunnaturally

twisted鬼脸，狞笑

ngly:ingly勉强地,reluctantly

e:etoformintolines,folds,etcforashorttime;towrinkleone'snosemeanstosmell

嗅，闻

:eelingofdisrespect蔑视;wnuponsb.

ad:dperson傻瓜

:味道;scentedtea花茶

r:rofthingsofthesamekindtogether群，团；

:doneaimlesslyorwithoutanyplan随机的

:ully,skilledly灵巧地

:instructionsforcookingadish食谱

:shortdeepsoundinthethroat,asifthenosewereclosed咕哝;mutter

ely:yandratherimpolitely粗鲁地

:;even;equitable正直的;TianAnmensquare;wintheprizesquareandfair

:weetfruitwithmanyseeds,teneatendried无花

果;figurativespeech;figure

ng:withtwistingturns盘旋，打转

l:eaflesscurlingstembywhichaclimbingplantfastensitselftoasupport须，蔓

:thein吸入exhale

61.(fragrant->)fragrance:rpleasantsmell芳香

:lackearth污垢，尘埃

te:adj.(ofaplace)sadandwithoutpeopleinit孤独，荒芜的;isolated(a.->isle/island);deserted

it:inbadconditionfromoldageorharduse破旧的

:ten(buildingsortown,etc.)夷平，毁坏;razor;Ihaveaflattire.

:emisoftGreekcheesemadeusuallyofgoat'smilk羊乳酪

:orasmell滋味，气味，品尝

:causeyouowethemmoneyorbecausetheyhavehelpedyouin

thepast以工抵偿;ing

NOTES

(->Greek):officiallyknownastheHellenicRepublic,isacountryinsoutheasternEurope,

occupyingthesouthernmostpartoftheBalkanPeninsula.

ta:aseaportandcapitaloftheMessinidistrictonthepeninsulaofthePeloponnisos,insouthern

Greece

barmustache:Everythinghastowhandles;steeringwheel

sa:anareainSouthwestGreece

es:alegendaryGreekwarrior(knight),herooftheepicpoemTheIliad

:anancientcityontheAegeanSeainAsiaMinor(nowTurkey).ItwasmadefamousbytheGreek

poetHomer,whowrotetheIliadandtheOdyssey,andbyVergil,

ons:inGreekmythology,inhabitantsoftheislandofAeginaintheGulfofSaronikos,the

followersofAchillesduringtheTrojanWar;mythstery->mythsterious

on:anancientGreekvillage,siteofabattlebetweentheGreeksandthePersiansinthefifth

centuryB.C.

:inGreekmythology,thekingofthegods

lympus:thehomeoftheancientGreekgodsandgoddesses;MountTai

READINGSELECTIONB

TheIdealofService

ByBradfordSmith

[1]Thereisanimplicationofselfishnessinthewordsmaterialismandcomfort—asuggestionof

,vulnerableasAmericansaretocriticismonotherpoints,eventheir

criticshavenotdeniedthemgenerosityandaconcerntohelpthosewhohavenotbeensorichlyblessedwith

istiancommand,"Dountoothersasyouwouldhavethemdountoyou,"isfrequently

ter,whetherathomeorabroad,

necessityformutualaidinthefirstsettlementsandonthefrontiermayhavepassed,buttheresponseisstillthere.

[2]MagazinesarefullofstoriesliketheoneaboutMikeKatsanevaswhohadcometoAmericafromGreece

htinWorldWarI,married,smother

becameillinGreecehereturnedtohelpher,marriedthere,ondWorldWarreduced

ughttheNaziparachutists,waspennedupinaprisoncampforthreeyears.

Afterthewar,hereturnedhometofindhisfamilylivingskeletons.

[3]AnAmericancitizen,hetookadvantageoftheStateDepartmentoffertoreturnhimtotheUnitedStates,

ashardtosaveenoughmoneytopaythepassagefortherestofhis

sstorygotintothepapers,the$2,600neededtobringthemoverwas

faredirectorattheNavalSupplyDepotwhereMikeworkedhelpedwithalltheofficialred

rsdonatedtheirservices,furniturestoresgave

furnishings,egothisfamily."Only

inAmericacouldsuchthingshappen,"hesaid.

[4]dmoreinstitutionsofa

communityareexpectedtoanticipateTheneedsofthecitizen,andtomakepossibleahealthier,happier,richer

1870theexperiencedlaborforce

engagedinproductryouwanta

dailydiaperserviceforthenewinfant,acarwash(manyofthemmechanizedsoastobecompletedintenor

fifteenminutes)oraclippingforyourpoodle,lowpagesinthebackofevery

telephonebooklisthundredsofsuchofferings.

[5]Whilethesupermarketshavebeenmovinginthedirectionofself-serviceinexchangeforlowerprices,

smallerenterpriseshavesprunguptosupplyhomeservicetothosewhowantit,especiallytothemanypeople

ntrydistrictisvisitedregularlybyagrocer,agreengrocer,

severalbakers,adispenseroffrozenfoodsandthreeicecreammen,nottomentiontheoccasionalsalesmanof

brushes,vacuumcleaners,insurance,magazinesorcars,andthatabsolutelyindispensablecountryinstitution,the

rurallettercarrier.

[6]Theaccentonservicesuggestsanattempttoblendthetwoconflictingforcesinthenational

character—thehard-headeddriveforbusinesssuccessandthesoft,

therecipientsofsuchservicesweinturnfindourselveswantingtopatronizethemall,foriftheyaretakingthe

troubletoserveusitseemsonlyfairthattheyshouldbehelpedtosucceed.

[7]Themodernmothertriestoteachherchildrensuchidealsasservicetoothers,consideratenessforthe

weakandforwomen,logistsbelievethatsinceitis

practicallyuniversalinAmericaforthemothertorearherownchildren,Americansthinkofgoodbehavioras

tAmericanswillconfessthatfather,asthefinalarbiteranddispenserofpunishment,sticksin

theirmindsastheavengerofthemorallaw,andthatgoodnessconsequentlybearsastronglymasculine

imprint—evenonethatisphysiologicallylocatable.

[8]Gorer,whosaysthatnoothersocietygivessoimportantaroletothemothersofgrownsons,seesthe

mothersymbolinthans,he

feels,havetwostandardsofconduct,oneforbusiness,esymbolizedby

UncleSam,theshrewd,demandingfather,andbytheGoddessofLiberty,theencapsulatedmotherspeaking

tradictionbetweenmaleandfemaleworldscomestotheforeinargumentsover

sistancetotheNewDealwaspartlyanobjectiontointroducingsocial

legislationintothedomainofmasculineaffairs,andconfusioninforeignpolicyoftenarisesbecausewewantto

behard-headedaswellasgenerousandlikable.

[9]Althoughthereissometruthinhisobservationaboutconflictingimpulses,thecurrenttrendisfor

businesstoabsorbthesocialconsciousnessintoitsownorbit.(863words)

ReadingComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatements.

fthefollowingisNOTimplicatedinthewordsmaterialismandcomfort?

-centeredness

ingtotheauthor,inwhichofthefollowingaspectsareAmericansNOTvulnerabletocriticism?

tressonindividuality.

ongingfordemocracy.

enerosityandconcerntohelp.

elf-pamperingattheexpenseofothers.

hormentionsthestoryofMikeKatsanevasinorderto____.

ghthismiseriesandmisfortunes

ntheinjuriesanddestructionscausedbywar

trateAmerican'sgenerosityandeagernesstohelptheunblessed

ownthehonorofbeinganAmerican

fthefollowingisNOTcloselyrelatedtotheriseofserviceasacommercialactivity?

alinstitutionsanticipatetheneedsofthecitizensintheneighborhood.

sasharpriseinexperiencedlaborforceengagedinproductionofservices.

cangetalmostwhateverservicestheywantnowadays.

lowpagesinthetelephonebooklisthundredsofservicesavailable.

ase"inexchangefor"inParagraph5mostprobablymeans

uitof

renterprisesgainitsadvantageoversupermarketsby

inthedirectionofselfservice

ingthepolicyoflowerprices

inghomeservicetoruralandsuburbanresidents

ngcountrydistrictinstitutionsregularly

ethetwoconflictingforcesintheAmericannationalcharacter?

onserviceanddriveforbusinesssuccess.

dtobehelped.

onserviceandpatronizingothers.

orbusinesssuccessandurgetoserveothers.

fthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheauthor?

mothersattempttoteachtheirchildrendesirablemoraltraits.

ericansthinkofgoodbehaviorsasfeminine.

ericansinsistthatgoodnessbearsastronglymasculineimprint.

logistsbelievefathersshouldtakemoreresponsibilitiesinrearingchildren.

stheauthormentiontheGoddessofLiberty?

esymbolofmotherasamoralforce.

ymbolofdesirablesocialconduct.

edinthesamewayasUncleSam.

ymbolofcontradictionbetweenmaleandfemaleworlds.

theauthor'sattitudetowardsCorer'sobservation?

eswithCorercompletely.

eswithCorerinsomemeasure.

ksofitascontradictory.

ksithelpfultosocialconsciousness.

VOCABULARYITEMS

-pampering:ngoneselfwithtoomuchkindnessorindulgence;spoilingoneself

:(sth.)asareasonforone'saction

utist:whodropsfromanaircraftusingaparachute

hings:n.(pl.)furniture,equipment,fittings,morhouse

:oldarticles(,table-cloths,clothing)formerlymadeofflax

nware:articlesandmanufacturesgoodsforkitchenpurpose

:ftowelingclothorsimilarsoftpaddingfoldedroundababy'sbottomandbetweenits

legstoabsorborholditsurineandexcreta

:smalldogwiththickcurlinghairwhichisoftencutintoanelaboratepatternit

:lemphasisgiventosth.

ent:whoreceivessth.

ize:ortorencouragesb./sth.

r:whohasthepowertodecidewhatwillbedone,accepted,gardtosth.

t:gcharacteristicmarkoreffect

ulate:y;summarizesth.

-headed:timental;practical

edup:tobekepttogetherinasmallenclosure

NOTES

epartment:mentofState,federalexecutivedivisionresponsiblefor

npolicy.

e:Yourefertoofficialrulesandproceduresasredtapewhentheyseemunnecessaryandcause

delay.

am:,usuallyassociatedwithacartoonfigurehavinglongwhitehairandchin

whiskersanddressedinaswallow-tailedcoat,vest,tallhat,andstripedtrousers.

l:elttobringeconomicrelief(1933-1939),

第七课A一个国家和一个民族

哈里·马克·佩特拉基斯

[l］年少时我常和一帮来自各国的移民子弟混在一起，这一时期给我记忆最深的是一位杂货店的老板。

当时我们争相嘲笑原籍国家的风俗习惯。星期六到别的居民区进行冒险时，为证明自己是真正的美国人，

我们吃热狗，喝可乐。如果谁拿不出10美分，他这顿饭就得饿着，因为他不敢带自己家里吃的那种加香

料夹肉三明治。

[2]我们的野蛮游戏之一就是找一个推车的小贩或是一个店主，毫无疑问都是移民，然后齐声骂他或嘲笑

戏弄他。为了证明对团伙的忠诚，我们必须找一个自己民族的移民小店主或是小贩，以最恶毒的方式戏弄

他。

[3］出于这个原因，我带领我们的团伙向巴尔巴·尼科斯寻衅滋事。巴尔巴·尼科斯也是希腊人，

开着一家又小又破的杂货店。他虽身材矮小却很强壮，留着一把两端上翘的大八字胡，走起路来稍有些跋

脚。

[4］我们站在他的店外向他叫板。他出来应战时，我们从他摆在人行道上的水果筐里抓起儿个李子和

桃子跑到街对面，当着他的面吃起来。他冲着我们挥舞拳头，用一大串希腊话咒骂我们。

[5］我知道考验我胆量的时候到了。我扬起胳膊把吃了一半的李子朝巴尔巴·尼科斯扔了过去。李

子不偏不倚正好击中老人的脸颊。他抬起手盖住脸，气得浑身发抖，隔着街道对我怒目而视。尽管我看不

清他的眼睛，但能感觉到里面喷出的怒火烤灼我的肌肤。他默默转身走进了小店。我的伙伴们拍着我的肩

膀对我大加赞赏，然而这次胜利对于我而言毫无意义，反而像一块沉重的石头压在心口。

[6］傍晚时分，我们一伙人作鸟兽散。在独自回家的路上我又经过这家杂货店。屋里透出昏暗的灯光，

玻璃窗上映出巴尔巴·尼科斯的身影。在负罪感的驱使下，我走进了杂货店。

[7]巴尔巴·尼科斯从狭窄的木柜台后走出，盯着我看。我很想转身逃跑，但为时己晚。他示意我走

近一些，这时我准备挨顿臭骂，甚至挨一巴掌。

[8]“你就是那个向我扔李子的孩子。”终于，他语气严厉地开口说道。

[9］我不敢应声，只是点了点头。

[10]“为什么回来？"

[11]我呆立在那儿，不知如何作答。

[12]“你叫什么名字？"

[13]“哈拉兰伯斯，”我用希腊语回答。

[14]他吃惊地瞪着我，叫道：“你是希腊人！希腊孩子攻击希腊店主！”他站在那儿，被我的恶行所

震惊。“好吧，”他冷冷地说。“你回来是因为你想补偿你犯下的错误。”他专心算着账，硕大的八字胡

竖立起来。“4个李子，2个桃子，一共7角8分，就算7角5分吧。你有没有7角5分钱吗？

[15]我摇了摇头。

[16]“那么你得用工作来抵偿。1角5分1小时，7角5分相当于5小时的工作量。星期六一早你

能来上班吗？"

[17]“可以。”我答道。

[18]“你应该这样说：是，巴尔巴·尼科斯。”他严厉地对我说。“说话要有礼貌。”

[19]“是，巴尔巴·尼科斯。”

[20]“星期六早晨8点。现在回家去吧。晚祷时别忘了感谢上帝我没有在你鲁莽无礼的脑袋上狠狠

来一巴掌。”一听这话我赶紧跑掉。

[21］星期六早晨我来到杂货店，心中仍然七上八下。我开始扫地，在阴暗的角落里搅起一团团尘土。

然后是擦洗窗户。我用T型擦窗器猛擦玻璃，生怕被团伙里的其他成员看见。擦完窗户后我赶紧回到屋里。

[22]那天上午剩下的时间里我摆放瓶瓶罐罐，刷洗柜台，给装有黄色葡萄酒的玻璃瓶掸灰。有儿个顾

客光临小店，巴尔巴·尼科斯接待了他们。12点稍过，他锁上店门吃午饭。他切了儿片香肠，从一条脆

皮面包上撕下一大块，用一个小杯子盛了十几个黑亮亮的盐渍橄榄。他递给我那个杯子。我禁不住扮了个

鬼脸。

[23]“傻小子，”老人说道。“你不是真正的希腊人吧？"

[24]“我是。”

[25]“可能是吧。”他不情愿地承认。“但你的举动可不像希腊人，竟对着这么好的橄榄皱鼻子。

你看看这个小店，发现了什么？"

[26]“水果和蔬菜，”我答道。“奶酪、橄榄，还有一些类似的东西。”[27]“那正是我要说的。”

他轻蔑地看着我说，“你真愚蠢。你不知道我这个小店装着我们整个的国家和民族。”

[28］我不安地朝后面的储藏室望去，觉得那儿会冒出个人来。

[29]“谈谈橄榄怎么样？”他将手臂在空中一挥。“希腊的橄榄有多种形状与颜色。卡拉马塔城产

的是尖头的黑橄榄，椭圆形的橄榄产自安菲萨，还有腌制的绿橄榄和味道辛辣的黄橄榄。阿喀琉斯就是带

着黑橄榄前往特洛伊城的。在带领他的密耳弥多涅勇士们激战一天后，他就会体息，吃些奶酪和熟透的黑

橄榄，就是店里这种黑橄榄。你听说过阿喀琉斯吧？

[30]“是的，”我回答。

[31]“是，巴尔巴·尼科斯。”

[32]“是，巴尔巴·尼科斯。”我又说了一遍

[33]他指着一排排装满各种香料的罐子说，“这些香料是了不起的调味品，几千年来我们希腊人一直

用它加工食品。马拉松城的战士带着用小袋装的香料去作战，香味能使他们想起自己的家乡、家人和孩子。”

[34]他跋着脚从柜台走到窗前，那里堆放着番茄、芹菜和青椒。“我想你看见的只是一堆堆普通的蔬

菜？”他不等我回答就继续说道，“你还是回答不出。这些蔬菜是制作希腊色拉的原料。你知道希腊色拉

到底是什么吗？它本身就是一顿饭，也是一种经历、一种情感。它的制作是一个娴熟而高雅的过程。希腊

神话里讲，一天晚上宙斯邀请众神来奥林匹斯山赴宴，他创制了希腊色拉的调制法，并亲手把山里的各种

原料收集混拌在一起。现在你明白了吧？"

[35]他注意地看着我的脸，观察我的反应，然后嘟嚷了一声。我们静静地站了一会儿，他转头看了看

钟。“你可以走了，”他朝门作了个手势。“现在我们俩扯平了。就这样吧。”

[36]我认为老头疯了。我到柜台后面取了夹克和帽子，向门口走去。他叫住我，从一个盒子里拿了儿

个柔软的黄色无花果包在纸里递给我。“你工作得很卖力，这是给你的奖赏。拿着吧，你品尝它们时，也

许就会理解我今天对你说的话。”[37]我接过无花果，他打开门，我匆匆走出。我回头望了一下，他还

在门廊下看着我，那些希腊食物的余味像薄雾一样在他的头顶萦绕盘旋。

[38]那天深夜我吃了那些无花果。第二天早晨醒来时，我依然感觉到并呼吸着它们的芬芳。

[39]我后来再也没有踏进巴尔巴·尼科斯的小店，因为我家不久就搬离了这座城市。

[40］大约12年后，战争己结束。我开车路过那些老居民区时看见了那间杂货店。我停车驻足在它的

门前。小店的玻璃上蒙上一层尘土和污垢，店内空空荡荡，己被遗弃。与其他那些破旧的店铺一样，它也

涂上了“拆”的标记，将被夷为平地。取而代之的将是新的建筑。

[41］之后我去过很多家希腊杂货铺，经常买些羊奶酪和卡拉马塔黑橄榄。我吃掉了无数份希腊色拉，

也确实感到那是为众神准备的食物。尽管我买过很多无花果，但我无论如何也找寻不到很久以前巴尔

巴·尼科斯给我的无花果的味道。我买的无花果的确味道不错，可里面缺失了某种东西。时至今日，我

依然无法确定究竟是当初那些无花果特别香甜呢，还是巴尔巴·尼科斯的想法和激情感染了我，使我在

30年后仍旧念念不忘它们的甜美与芬芳。

第七课B服务之理想

布拉德福德·史密斯

[l]“实利主义”和“舒适”这样的字眼隐含着自私自利―在损害他人利益的基础上骄纵自己。然而，

尽管美国人在其他方面易受垢病，即使他们的批评者也没有否认美国人在帮助贫困人民方面表现出的慷慨

和关怀。“你希望别人如何待你，就应该如何待别人”，这条基督教训诫被频繁引用。只要有灾难发生，

不管发生在国内还是国外，都会有很多人捐钱捐物。第一批殖民者之间和开拓新边疆时期人们的互助需求

今天可能不再需要，但它的影响依然存在。

[2]杂志上常登载下面这样的故事：迈克·卡特萨尼瓦斯1909年19岁时从希腊来到美国，他参加

了第一次世界大战，结了婚，但妻子和孩子不幸死去。留在希腊的母亲生病后，他返回家乡照看她。他在

希腊又一次结婚，育有9个孩子。第二次世界大战使他的一家一贫如洗。迈克在二战中参加了抗击德国伞

兵的战斗，并在战俘营中度过了3年。战后返回家园时，他见到的家人都饿得瘦骨嶙峋。

[3］作为美国公民，他可以享受美国国务院制定的优惠政策，由政府出路费让他带着3个大些的孩子

返回美国，但是他一时筹不到家里其他成员的路费。当时迈克己经65岁了。他的故事见报后，人们很快

为他筹集到所需的2600美元。迈克所在的海军补给仓库的福利军官帮他办好一切相关手续，并为他找了

一栋他能够买得起的价钱适中的房子。油漆匠义务帮他粉刷了房子；家具店送他家具、地毯、窗帘等；希

腊教堂的女教友送他日用家居织品和厨房用具。迈克一家因此能够团聚。他说：“只有在美国才会发生这

样的事情。”

[4］服务作为一种理想己经渗透到美国生活的各个方面。人们期望越来越多的社会公共机构预先考虑

并满足公民的需求，使他们能够过上更健康、更幸福、更富裕的生活。同时，服务作为一种商业活动己经

有了很大的发展。1870年以来，从事服务行业的熟练工人从25％上升到53％。不论你要为新生儿找尿

布服务商店，或洗车服务（许多洗车设施是机械化的，10一巧分钟就能洗完一辆车），或为宠物狗修剪

毛发，你肯定能找到相应的服务。在每一本电话簿后面的黄页上都罗列着数百个提供此类服务的电话号码。

[5］一方面超市正朝着自我服务的方向发展以期达到降低价格的目的，另一方面姻参为住在市郊农村

的家庭提供服务的小公司大量出现。在我们居住的乡村地区，有食品杂货商、蔬菜水果商、几个面包商、

冷冻食品商和三个冰激凌商定期送货，更不用说偶尔来卖刷子、吸尘器、保险、杂志、汽车的推销员了，

当然还有乡村必不可少的邮递员。

[6］注重服务意味着将这两个相互冲突的力量结合起来形成国民特点―追求事业成功的精明理智和

极欲服务他人的仁慈之心。作为这些服务的接受者，我们同样也愿意施惠于其他人，因为他们花费气力为

我们服务，那么只有帮助他们获得成功才是最公平的。

[7]现代的母亲教诲她的孩子这样一些理想：如为他人服务、体恤弱者和妇女、公平竞争以及其他值

得拥有的道德品质。心理学家认为由于在美国普遍由母亲养育子女，因此美国人把良好的行为举止视作女

性特有的品质。不过，大多数美国人承认，父亲在家里是最终的仲裁者和惩罚的实施者，在他们眼里就是

道德律的复仇者，美德因此打上了男子气概的烙印―即便那是肉体惩罚留下的印记。

[8］戈尔说过，在美国，社会赋予成年男子的母亲非常重要的角色，世界上没有其他社会能与之相比。

美国人视母亲的象征―自由女神为约束攻击性行为的道德力量。他认为，美国人在行为上有两个标准，

一个是工作标准，另一个是人际关系的标准。这两个标准的象征分别是山姆大叔和自由女神：山姆大叔是

精明苛求的父亲；自由女神是讲述道德责任的母亲代表。男性世界与女性世界的对立在关于政治和福利计

划的争执上凸现出来。因此抵制新政的部分原因是反对将社会法规引入到男性事务中；外交政策上的混乱

则体现了我们既想头脑清醒、讲求实际，又想表现得‘除慨大方、讨人喜欢。

[9］尽管他的观点中有关矛盾动机的说法有些道理，但目前的潮流是把社会觉悟吸引到工作的轨道上

去。

Lesson8

READINGSELECTIONA

TheFunctionsandEffectsofMusic

Givenname:sirname/Christianname?Familyname/lastname

[1]Youarewellawareof(=realize)thefactthatbooks,newspapers,magazines,motionpictures,radio,and

televisionhavebeenusedforpersuasivepurposes:tosellbeerandsoap,ideasandpoliticalcandidates;tobring

about(cause/leadto)sthinkaboutmusicorrecordingsbeingused

forthesepurposes,buttheyareandhavebeenforalongtime.

[2]Everywarhashaditssongsthatwhippedup(arouse)patrioticfervoror,inthecase(example)ofthe

VietnamWar,tlesofrecordspopularinthiscountryduringWorldWarII

suggest(show)theextent(degree)ofthemobilizationoftherecordingindustryforthewareffort:"Remember

PearlHarbor","HavetoSlapThatDirtyLittleJap","There'saStarSpangledBannerWavingSomewhere","Any

BondsToday",and"'Roundand'RoundHitler'sGrave".

[Bonds:[C]bond(betweenAandB)somethingthatformsaconnectionbetweenpeopleorgroups,suchasa

feelingoffriendshiporsharedideasandexperiences:ffriendshiphadbeenforgedbetweenthem.

cialbondbetweenmotherand

child]

[3]Theanti-Vietnamprotestsofthesixtiesandearlyseventiesbroughtforth(=broughtabout)quiteanother

"BigMuddy",aboutagroupofsoldiersblindlyfollowingtheircommandingofficerintoa

(=thosepeople)whosangandheardthesongknewthatthe"BigMuddy"

referredtoVietnamandthecommandertoPresidentLyndonJohnson,andtheirantiwarpassionswereintensified

(=strengthened)."WhereHaveAlltheFlowersGone","TheTimes,TheyareA-Changin'",and"GivePeacea

Chance"wereotherpopularsongswhoserecordingswerewidelyplayedandusedtobuild(arouse)resistanceto

thewar.

[4]Musicisusednotonlytoadd(increase)persuasivebitsofinformationforthemessagesinourheads

sivemusicplaysanimportantrole(part)inpeacetimealso."WeShallOvercome"wasa

tremendously(great)importantforceinthecivilrightsmovement,justasthefolk(people)songsofJoanBaez,

PeteSeeger,nttimes,musichasbeen

usedtoraisemoneyaswellas(=and)consciousness(conscience)eAid(help),Farm

Aid,BandAid,andUSAforAfricaconcerns(worries)andrecordingsessionsraisedfundsforsuchcausesas

faminereliefinAfricaanddestitute(poor)Americanfarmers.

[5]Somewhat(alittle/<-somehow=forreasonsunknown)furtherbackinthiscountry'shistory,theradical

leftadopted(used/madeuseof)manyoldNegrospirituals(songs)tocommunicateitsmessageeffectively."We

ShallNotBeMoved",forexample,wasadoptedastheofficialsongoftheradicalSouthernTenantFarmersUnion

1930salso,"GimmeThatOldTimeReligion"wastransformedinto"GimmeThatNew

CommunistSpirit".Thatsort(kind)ofadaptationofsongs—givingthemnewlyrics(words)--hasbeenafavorite

tactic(strategy)a(belief)istotakeasong

thatpeoplelikeorthathasparticularmeaningoremotionalassociationforthemanduseitwithnewwords,

hopingthatsomeoftheliking,meaning,oremotionalassociationswilltransfertothenewideasbeing

ftenworks.

ThreatsofCensorship

[6]Suchasbeensome

pressureattimes(often)tokeepcertainanti-warsongsorsongsassociatedwiththeradicalleftofftheair,butthis

epressureandcontroversy(Resistance)hasbeenaroused

iticshavecharged(bein

chargeofsth.)thatcertyor

wrongly,thedressandantics(unusualbehavior)ofsomeoftherockmusicstars,bothonandoffthestage,

reinforce(confirm)ult,anumberofcommunityandnationalgroupshaveappliedpressure

hargesalsostimulatedinvestigationsbythe

FederalCommunicationsCommission,theregulatoryagencychargedwithoverseeing(supervising)broadcast

hastakentheposition,unpopularwithmanybroadcasters,thatthestationlicenseehasthe

samepublicserviceresponsibilityinselectingandrejectingmusictobeplayedonthestationasithasinselecting

positionisthatthestationshouldexercisethesame

eralsense(=generallyspeaking),thisisa

reasonablepositionandtheonlyonetheFCCcouldtake,given(=ifconsiderationisgiventothefactthat…)

emarises(occurs)withtheinterpretation(explanation)ofthisinjunction,

meanastationshouldpermitnolanguageorideasinasongthatitwouldnotpermitonthenewsorinasports

program?Ordoesitmeanthestationshouldrecognize(realize)thatdifferentformsofcommunicationor

entertainment,orprogramsdesignedfordifferentkindsofaudiences,shouldhavedifferentstandardsconcerning

(about)languageandideas?Thisissue(problem)isstillfarfrom(being)settled.

[7]Havingbeenlargelyunsuccessfulinkeepingsexuallysuggestivesongsorsongsthatseemtobe

promotingdruguseofftheair,someparents'groupsinrecentyearshavebeenattempting(trying)toforce(make)

companiestolabeumption

(belief)isthatsuchlabelswillprovideparentswithinformationtheyneedtocontrolthekindsofmusictowhich

hemajorpressuregroupsinvolvedinthisattempt(try)istheParents

MusicResourceCenterbasedinWashington,dersinthisgroupincludethewivesofsomepowerful

congressmenandothergovernmentofficials,cern

(worry)ofmanypeopleinthemusicbusiness,though,isthatthelabelingbeingadvocatedcouldbejustafirst

steptowardotherformsofcontrolorcensorship.

sly

TheImpact(influence)ofRecordingsonOurPerceptions(perceive/understanding)

[8]Whateverthedirecteffectsofmusicalrecordingsonourattitudesandbehaviors(are),theyarecertainly

anever-present(everlasting)andimportantpartofourcommunicationenvironment,andtheycontributetothe

holistenedtopopularmusicduringthe1980scouldescape(=avoid)the

perception(understanding)rmusicoftheearly

1970scontributedto(ledto)essages,sneaking

intoconsciousnessfromthebackgroundmusicaroundus,formedanimportantpartofourcommunication

mosaics,justasthemessagesintoday'smusicformanimportantpartofourpresentcommunicationmosaics.

TheRoleofMusicinIdentificationandRebellion

[9]ideseachgenerationofyoungpeoplea

commonandcherished(valued)ater,thesoundofthatmusiccanbringstrangerstogetherand

stimulatememoriesofthatearlierera(time).Vividevidenceofthemeaningfulnessofsuchexperiencescanbe

seenbywatchingthetouristswhoareattractedtoGraceland,ElvisPresley'sformerhomeandnowthesiteofhis

nsightthereisthemiddle-agedmarriedcouplebringingtheirchildrentoseeand,

theyhope,tofeelsomeofthespecialmagicPresleycreatedforthemduringtheircourtshipandearlymarried

years.

[10]Anothermajorfunctionpopularmusicservesisthe(provide)provisionofarelativelyharmlesssource

nerationofyounghasitsownmusic,almostinvariably(always)unappreciated

(unenjoyed)byparents,justasparents'sicisimportant

inpart(=partially)becauseolderpeopledonotlikeit,andinpartbecausedemonstratingone'sloveofitispartof

theritualofaffiliation(connection)withpeers.

[11]Oneauthorhassuggested(said)thatpopularmusicalsoservesa"riteofpassage"functionforyoung

nagesingingidolsmayserveasnon-threateningsubstitutesforactualboysuntilboys'maturation

catchesupwiththat(maturation)ofgirlsandsomesemblanceofeasyboy-girlrelationshipscanbeestablished.(1,

316words)

ABOUTTHEAUTHOR

SamuelLBecker(sityofIowa)isaprofessorintheUniversityofIowaandthechairmanof

theUniversityofIowaFoundationandDistinguishedProfessorEmeritus(honorable)ofCommunicationStudies.

Hisprofessionallifecenteredon(focuson)educationalprocess,rer-shipin

hishonorwaslaunchedbytheUniversityin2001-2002.

Emeritus:(oftenEmeritus)usedwithatitletoshowthataperson,usuallyauniversityteacher,keepsthetitle

asanhonor,althoughheorshehasstoppedworking:ritusProfessorofBiology;InNAmEtheform

Emerita/i'merɪtə/isusedforwomen:ProfessorEmeritaMaryJudd.

processedfood

EXERCISES

gComprehension

ents.

irstparagraphtheauthorpointsoutthat_____.

sdifferentfromothermeansofmassmedia

rrecordingshavenotbeenusedforpersuasivepurpose

asthesamefunctioninpersuasionasothermassmedia

monpurposeofmassmediaisforadvertising

einformationpresentedinthisreading,youcaninferthattherecordingindustry_____.

storemainpoliticallyneutral

cedbythepublictoreleasepatrioticsongs

ainedanti-waroverthepastfiftyyears

enapoliticalstandinpastwars

ngoldfamiliarsongswithnewlyricsisintendedto_____.

erfeelingsorassociationsfromoldtonew

ackfondmemories

newfolkheroes

blishfamiliarenvironments

ingtothefirstpartofthetext,musichasplayedanimportantroleinthe_____.

calcampaignsofmanyleaders

ightsmovement

ishmentofnewlaws

icdevelopment

eralCommunicationsCommission'spositiononcensorshipofmusicstatesthatitis_____.

ist'sresponsibility

tion'sresponsibility

gramdirector'sresponsibility

tener'sorparents'responsibility

fthefollowingbestdefinestheword"mosaics"asusedattheendofthirdsection?

desandbehaviors.

sforms.

fthefollowingconclusionscanbemostclearlydrawnfromthisarticle?

illcontinuetobeaformofsocialandpoliticalexpression.

eralCommunicationsCommissionwillsoonchangeitspositiononcensorship.

illceasetodistinguishonegenerationfromanother.

resleywillstillbepopularwithsuccessivegenerations.

elastparagraphofthereading,itisreasonabletoinferthat_____.

gidolsareimportantintheestablishmentofboy-girlrelationships

'emotionalmaturationisequaltothatofgirlsofthesameage

efernottobecomeinvolvedwithgirls

aturemorerapidlythanboysduringearlyteenageyears

sagesuggeststhatthefunctionsofmusicare_____.

rdinary

hor'sprimarypurposeinwritingthepassageisto_____.

sthefunctionsofmusicinoursociety

hatmusichasbeenusedbyagegroups

nsorshipofcontroversiallyrics

bemusicasapoliticaltool

lary

cesanddecidewhichofthefourchoicesbeloweachsentenceisclosestinmeaningto

theunderlinedword.

panybeganaggressiveadvertisingcampaigns,increaseditsvariety(categories)ofbeers,and

1991Coorsbeerwasavailable(=onsale)workedto

improveitsimageandquell（制止,结束,镇压）ongoing(ever-lasting)boycotts.

sstrongright-wingviews,andcloseaffiliation（联系，隶属）tothemilitary,he'dlongbeen

regardedasa(swear)swornenemyofthepeople.

on

upportedwhatbecameknownastheBostonteaparty,andthereafterhefirmlysupportedthe

patriotic（爱国的）measuresthatledstepbysteptoAmericanindependence.

alistic

thopeisthatwewillhavearapidmobilization（动员）ofinternationalopinionin

supportofthemovement.

ngup(with)gup

wasthere(bepresent),heoftengavefoodandcoinstothedestitute（贫苦的）childrenwholived

onthestreet.

red(->desperate:adj.)

ingsocialcommentarywithrhythmiclyrics(词),heavybassbeats,andremixedororiginal

melodies,rapisoneofthemostcontroversialofblackmusicalforms.

toryofnewspapers,magazines,andotherpublicationsinthecountryhasvaried,dependingupon

thelevelofcensorship(书报审查制度)intherulinggovernment.

ation

seoftheincidencehasbeenkeptofftheairintheradiobytheadministration.

wn

outacourtinjunction(法令，判决)againstthenewspaperdemandingthereturnofthedocument.

ce(h)sion(bridge)

cheerwentupfromthecrowdas(=when)theycaughtsightof(noticed)theiridol(偶像).

(敌人)

hwordorexpressiononly

onceandmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.

whipupbringforthkeep...offtheairreinforcepersistent

catchupwithpersuasivetremendoustacticintensify

gressmenaccusedpoliticiansof(=h.)whippingupanti-foreignsentiment

(sentimentalism)inordertowinright-wingvotes.(capital,TheCapitol,government)

tragicloveaffairthatbroughtforth(broughtabout/ledto)onlypain.(extraaffairs)

petence(=ability)asaneconomisthadbeenreinforced(=strengthened/confirmed)byhis

successfulfightagainstinflation.

*seoftheincidencehasbeenkeptofftheairintheradiobytheadministration.

rovementinstandardshasbeensteadyandpersistent,buthasattractedlittlecommentfrom

educationalists.(persistin=insiston)

areusingsecureInternetconnectionstointensifyrelationswithsomeoftheirtradingpartners.

deaswerepersuasiveandtheLegislaturegaveustheappropriation(拨款/funds).

asatremendous(great/serious)timesmisunderstood

eachother.

eninunderachievingschoolsfinallycaughtupwithstudentsinotherschoolswithextratutoringand

help.(achieve=accomplish)

lwaysstraightforward(=frank)anddidnotunderstandaboutstrategy(strategicmissile)and

tactics.

epassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswerfrom

thefourchoicesgivenbelowthepassage.

fpopularmusicincludejazz,

musicfrommotionpicturesandmusicalcomedies,country-and-westernmusic,rhythm-and-bluesmusic(R&B),

rockmusic,andrap(orhip-hop).2Shapedbysocial,economic,andtechnologicalforces,popularmusicis

usicalstyleswerealsovery4

influentialinshapingpopularmusic.

Anotherimportantdevelopmentatthecloseofthe20thcenturywastheinfluenceofdigital5technology,

includingstoragemediasuchasrecordablecompactdiscsandDVDs(DigitalVideoDiscs),theInternet,andMP3

compression,whichallows

transformationofmusicalsoundintodigitalfilesallowedmusictobetransmitted(convey/transfer),reproduced,

and7manipulatedinavirtualform,easilypassingfromonecomputertoanotherinadifferentpartoftheworld

injustminutes(orseconds).Thishasraisedlegalandtechnologicalquestionswhichwillnodoubtshape(form)

the8courseofAmericanpopularmusicforyearstocome:Whatkindofrightsdoesaconsumer9purchase

(buy)whentheybuyacopyofarecording?Whatdoesitmeanwhenaconsumerlicensestherighttodownload

andusethecontentsofa(n)10albumratherthanbuyingaphysicalcopyofit?Howwillthetransformationof

musicintopureinformationaffectmusiciansandhowtheyarecompensated?Whatwillthemusicindustryof

tomorrowlooklike?

edin

tive

ed

lated

e

ation

PutthefollowingintoChinese.

arhashaditssongsthatwhippeduppatrioticfervoror,inthecaseoftheVietnamWarthat

encouragedprotestagainstit.

每场战争都有自己的歌曲来唤起人们的爱国热情或者如在越南战争中鼓励人们反战。

aistotakeasongthatpeoplelikeorthathasparticularmeaningoremotionalassociationforthem

anduseitwithnewwords,hopingthatsomeoftheliking,meaning,oremotionalassociationswilltransfertothe

ftenworks.

改词是把一首人们喜爱或者对他们具有特殊意义或感情色彩的歌曲填上新词，希望把这种喜爱、意义

或感情色彩带到正在传播的新观念中。通常这种方法很奏效。

3Asaresult,anumberofcommunityandnationalgroupshaveappliedpressureonstationstokeepthese

hargesalsostimulatedinvestigationsbytheFederalCommunications

Commission,theregulatoryagencychargedwithoverseeingbroadcastpractices.

结果一些社团和全国性团体向电台或电视台施加压力让他们禁播这些演员的节目。这些指控也促使

负责广播业的监管机构联邦通讯委员会开始进行调查。

meanastationshouldpermitnolanguageorideasinasongthatitwouldnotpermitonthenewsor

inasportsprogram?Ordoesitmeanthestationshouldrecognizethatdifferentformsofcommunicationor

entertainment,orprogramsdesignedfordifferentkindsofaudiences,shouldhavedifferentstandardsconcerning

languageandideas?

这是否意味着在广播电台或电视台播放的歌曲中不允许出现那些在新闻或体育节目中禁止出现的语

言和观念？或者这是否意味着电台或电视台应该承认不同的交流或娱乐形式，或是为不同听众设计的节

目，在语言和观念上应该具有不同的标准？

horhassuggestedthatpopularmusicalsoservesa"riteofpassage"

teenagesingingidolsmayserveasnon-threateningsubstitutesforactualboysuntilboys'maturationcatchesup

withthatofgirlsandsomesemblanceofeasyboy-girlrelationshipscanbeestablished.

一位作者指出流行音乐也成了女孩子们成熟的标志。在同龄男孩子成长为像女孩子那样成熟并能较

容易地与女孩子建立朋友关系之前，少年歌星可能会成为不会对女孩子形成威胁的男友的替身。

acticeandDiscussion

musicusedduringWorldWarIIandduringtheVietnamWar?

bepeacetimeusesofmusic.

emajoreffectsandfunctionsofmusic.

fythebasicissuesintheFCCregulatoryposition.

oblemsdoyouforeseeinthedevelopmentofrecordlabelingplans?

sthistechniqueusedtoday?Cite

severalexamples.(Hint:Advertisingcommercials)

cshapesourperceptionsandattitudes,then,shouldwebeforcedtolistentomusicinpublicplaces

suchasrestaurantsandshoppingmalls?

reothereffectsofmusicnotincludedinthisarticle?

VOCABULARYITEMS

:etoanend;putdown镇压，消除;suppress

:etorise,becomestronger,etc.唤起，鞭策；urge

zation:iontogathertogether(peopleorfeelings)foraparticularserviceoruse动员，调动;

mobile:adj.~phone;mobilize:vt.;automobile;cart

ute:gthesimplestnecessarythingsoflife(necessity:food,clothing,shelter)orthemeans

tobuyorgetthem缺乏，穷困的;h.

:dsofasongorashortpoemsuitableforsinging歌词

:gy(n.->strategicmissile)ameansofgettingadesiredresult策略;meansoftransportation;

tactical:adj.;ameanperson

ship:cticeofexamining(books,films,letters,etc.)withtheintentionofremoving

anythingoffensive审查（制度）;undertheleadershipoftheChineseCommunistParty

cuity:itingtoonesexualpartner乱婚;promise->compromise;win-winsituation

:ctions滑稽的动作;anti-:against;arc->antarctic

ee:ntowhomofficialpermissionisgiven持有执照者;drivinglicense;trainertrainee;

interviewer->interviewee;addresseraddressee

tion:acourtorderprohibitingapartyfromaspecificcourseofaction命令，指令;

conjunction->conj.

:tingtogetherofsmallpiecesofcoloredstone,glass,etowhichtheyare

fixed,madebyputtingtogetheranumberofdifferent

things马赛克，拼盘

:eworshippedasagod/hero偶像，神像

:scribedorderofareligiousceremony典礼，仪式;wizard

ation:tion联系，隶属关系

tion:cessofbecomingmature成熟mature:a.

nce:sentation标志:resemble:symbol

...offtheair:nottobroadcastthroughradioorTV不播放;Onair:

passage:theformofbehaviorthatshowsgirlteenagershavematured女孩成人典礼

NOTES

mWar:militarystrugglefoughtinVietnamfrom1959to1975withtheinvolvementoftheUnited

StatesofAmerica:vitamin:vital:adj.

arbor:inletoftheislandofOahu,Hawaii,about10km(about6mi)westofHonolulu,andthe

nthemorningofDecember7,1941,Japanese

militaryairfieldswere

alsoattackedbytheJapaneseplanes.珍珠港

:derogatorytermofJapanese

angledBanner:nationalanthemoftheUnitedStates美国国旗

Johnson:LyndonBainesJohnson,the36thUnitedStatespresident

resley:Presley,ElvisAaron(1935-1977),Americansingerandactor,oneofthemostpopular

entertainersofthe20thcentury,renownedasanearlypioneerofrock-and-rollmusic猫王

-and-roll:alsoknownasrockn'efirstgenre(kind/sort)ofthemusicand

rhythm-and-bluesmusic(B&B),influencedmainlybyblackAmericanmusicians.

READINGSELECTIONB

WhoseLeadIShouldFollow?

ByMaureenO’Keefe

[1]AsIponderwhomitmightbethatIwouldconsiderarolemodel,IrealizedthattherearealotofpeopleI

sharingthesethoughtswithotherswhomostlikely

oreIthinkIshouldwriteaboutsomeone

,tnotfromthe

"typical"zecelebrities'privatelivesshouldbejustthat;but

whenapersonisinthelimelightperhapstheyshouldusethatnotorietyforsomesortofgood.

[2],to

haveovercomesomeobstacle,ormaybebettersaid,didnothaveher"celebrity"y,she

gtheblessingsshehasreceivedwithothers.

[3]IbelievethatsomeonewhofitsthecriteriaquitewellisOprahWinfrey.

[4]OprahWinfrey'bornin1954toapoor,

unmarrile,Oprahwasraisedby

hergrandmother,ntuallywenttolivewithherfatherinNashville,after

havingsurvivedbodyabuseandthebirthanddeathofababyofherown.

[5]Oprah'srisetofamebeganinBaltimore,thenChicago,withherhostingmorningtalkshows,suchasA.

amesopopularthatin1986,eganherown

productioncompany,Harpo,andobtainedcontrolofTheOprahWinfreyShow,whichwasnowinsyndication.

[6]In1994,Oprah

decidedtobreakawayfromthemoldofotherdaytimetalkshowsandpledgedthathershowwouldbefreefrom

"tabloidtopics".Herviewersrespondedslowly,butverypositively,ahWinfrey

Showwasnowcenteredonupliftingmeaningfulsubjects,manyofwhichareaimedtowardswomen.

[7]Oprahhasusedhergainingpopularity,inmyopinion,nched

Oprah'kClubisanon-airreadingclubintendedtogetthecountryexcitedabout

,'sAngelNetworkwas

startedin1997,cludesaprojecttocollectsmall

changetosendstudentstocollegeandtosponsorHabitatforHumanityprograms.

[8]OprahhasbeenabletoshareherblessingswithotherswhilekeepingherpledgetofocusTheOprah

ekhershowscoversuchtopicsasspirituality,

wellness,fitness,relationships,stepstowardsfinancialfreedomandmore.

[9]Winfrey'stalentforpublicperformanceandspontaneityinansweringquestionshelpedherwinfame.

lionsmorein132other

countries—lsoanaccomplishedactressandwonanAcademyAwardnomination

forherroleinTheColorPurple.

[10]AnotherreasonthatIadmireOprahisbecauseshegenuinelyseemstobe"justaregulargal".Herbook,

MaketheConnection,nfulrevelationsshesharesabouther

shewasgivenanEmmyAward,herthoughtswereonhow

,IwenttoalecturegivenbyoneofOprah'sfavorite

resittingbeforethelecturebegan,ndsaid,"Oh

look,there'sOprah,"Isaid,"noit'snot",shesaid,"yesitis",asitturnsout,it

kedjustliketherestofus;shedidnotcomeinamongstmediafrenzyasmightbeexpected.

Whenthespeakerintroducedher,shewasalmostembarrassedtostand.

[11]IfeelOprahisagenuinelyniceperson,aheadonher

madeanameforherselfandisnotembarrassedbyherwealth

andknowstheimportanceofsharingtheblessingsthathavebeenbestoweduponher.(793words)

ReadingComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatements.

horchoosesOprahWinfreyasherrolemodelbecause_____.

wsOprahWinfreypersonally

renotmanygoodmodelstochoosefrom

infreyisatypicalcelebrity

ldlooktoOprahWinfreyforinspiration

ingtotheauthor,celebritiesshould_____.

eirlivesknownbythepublic

thingbeneficialtothesociety

etheirstatushandedtothem

heirblessingswithothers

rahWinfreywasyoung,she_____.

edalotfromracialsegregations

iledbyhergrandmother

rbulentlife

sedbyhermother

ahWinfreyShowisaTVprogram_____.

edbyOprahherself

rtoothertalkshows

commonsubjects

velyinstructive

5Accordingtothetext,inmid-1990sAmericans_____.

’tenjoyreadingverymuch

azyaboutbestsellers

'twanttohelpthoseinneed

'tliketheOprahWinfreyShowverymuch

infreyissopopularmainlybecause_____.

nAfrican-Americanwomanhostess

naccomplishedactressandanAcademyAwardwinner

famoussingerandhaswonanEmmyAward

formswellinpublicandanswersquestionsdirectly

sonthattheauthoradmiresOprahisthat_____.

infreyisnotpretentious

horisawomanherself

infreyisdifferentfromothers

horadmiresallsuccessfulwomen

rbookMaketheConnectionweknowthatOprahWinfrey_____.

itedaboutwinningEmmyAward

nmuchheavierthanshewas

chattentiontoherappearance

traordinaryperson

infreyusuallyappearsinpublic_____.

therfans

reatnumberofnewsreporters

-keyedway

otofbodyguards

einferredfromthepassagethatOprahWinfrey_____.

opularamongmaleaudience

erywealthy

ievedasuccesswithherownefforts

itherjobasaTVhostesssoon

VOCABULARYITEMS

:ectorconsiderwiththoroughnessandcare沉思，考虑

:nbindingpromisetodo,give,orrefrainfromdoingsth.保证

del:apersonthatcanserveasaperfectexampleorpattern,worthytobefollowed人品楷模

:女孩

ity:sperson名人

ght:attentionfromthepublic聚光灯

ety:thestateofbeingwidelyandunfavorablyknown臭名昭著

uous:erly;noisy纷乱

ate:rateor(be)setapart,erestofasocialgroup隔离

ation:ationofagroupofbusinessesorpeopleforaparticularpurpose,

money企业联合

d:aperwithabouthalfthesizeofanordinarynewspaperandusuallycontainingalimited

amountofseriousnews通俗小报

:,d,inorlikepowerfulwaves急升，猛增

ing:agingcheerfulorholyfeelings振奋人心的

neity:litytoproducenaturalfeelingsorcauseswithoutoutsideforce,y,

openlyordirectly(asif)unplanned自发，坦率

inantly:;mainly主要地

tion:allyforelectiontoaposition,office,honor,etc.提名

tion:ingknown揭露，透露

:ofwilduncontrolledfeeling,expressedwithgreatforce疯狂，狂乱

:给予，赐予

课文参考译文

第八课A音乐的功效

塞缪尔·L·贝克尔

[l］你很清楚书籍、报纸、杂志、电影、电台、电视所具有的劝导功能：通过它们可以出售啤酒、肥

皂，也可以推销观念和政治候选人；还可以引发社会变革或平息一场革命。然而我们中间很少有人想到音

乐或唱片也可用来发挥这些功能。事实上音乐确实做到了这点，而且长期以来一直如此。

[2］每场战争都有自己的歌曲来唤起人们的爱国热情或者在越南战争之类的情况中鼓励人们反战。第

二次世界大战期间流行于全国的歌曲显示了整个唱片业动员起来为战争服务的力度：《牢记珍珠港》、

《狠揍肮脏的小日本》、《星条旗永远飘扬》、《今天你买战争债券了吗》、《绕着希特勒的坟

墓》。