die过去分词

die过去分词

-si单位制

2023年2月15日发(作者：网络安全英语)简单过去时（Simple Past Tense）和现在完成时 （Present Perfect Tense）简单过去时（Simple Past Tense）过去时和现在完成时都与过去发生的事情有关，的确容易让人糊涂。在英语里，过去时和现在完成时是最常用的时态。日常会话中，你会注意到，那些句子基本上都是过去时和现在完成时，因为，当你叙述一件事情的时候，大多数的情况下，事情已经发生了。1。 过去时的构成对于规则动词，动词的过去时则由动词原型加ed构成。对于不规则的动词，动词的过去时只能靠在学习新单词和阅读时留心和记忆。当年为了考试，我都是死记硬背的。过去学习时，很多死记硬背的东西后来都忘了。但是，动词的过去时会在日常的英语阅读和写作中时时用到，所以到现在还记得。我的经验是，背动词的过去时和过去分词，就像背九九乘法表一样有用。2。过去时的用法：（A） 表示过去的状态或已完成的动作, 一定是过去的某个特定的时间, 有时候, 说话的人并没有说出特定的时间, 但他/她的心里一定想着过去某个时候. 三种不同的情况可由下面的三个图形来表示图-1. 过去发生的单一事件例-1: Napoleon died in 1821. 拿破仑死于1821年。例-2:He played the piano. 他演奏了钢琴。图-2. 过去发生的一连串事件 例-3:Mike finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.迈克完成了工作，走到沙滩，找到一个游泳的好地方。图-3. 过去某一个时期发生的事件例-4: I lived in Beijing for 11 years. 我以前在北京住过11年。（B） 表示过去的习惯动作：常与时间副词always, often, usually, never, seldom, every day 连用。可用下图表示：图-4. 过去的习惯动作例-5: Last month, I worked until midnight every day. 上个月，我每天工作到半夜。例-6: I went to library from time to time. 以前，我时不时去趟图书馆。used to + 原型动词也表示过去的习惯。请看下面的例子， 并注意他们的区别：例-7: We used to spend our vacation in the islands. 我们以前到岛上去度假。例-8: We spent our vacation in the islands. 我们到岛上去度假了。例-7 暗示现在没有到岛上度假。例-8 则没有说明现在是否还到岛上度假。1。 现在完成时的构成现在完成时由have(has)加动词的过去分词构成。对于规则动词，动词的过去分词与过去时一样，也是由动词原型加ed构成。对于不规则的动词，动词的过去分词只能靠在阅读时留心和记忆。 2。 现在完成时的用法:（A） 用来表示过去不确定的时间(unspecified time)发生的事件。可以用下图表示图-5. 用现在完成时表示过去不确定的时间(unspecified time)发生的事件用现在完成时，具体的时间是不重要的。而用过去时的句子，具体的时间是重要的。 所以，现在完成时的句子不能用确切时间副词如 yesterday, last year 等。但我们可以用不确定时间副词如：ever, never, once, many times，several times, before, so far, already 等。例-9：He has seen this movies many times. 他已经看这个电影好几次了。例-10：I think I have met him once before. 我想我以前见过他一次。在英语里，过去不确定的时间(unspecified time)发生的事件是很容易让人糊涂的概念。为清楚起见，最好按以下几种情况分别说明：（a）经验例-10：I have been to the United States. 我去过美国这句话表示我有过去美国的经验，我可能去过一次，也可能去过多次。例-10中的次数是不确定的，时间也是不确定的。也可以有确定的次数，而时间仍然是不确定的：例-11：I have been to the United States three times. 我去过美国三次。现在完成时也可以用来表示根本没有这种经验：例-12：I have never been to the United States. 我从来没有去过美国。（b）在一定时段内的变化(changes that has happened over a period of time)例-13：You have grown since the last time I saw you. 自从上次我见过你，你已经长高了。例-14：Chinese has become one of the most popular course at the university since the Asian study program was established. 自从亚洲研究项目建立以来，中文就成为大学里最受欢迎的课程。 例-15：George has collected coins for ten years.乔治搜集硬币已经有十年了。（c）成就(accomplishments): 我们通常会用现在完成时表示个人或人类取得的成就。注意，句子里不能指定确切时间。例-16：Man has walked on the moon. 人已经在月球上行走过了。例-17：My son has learned how to read English. 我儿子已经学会怎么读英文了。（d）预期而未完成的动作(An uncompleted action you are expecting)现在完成时也常用来表示我们预期的，然而没有完成的动作。用现在完成时，就表示我们仍然期待该动作的发生。例-18：James has not finished his homework yet. 詹姆斯还没完成作业。例-19：Bill has still not arrived.比尔还没到。注意：用现在完成时表示我们生活中在此刻之前发生的某些事，然而，确切的发生时间是不重要图-6. 用现在完成时表示过去不确定的时间(unspecified time)发生的事件但是，我们可以给出时间范围， 如 in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far 等等。图-7. 用现在完成时表示过去不确定的时间(unspecified time)发生的事件，但可以指定范围例-20：Have you been to Mexico in the last year. 你去年到过墨西哥吗？例-21：This week my car has broken down three times. 这个礼拜，我的车坏了三次。（B）过去到现在的持续动作或状态。常用for, since所引导的副词表示持续的期间； 或与How long? （多久）连用。可用下图表示：图-8. 用现在完成时表示过去到现在的持续动作或状态例-22：Margaret has studied ballet since she was a child. 玛格丽特从小就学芭蕾舞。 例-23：She has been in England for 3 years. 她在英格兰生活三年了。过去时与现在完成时的用法注意事项（1）用现在完成时表示在一定时段内的变化， 必须用含有继续概念的动词，不能用一时性的动词。例-24：His father has died for years. [误] 例-25：His father died years ago. [正]虽然例-24中的时间副词是不确定的，但动词die是一时性的， 没有继续的概念。如果一定要用现在完成时来表达，那么，我们可以改用有继续的概念的形容词dead：例-26：His father has been dead for years. [正]或者：例-27：It has been years since his father died. [正]（2）现在完成时不能与时间确定的副词连用，像ago, then, yesterday, at that time, last week, last year等。例-28：He has written a novel last year. [误]例-29：He wrote a novel last year. [正]注意：last year 和 in the last year 的意思是不一样的。Last year 表示去年，一个确定的时间。In the last year 表示一个时间范围，从365天前直到现在。例-30：I went to Beijing last year. 去年我到北京了。[现在是2006，我2005年到北京，确切的年份，用过去时]例-31：I have been to Beijing in the last year. 去年我到过北京。[从365天前到现在的某个时 间，我到北京去过至少一次，确切时间没有指明，用现在完成时]（3）现在完成时不与疑问副词when连用。例-32：When have you come? [误]例-33：When did you come? [正]当when不是指时间的疑问副词，而是肯定修辞疑问句表否定时，可以与现在完成时连用：例-34：When have I told you this? [正] 我什么时候告诉过你这些话？上句实际上是一个否定句：I don’t think I have ever told you this.（4）过去时与现在完成时的区别因说话时的状态不同，所用的时态也不同，请看以下四个例子：例-35：I bought a house ten years ago. 十年前，我买了栋房子。这句话是过去时，表示我十年前买了栋房子，现在是否还拥有这栋房子就说不定了。例-36：I have bought a house.我已经买了栋房子。这句话是现在完成时，表示我已经买了栋房子，并且现在仍然拥有这栋房子。例-37：I lived in Boston for two years. 我在波士顿住过两年。这句话是过去时，表示我以前在波士顿住过两年，后来可能不住在波士顿了。例-38：I have lived in Boston for two years.我在波士顿住了两年了。这句话是现在完成时，表示我已经在波士顿住两年了，现在仍然住在波士顿。因说话时间不同，描述同一事件的时态也不同，请看下面两个例句：例-39：I have written two letters this morning. 我上午写了两封信。这句话是上午说的。例-40：I wrote two letters this morning. 我上午写了两封信。这句话是下午或晚上说的。过去时和现在完成时练习Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980's, technology (change) —————— [1] a great deal. The first computers (be) —————— [2] simple machines designed for basic tasks. They (have, not) —————— [3] much memory and they (be, not) —————— [4] very powerful. Early computers were often quite expensive and customers often (pay) —————— [5] thousands of dollars for machines which actually (do) ——————[6] very little. Most computers (be) ——————[7] separate, individual machines used mostly as expensive typewriters or for playing games. Times (change) —————— [8]. Computers (become) —————— [9] powerful machines with very practical applications. Programmers (create) —————— [10] a large selection of useful programs which do everything from teaching foreign languages to bookkeeping. We are still playing video games, but today's games (become) —————— [11] faster, more exciting interactive adventures. Many computer users (get, also) —————— [12] on the Internet and (begin) —————— [13] communicating with other computer users around the world. We (start) —————— [14] to create international communities online. In short, the simple, individual machines of the past (evolve) —————— [15] into an international World Wide Web of knowledge. 为了复习简单过去时和现在完成时的语法知识，请完成上面的填空练习。答案会在几天以后给出。---------------------------------------------------------------公布答案：[1]. has changed[2]. were[3]. did not have (didn't have)[4]. were not[5]. paid[6]. did[7]. were[8]. have changed[9]. have become[10]. have created[11]. have become[12]. have also gotten (have also got)[13]. begun[14]. have started[15]. have evolved[13] 本来应该是 have begun，但是，它和 have also got 共享一个主语 Many computer users， 所以，have begun 中的 have 就省略了。******************----------------------***********************was +ing/ have been/ had +ed ?3个既意思同用法系?eg.1. I was being stupid (at that time)唔要at that time会唔会有同样意思?2. I wasn't thinking...后面系咪一定要跟事件来表达时间?3. 我早前已经寄出信件.. 应该用I have sent out the mail/ I had sent out the mail? ths~!! 更多：1. I was being stupid.跟没有at that time其实意义上差不多，由于was已经代表是过去的时间/事件，所以加上in the past/at that time/then...等附加处境词其实分别不大，除非这句不是对话(对方或听众已经知道你所讲stupid的事情是甚么)，即是前文后理的内容需要补充这stupid情况的细节或加强那时间「点」的重拍，亦可以附上后面的部份。2. I wasn't thinking并不一定需要跟事件或时间，因为这句本身己包含完整的意思：「我无用脑」。所以不是说你没想过甚么甚么，而是说冇经大脑。当然接下去的可以是不同的adverb来形容你几冇脑。I wasn't thinking straight.I wasn't thinking right. 更多：如果你用think的意思是关心/想念的话，便可能要加上连接词才能组成所想念的事件或人I wasn't thinking about "thing"/you.我没有挂念"事"/你I wasn't thinking of you. 我没有联想到你。 3. 由于send的一个短时间的动作。一般不会用had，但如果你的早前是早一天的话，可以用had sent，如果是同一天的上午(现在是下午)，习惯上用have sent已经可以了。就算不加上this morning(用have sent时)或yesterday(had sent时)，英语人惯性都可以按用tense的层次来判断send出的时间。最后还可以说I did send out the letter.(如果是几个星期后被人取讨时)。**************---------************************-------------------------Ⅰ. 初中英语八种时态归纳复习时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容，广大初中学生在实际运用时，往往对时态总是倍感棘手，下面我们就归纳复习一下这几种时态。一、一般现在时：概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc.基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。二、一般过去时：概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。三、现在进行时：概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.基本结构：am/is/are+doing否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。四、过去进行时：概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。基本结构：was/were+doing否定形式：was/were + not + doing.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。五、现在完成时：概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.基本结构：have/has + done否定形式：have/has + not +d one.一般疑问句：have或has。六、过去完成时：概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.基本结构：had + done.否定形式：had + not + done.一般疑问句：had放于句首。七、一般将来时：概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.基本结构：①am/is/are/going to + do；②will/shall + do.否定形式：①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。八、过去将来时：概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.基本结构：①was/were/going to + do；②would/should + do.否定形式：①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②would/should 提到句首。Ⅱ. 几种常见时态的相互转换英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看：A. He joined the League two years ago.B. He has been in the League for two years.C. It is two years since he joined the League.D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.Peter is working, but Mike is playing.三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：The train is leaving soon.The train will leave soon.四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看：We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.Ⅲ. 中考动词时态考点分析一、 根据时间状语确定时态的原则1. Hurry up! The play for ten minutes. (2002辽宁)A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began[析] 1. C。since后接时间的起点，for后接时间段，主句动词用现在完成时，应注意瞬间动词与延续性动词的使用。二、 在复合句根据时态呼应确定时态的原则2. Do you know if back next week? If he back, please let me know. (2002黑龙江 )A. he comes; will come B. will he come; comesC. he will come; comes D. will he come; will come[析] 2. C。if既可引导宾语从句，也可引导状语从句。充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether，词义是“是否”。充当状语从句的连接词时，词义是“如果”。从时态看，if引导宾语从句时谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化；引导表示将来动作或状态的条件句时，若主句用一般将来时，则从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。三、 根据上下文已有时态信息点确定时态的原则3. –When this kind of computer ?--Last year. (2002天津)A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used[析] 3. B。此例由下句的时间状语推断出一般过去时态，并且要考虑到被动语态。四、 利用上下文语意确定时态的原则4. –Hi! Lin Tao. I didn’t see you at the party.--Oh, I readyfor the maths exam. (2002江西)A. am getting B. was getting C. got D. have got[析] 4. B。此例由didn’t, at the party推断出应用过去进行时。五、 时态中的“特殊”对策的原则5. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 Christmas Day. (2002辽宁)A. is B. was C. has been D. will be[析] 5. A。 有些动词其动词的时态是“违背常理”的。如宾语从句表示的是一个客观事实或客观真理时，其时态不受主句限制而用一般现在时表示。Ⅳ. 中考实战题练兵A) Fill in the blanks with the right forms of the verb tense:1. Mr Brown will go fishing if it (not rain) tomorrow. (2002徐州市)2. I think he (be) back in a week. (2002南京市)3. –Who (knock) at the door?--I don’t know. Let me go and see. (2002连云港市)4. Bill is strict with himself. He never (leave) today’s work for tomorrow. (2002连云港市)5. -- your uncle (return) the video tapes to Mr Fox?--No. They’re still in his bedroom. (2002南通市)6. By the end of last term, they (work) there for ten years. (2002辽宁)7. Mr. Wang (read) a newspaper in the office at this time yesterday. (2002上海市)8. Mr. Green and his wife (live) in London for a few years before they(come) to work in China in 2001. (2002曲靖市)9. They never knew what (happen) to the world in a hundred years. (2002南充)10. About 400 years ago, Galileo(伽利略) proved that the earth (go) around the sun. (2002陕西)B) Complete the following sentences:1. When I got to the cinema, (电影已经开始了二十分钟了). (2001黄岗)2. (有一场音乐会)a concert tomorrow afternoon. (2000甘肃)3. It’s three years since he (入团). (2001宁夏)4. Please let me know (他一回来). (2000陕西)5. I (正要入睡) when there was a loud knock at the door. (2000新疆)Part B VoicesⅠ.The Passive Voice一、Voices: The Active and Passive VoicesActive Voice 主动语态 Passive VoiceMany people speak English. English is spoken by many people.They found the dinosaur eggs in Liaoning. The dinosaur eggs were found in Liaoning.We must do something to stop the pollution. Something must be done to stop the pollution.二、The formations of the passive voices of different tenses(A):方 式时 间 一 般 进 行 完 成现 在 amis + pp.are amis being + pp.are hasbeen + pp.have 过 去 was+ pp. were wasbeing + pp.were had been + pp.将 来 shallbe + pp.will 过 去将 来 shouldbe + pp. would The formations of the passive voices of modal verbs(B):must/can/ may/should + be + pp.三、When to use the Passive Voice:1. 行为主体不明确，不必说出或者无法说出动作的执行者时。Football is played all over the world.2. 不易找到或根本就找不到动作的执行者时。My bike was stolen.3. 汉语含有“据说”、“有人说”等时。It is said that another bridge has been built over the Changjiang River.4. 汉语中含有“被”、“由”等词时。Wei Hua is asked to come by Lin Tao.5. 汉语中没有“被”、“由”等词，而在原句中试加这类词且句意通顺时。These songs are usually sung by boys.6. 某些句子习惯上用被动语态。He was born in October, 1988.7. 表示礼貌时。You are friendly invited to come to our English party at 8:00p.m. tomorrow.（Note: 用于被动语态中的动词是及物动词，不及物动词不能用被动语态。）Ⅱ. 中考实战题练兵A) Fill in the blanks with the right forms of the verbs given:1. Last month, in the first match of the 17th World Cup, France (beat)0-1 by a new team—Senegal. (2002南京市)2. How many fridges (produce) in China in the last two years? (2002徐州市)3. No dictionary should (bring) to the English exam, boys and girls! (2002连云港市)4. That day each of us (give) ten dollars after we finish the work.(2002连云港市)5. They (warn) not to touch the machine while they were visiting the workshop. (2001吉林)B) Multiple Choice:( ) 1. I don’t know the school, but it’s to be quite a good one. (2002苏州市)A. told B. spoken C. talked D. said( ) 2. Please don’t stand up in class until you . (2002泰州市)A. were told to B. are told to C. were told D. are told( )3. If Mg in O2, we MgO, and it combination reaction(化学变化). (2202泰州市)A. will burn; get; calls B. burns; will get; calledC. will burn; can get; is calling D. burns; will get; is called( ) 4. Please tell me when on the wall. (2002无锡市)A. has this map hung B. was this map hungC. this map has hung D. this map was hung( ) 5. The doctor will operate on him at once as soon as he the hospital. (2002常州市)A. is sent to B. will be taken to C. leaves D. doesn’t return( ) 6. They won’t be back until the work . (2002南通市)A. do B. does C. is done D. will do( ) 7. The medicine cool, clean and dry. (2001天津市)A. must keep B. must be kept C. must be carried D. must be in( ) 8. –Where’re the old houses here?--Oh, they by the end of last century, and a new tall building here soon. (2002深圳市)A. have been pulled down; is going to be builtB. were pulled down; will be builtC. had been pulled down; is going to be builtD. had been built; is going to be pulled down( ) 9. You can’t leave now. There are still twenty more trees . (2002河北)A. to plant B. being planted C. plant D. to be planted( )10. –Where’s your car?--There’s something wrong with it and it in the garage now. (2001 四川)A. is repaired B. is being repaired C. has been repaired D. will be repairedC) Put the following into English:1. 近五年来在西昌已发射了几颗人造卫星。(2002南京市)Several man-made satellites in Xichang in the past five years.2. 请你告诉我这把锁是用什么制成的好吗？(2002无锡市)Would you please tell me ?3. 那个博物馆是八年前建造的。(2002苏州市).4. 必须采取措施阻止人们砍伐树木。(2002泰州市)to stop people from cutting trees down.5. When he got there, he found all the food *********************---------------------------------------*********************-----------------------------------------------（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时（3）一般将来时二、 一般过去时： l 概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 l 时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. l 基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词 l 否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 l 一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 三、 现在进行时： l 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 l 时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc. l 基本结构：am/is/are+doing l 否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. l 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 四、 过去进行时： l 概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 l 时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 l 基本结构：was/were+doing l 否定形式：was/were + not + doing. l 一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。 五、 现在完成时： l 概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 l 时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc. l 基本结构：have/has + done l 否定形式：have/has + not +d one. l 一般疑问句：have或has。 六、 过去完成时： l 概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 l 时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc. l 基本结构：had + done. l 否定形式：had + not + done. l 一般疑问句：had放于句首。 七、 一般将来时： l 概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 l 时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc. l 基本结构：①am/is/are/going to + do；②will/shall + do. l 否定形式：①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 l 一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。 八、 过去将来时： l 概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 l 时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc. l 基本结构：①was/were/going to + do；②would/should + do. l 否定形式：①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do. l 一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②would/should 提到句首。 英语语法中共有16种时态英语的各种时态 一般现在时的用法 一般过去时的用法 used to/be used to 一般将来时 be going to/will be to和be going to 一般现在时表将来 用现在进行时表示将来 现在完成时 比较过去时与现在完成时 用于现在完成时的句型 比较since和for since的四种用法 延续动词与瞬间动词 过去完成时 用一般过去时代替完成时 将来完成时 现在进行时 不用进行时的动词 过去进行时 将来进行时 一般现在时代替将来时 一般现在时代替过去时 一般现在时代替完成时 一般现在时代替进行时 现在进行时代替将来时 时态一致 时态与时间状语 . 名词 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归（4）现在进行时（5）现在完成时*（6）过去进行时*（7）过去完成时 *（8）过去将来时