2024年4月5日发(作者：)
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英国文学简史完全笔记
Part one： early and medieval english literature
Chapter 1: the making of england
1 the Briton
2 the Roman Consequent
3 the English Consequent
4 the social condition of the Anglo-Saxons
Chapter 2: Beowulf
Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast
landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.
e.g. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
Artistic features:
1 Using alliteration
2 Using metaphor and understatement
Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same
consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5
Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way
for Englishmen to express their ideas
Chapter 3 : Feudal England
1 the Norman Conquest:
①the Danish invasion
King Alfred: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
②the Norman Conquest:
Marks the establishment of feudalism in England
2 Feuda England
Social features of the Feuda England：Two classes（landlord and peasant）
The miseries of the peasant：Black Death
The raising of 1381
3 the Romance: knight
Famous three:
King Arthur
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Beowulf
Chapter 4 William Langland
Piers The Plowman耕者皮尔斯:a picture of feudal England
①the exposure of the ruling classes
②the story of the Cat and Rats
③the marriage of lady Meed
④the condition of the peasants
⑤the search for truth
⑥a representative of the most oppressed section of the peasantry
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Artistic features:
It is written in the form of a dream vision
Using symbolism
Chapter 5 the English Bllads民谣
Oral literature
Ballad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.
The Robin Hood Ballad
Chapter 6 Geoffery Chaucer
英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”
The father of English poetry.
writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.
①
first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English
②
③
Part Two ：The English Renaissance
A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.
Chapter 1 Old England in transition
1 the new monarchy
2 the reformation
3the English Bible：
Jhon Wycliffe, translated the first complete English Bile
Authorized Version: also called King James Bible
4 the enclosure movement
5 the commercial exoansion
6 the war between Spain：it ended with the route of the Spanish fleet"Armada"
7 the Renaissance and Humanism
Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe
beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the
medieval to the modern world.
Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.
Humanism: reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, which saw the world openning before
it.
Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:
1. new discoveries in geography and astrology
2. the religious reformation and economic expansion
3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture
The most famous dramatists:
Christopher Marlowe
William Shakespeare
8 William Caxton: the first English printer
Chapter2 Thomas More
One of the greatest English humanists
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Utopia乌托邦: an ideal communist society
Thomas: 1 no revolutionary in the sense of wishing to arouse the people or to start any movement
2 still retains the features of class exploitation
3 he could never find at that time the means by which socialism could be realized.
Chapter 3 the flowering of English literature
1 the flourishing of literature
2 Sir Philip Sidney
A poet and critic poetry
Astrophel and Stella , Apology for poetry
Walter Raleigh:
Discovery of Guiana
3 Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599
The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey
①
It is written in a special verse form that consists of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a 9 line of 6
iambic feet(an alexandrine ), with the rhyme scheme ababbcbbc
The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithful loves”.
Artistic features:
Using Spenserian Stanza
Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and
last line in iambic hexameter.
②
The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.
③
4 John Lyly
"gentle reader"
Euphues
5 Francis Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626
（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）
The founder of English materialist
The founder of modern science in English
Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.
Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical
allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man’s reason.
①
②
The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people
to pursue studies.
Chapter 4 Drama
The highest glory of the English Renaissance was unquestionably its drama
1 the miracle play
2 the morality play
3 the interlude
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4 the classical drama
5 the London theatre
Chapter 5 Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595
“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama
（完善了无韵体诗。）
Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
①
②
③
Significance of his plays:
1 the heroes of his plays are generally distinguished by a resolute character, a scorn of orthodox creeds,
and an overpowering paasion.
2 The praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of
the boundless possibility of human effortd in conquering the universe.
3 the hero's individualistic ambition often brings ruins to the ruin to the world and sometomes to
themselves.
His literary achievement:
1 the greatest of the pioneers of English drama
2 reformed the language and verse of dramatic works
3 first made blank verse. His blank verse has been called as "titanic"
4 famous for his "mighty line". It is mighty and plastic
5 pave the way for the Shakespeare
Chapter 6 William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616
37plays
① Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII
②Four Comedies: Dream>仲夏夜之梦; ③Four Tragedies: ④poems: 1 venus and adonis 2Shakespeare Sonnet :154 Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme. 3 the rape of lucrece Features of Shakespeare's drama: 1 one of the founder of realism in world literature 2 often used the method of adoptation 3 his long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acuired make him a master hand for playwriting. 4 skilled in many poetic forms: song, sonnet, couplet, dramatic blank verse 5 a great master of the English language Chapter 7 Ben Jonson ① 精品文档 精品文档 ② ③ Every Man in His Humour a prolific dramatist Part three the period of the English bourgeois revolution Chaper 1 the English revolution and the Reatoration 1 the weakening of the tie between monarchy and bourgeoise 2 the clashes between the king and parliament 3 the outburst of the English revolution: 4 the split with the revolution camp 5 the bourgeois dictatorship and the restoration 6 the religious cloak of the English revolution: Also called the puritan revolution. Puritanism is the religious doctrine 7 literature of the revolution period Chapter 2 John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674 （诗人、政论家;失明后写 《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。） ①Epics: In the poem god is no better than a despot. God is cruel and unjust. Adam and Eve embody Milton's belife in the powers of man. The desription of hell, Satan is the real hero of the poem. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God. ②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙: A poetical drama. ③ the later democratic revulotion struggles. ④ This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet. Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best. Milton: 1 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17th century 2 wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse 3 he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. In paradise lost, he acquires an absolute mastery of the blank verse. 4 he is a great stylist, grand style. 5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. Chapter 3 John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688 （代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式精品文档 精品文档 著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。） Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人) ①Religionary Allegory: Chapter 4 metaphysical poets and Cavalier poets Besides Milton and Bunyan, other poets and writers whose works express quite different ideas and sentiments. They are called metapysicals by Samuel Johnson 1 John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人). Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought） Artistic features: 1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻 2. syllogism三段论 ① Meditations 沉思录 The Flea 虱子 ② Songs And Sonnets Holy Sonnets ③Valediction: 2 George Herbert The saint of the metaphysical school Sing the glory of God Altar 3 Andrew Marvell A puritan To his coy mistress 4 Henry Vaughan and Richard Crashaw: Two religios poets Capter 5 some prose-writers Robert Burton: Masterpiece: the Anatomy of Melancholy Thomas Browme: Religio Medici Jeremy Taylor: Holy Living Holy Dying Izaak Walton: The Compleat Angker Chapter 6 Restoration literature 1 restoration comedy: The restoration comedy is notorious for its licentiousness, being full of love intrigue, and seduction and 精品文档 精品文档 promiscurity Jhon Dryden All For Love Absalom and Achitophel English literature of the Restoration period was modelled on the literature of France where classicism was then prevailing. According to classicism, drama and prose should all be controlled by some fixed rules. Part 4 the 18th century A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18thcentury) 小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说) Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century) Chapter 1 the enlightenment and classicism in English literature 1 the enlightenment and 18th century England ①"Glorious Revolution" Industrial Revolution ②the enlightenment in Europe: an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism ③the English Enlighteners 2 classicism: The classicists modelled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and try to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. The English classicists followed these standards in their writings. But the basic difference between Dryden and the 18th century enlighteners lies in the fact that the former wrote to please the declining aristocracy during the Restoration period while latter wrote for the rising bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social order. Chapter 2 Addison and Steele 1 Steele and The Tatler Richard Steele: The Christian Hero（a pamphlet） The Tatler(a paper) The pectator(in conjunction with Addison) Theatre 2 Joseph Addison The Campaign(a poem) Cato (tragedy) Sum up Addison's and Steele's contribution to the English literature: ①their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeosie ②they give a true picture of the social life of Engish in 18th century 精品文档 精品文档 ③in the hands of them, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel. Pope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744Chapter 2 Alexander （18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。） One of the first to introduce rationalism to England. ① Artistic features: “heroic couplets” ② ③ Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century. Frequently writing in the form of heroic couplets Chapter 4 Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745 （十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。） ① Four parts: Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国 Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛 ② ③ 木桶的故事 ④ His language is simple and clear and vigorous. He is a master satirist, and his irony id deadly. Chapter 5 Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731 （小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。） He is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. ① < CrusoeRobinson>鲁宾逊漂流记 It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie. ② ③ ④ He was the real founder of the realistic novel in England. 精品文档 精品文档 Chapter 6 Samuel Richrardson Pamela Clarissa Chapter 7 Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754 （英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. ① novels: ② plays: He was a novelist, dramatist, essayist, political pamphleteer. He develope his narrative in the fullest,freest, clearest and most straightforard manner, and also affords him opportunities of giving, at suitable places, personal explanations. Satire abounds eberywhere in his works. Humorous satire and a kind of grim satire He believed in the educational function of the novel. He is a master of style. His style id easy, unlaboured and familiar,but extremely vivid and vigorous. Sympathy for the working people, contempt for the parasites, the exploiters and the oppressors Chapter 8 Smollett and Sterne Tobias Smollett： Roderick Random(a picaresque novel) Pererine Pickle Hunphry Clinker Laurence Sterne Tristram Shandy A Sentimental Journey Chapter 9 18th century drama and Sheridan The english drama of the 18th doesn't reach the same high level as its novel. One reason: the Licensing Act of 1737 Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德•布林斯利•施莱登1751~1816 ① ② < for ScandalThe School>造谣学校 Chapter 9 Johnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709~1784Samuel Lexicographer, critic and poet 精品文档 精品文档 Dictionary =英语大词典 James Boswell: Life of london(a classic of English biography) Chapter 11 Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯1730~1774 ① poems: Both written in heroic couplet,consisting of two iambic pentameter lines linked by rhyme. ② novel: ③comdies: The Good Natured Man She stoops to Conquer ④essay: The Citizen of the World Chapter 12 Edward Gibbon Essay on the Study of literature The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 13 sentimentalism and pre-romanticism in poetry 1 sentimentalism in English poetry The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism, but they sensed at the same time the contradictions in the process of capitalist development. The appearance and development of sentimentalism poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite romanticism. William Cowper: The task George Grabbe: The village 2 pre- romanticism Thomas Percy: Reliques of Ancient English poetry James Macpherson: The saddest and the most interesting figure of the pre-romantic movement. The Rowley papers Chapter 14 William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827 ① A happy and innocent world from children’s eye. ② A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes. Include: 精品文档 精品文档 Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence ③ He identifies classicism with formalism Chapter 15 Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796 The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century. Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 ① ② 一朵红红的玫瑰 ③ < SyneAuld Long>往昔时光 ④ 不管那一套 ⑤ < HighlandsMy Heart’s in the>我的心在那高原上 ⑥ ⑦ Part Five : Romanticism in England Chapter 1 the Romantic period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death. Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace. Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic). “The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey Important event: The French Revolution Peterloo Masscare Amid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in england during the period 1798-1832. Generally speaking, the romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of capitalism. The works of romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, they paid great attention to the spritual and emotional life of man. Walter scott marked the transition Chapter 2 William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850 （与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） ① Marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century. ② 我好似一朵流云独自漫游 Theme: 精品文档 精品文档 embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace” is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude. Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. ③ Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺赋 ④ The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 ⑤ Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey The Lake Poets: Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834 ① ② ③ Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory ④ ⑤ ⑥ Robert Southey Chapter 4 George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824 （拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。） “Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. ① Written in ottava rima, each stanza containing 8 iambic pentameter lines rhymed abababcc Written in spenserian stanza, ababbcbbc ② Chapter 5 Persy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822 Poetic Drama： Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression long poem: Condemning tyranny and exploitatuon and the unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealth. Looking 精品文档 精品文档 forward to a happy future for mankind but rejecting the path of revolution by voilence. Lyrics: Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe …) Chapter 6 John Keats约翰•济慈1795~1821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) ① Four great odes: ② Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day. Chapter 7 Charles Lamb The Essays of Elia Chapter 8 Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt 精品文档 精品文档 William Hazlitt: Essay: my first acquaintance with poets Leigh Hunt: Eaasyist , critic, poet He developed the light miscellaneous eaasy. Chapter 9 De Quincey The confessions of an English Opium-Eater Chapter 10 Walter Scott沃尔特•斯科特1771~1832 (历史小说之父”)Father of history novels ① ② Features of Walter Scott's historical novels: 1 he has an outstanding gift of vivifying the past. He combined historical fact with romantic imagination 2 historical events are closely interwoven with the fates of individuals 3 he is concerned not only with the lives and deeds of kings, statements and other hitorical figures, but is always mindful of the fate of the ordinary people. 4 he is a romantic. 5 he is a troy Part 6 English Critical Realism Chapter 1 the rise of English Critical Realism in England 1 social background From the thirties of 19th century, the fundamental contradiction is the struggle between the workers and capitalist. Strengthen the policy of colonial expansion. 1837, the workers formulated their political demands in The People's Chapter. 2 Chartist Movement and Chartist Literature During the Chartist Movement numerous Chartist organization published newspaper and magazines which, besides articles on political and economical issues, contained poems, short stories and essays on literature. The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature--the struggle of the proletariat for its rights. Ernest Jones Long poem:The greatest of the Chartist poets. The Revolt of Hindostan, or the New World He followed the tradition of the revolutionary romanticism of Byron and Shelley. Lycics: the song of the Lower Classes The song of the Wage-Slave Thomas Cooper The last of the chartists William James Linton 精品文档 精品文档 A well-known “agitator” Lyric: Blade Time Will Come 3 English Critical Realism The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and critized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The english critical realists not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. They use a humour and satire. They were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions. Their works is not of revolution but rather of reformism. Chapter 2 Charles Dickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870 （批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer ① ② ③ ④ 圣诞颂歌 ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑨ ⑩ Chapter 3 William Makepeace Thackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863 ① Progress>by John Bunyan) ② After 1848 Thackeray lost all hope of improvement in social life, and his scepticism turned into pessimism. That's why his works after Vanity Fair show a sign of weakening in ideological depth and artistic power. Chapter 4 some women writers 1 Jane Austen简•奥斯丁1775~1817 She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. ① 【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved 【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood 【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. 【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters 精品文档 精品文档 2 the Bronte sisters Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855 ① Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood School It is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. ② ③ Emily Bronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854 ① < HeightsWuthering>呼啸山庄 A story about two familie and an intruding stranger. 【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff 【The Linton Family】, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella ② < Old Stoic> George Eliot乔治•艾略特1819~1880 ① ② < BedeAdam>亚当•比德 ③ < MarnerSilas>织工马南 ④ < Middlemarch>米德尔马契 Part 7 prose-writers and poets of the mid and late 19th century Chapter 1 Thomas Carlyle He was elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University He is a literary critic Sartor Resartus The French Revolution Heroes and Hero-Worship Past and Present Chapter 2 Ruskin and some other prose-writers 1 John Ruskin He is a critic. Art criticism and social criticism He is a social thinker and a master of English. His prescription for the contemporary social problems was faulty, but he sincerely sympathized with the people and exposed with holy wrath the evils Modern Painters 精品文档 精品文档 2 Matthew Arnold 3 Macaulay Chapter 3 Alfred Tennyson1809~1892 （维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人） Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） ① < In Memoriam>悼念 To memorialize his friend ② < Break, BreakBreak,>冲击、冲击、冲击 ③ < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗 Chapter 4 Robert Browning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889 A follower of Shelley ① < My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人 ② < Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思 ③ Pippa Passes Elizabeth Barrett Browing: ① He introduced to English poetry a new form ,the dramatic monologue He has been praised as a "a genius in courageous and high- hearted figure", well-known for buoyant optimism. Chapter 5 the Rossettis and Swinburne 1 Dante Gabriel Rossetti Poem: The Blessed Damozel 2 Christina Georgina Rossetti Poem: Goblin Market 3 Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat 4 Algernon Charles Swinburne Chapter 6 William Morris Poet, artist, socialist Poem: The Defence of Guenvere The Life and Death of Jason The Early Paradise Sigurd the Volsung The aim of his works is to bring beauty into the life of his countrymen Prose: A Dream of Jhon Ball News from Nowhere Chapter 7 literary trens at the end of the century 1 naturalism: 精品文档 精品文档 Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Euope. According to the naturalism, literature must be ture to life and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. They usually write about the life of the poor and oppressed, or the slum life, they can oly represent the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life. George Gissing,: 2 neo-romanticism Dissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions. They laid emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories to entertain the reading public. They led the novel back towards stiry-telling and to romance. Robert Louis Stevenson 3 aestheticism Art for sake. Art should serve no religious, moral or social ens, nor any end except itself. Walter Pater:< Studies in the History of the Renaissance> later called The Renaissance Hte "Conclusion" of the The Renaissance is acrystallization of his faith in the pursuit pf beauty as the sole "success of life". Oscar Wilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900 （The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake） ① 4 Comedies: ② Novel: ③ Fairy Stories: Part 8 20th century English literature Chapter 1 the new century: social and historical background 1911-1914 three great strikes The colonial division of the world by the capital powers had been completed by the end of 19 WWI1914-1918 1929, economic crisis broke out 1930s, were called Red Decade Chapter 2 English novel of early 20th century 1 the realist They sought for new ways and means of revealing the truth of life. Samuel Bulter, George Meredith, Herbert George Wells 2 Rudyard Kipling "the bard of imperialism" 诗集：Barrak Room Ballad营房诗集;The Seven Seas七海;Recession and Other Poems赞美诗及其他;The Five Nations五国 长篇小说：Kim基姆;Captain Courageous勇敢的船长 精品文档 精品文档 短篇小说：Plain Tales from the Hills;Soldiers There;The Story of the Gadsby;Life Handcap生命的阻力;The Jungle Book;The Second Jungle Book林莽之书;The Lost Legion Arnold Bennett: The Old Wive's Tale Joseph Concrad ① ② the book’s title is Heart of Darkness? The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of people’s skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans’ heart. is the symbolism of black and white 【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilized Middle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages. According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light. According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”. 【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion. Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind. White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The trade in ivory is white and the white man is totally corrupt t The book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies. Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once "one of the darker places of the earth" before the Romans forced civilization upon the civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background. This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state. ter 【Kurtz】 represents what every man will become if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment. 【Marlow】 represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienating jungle. ive Structure In Heart of Darkness, we have an outside narrator telling us a story he has heard from Marlow. The story Marlow tells centers around r, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has learned from have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtz’s story. Henry James: Daisy Miller The portrait of a Lady The Wings of the Dove 精品文档 精品文档 The ambassadors The Golden Bowl Katerrine Mansfield: In a German Pension Bliss The Garden Party Chapter 3 Thomas Hardy哈代1840-1928 Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下; Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣; The Return of the Native还乡; The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长; Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;J ude the Obscure无名的裘德 诗集：Wessex Poems 威塞克斯诗集 史诗剧：The Dynasts统治者三部曲 Chapter 4 John Galworthy高尔斯华绥1867-1933 From the Four Winds天涯海角 (The Man of Property有产业的人; In Chancery骑虎难下; To Let出租→The Forsyte Saga福尔塞世家); (The White Monkey白猿; The Silver Spoon银匙; Swan Song天鹅曲 →A Modern Comedy现代喜剧) 剧作：The Silver Box银匣; Strife斗争 Chapter 5 the Irish dramatic movement 1 the Abbey Theatre and Lady Gregory 2 John Millington: A playwriter The play boy of the Western World Riders to the Sea Sean O'Casey: The Shadow of a Gunman Juno and Paycock The Plough and the Stars Chapter 6 George Bernard Shaw乔治•伯纳•萧1856~1950 (英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist ⑴ Plays ① Plays Unpleasant 精品文档 精品文档 ② Plays Pleasant ③Plays < JoanSaint>圣女贞德 Chapter 7 Some poets of Early 20th century A group of war poets who wrote old-fashioned patriotism Rupert brooke John Masefield Alfred Edward housman Chapter 8 modernism in poetry Imagism: An Anglo-American poetic movement flourishing in the 1910s. An imagist is that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. So the imagist poetry is a kind of shaking off the convwntional metres and emhasizing on the use of common speech, new rhythms and clear images. Yeats威廉•勃特勒•叶茨1865~1939William Butler （爱尔兰诗人，剧作家； The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动； The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴； The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团） ⑴ collections ① ② ⑵ Poems Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家） ⑴ Poems ① ② ③ ⑵ Plays ① Chapter 9 the psychological fiction 精品文档 精品文档 Modernist fiction emphasis on the description of the characters' psychological activities, so sometomes been called modern psychological fixtion. Novelists ① James Joyce ② David Herbert Lawrence ③ Virgirnia Woolf 1. David Herbert Lawrence戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯1885~1930 ① 【Mrs. Morel】, daughter of a middle-class family, is "a woman of character and refinement", a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own , she was desponded at her husband and put her love to her sons. She hopes that they will become outstanding 【Paul Morel】depends heavily on his mother’s love and help to make sense of the world around him. He struggle to free from his mother’s influence, but he failed. After his mother has died and he is left alone, in despair. Theme: Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy way of the individual’s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life implulse, or in another term, the sexual sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of life presenting the psychological experience of indivudual human life and of human relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel Oedipus Complex is a thematic feature of D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers ② ③ ④ Joyce詹姆斯•乔伊斯1882~1941James （爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅•沃尔芙1882~1941 （意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness ① Novels < DallowayMrs>达洛维夫人 精品文档 精品文档 Chapter 10 Robert Tressell: a working-class novelist The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists Chapter 11 Maexist literay criticism Ralph Fox: The Novel and the People: 1 It presents a distorted and falsified picture of life. It opposes the principles of hunmanism. 2 the book is inspired by a profound love for the traditions of materialism and realism in English literature. 3 it regards the history of English literature Christopher Caudwell: Illusion and Reality Studies in a Dying Culture 英国文学简史完全版 A Concise History of British Literature Chapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period uction 1. The historical background （1） Before the Germanic invasion （2） During the Germanic invasion a. immigration; b. Christianity; c. heptarchy. d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord） – thane - middle class （freemen） - lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）; e. social organization: clan or tribes. f. military Organization; g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education; h. economy: coins, trade, slavery; i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system. 2. The Overview of the culture （1） The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit. （2） Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures. f. 1. A general introduction. 2. The content. 3. The literary features. （1） the use of alliteration （2） the use of metaphors and understatements （3） the mixture of pagan and Christian elements 精品文档 精品文档 Old English Prose is prose? s （1）The Venerable Bede （2）Alfred the Great Chapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages uction 1. The Historical Background. （1） The year 1066: Norman Conquest. （2） The social situations soon after the conquest. A. Norman nobles and serfs; B. restoration of the church. （3） The 11th century. A. the crusade and knights. B. dominance of French and Latin; （4） The 12th century. A. the centralized government; B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）; （5） The 13th century. A. The legend of Robin Hood; B. Magna Carta （1215）; C. the beginning of the Parliament D. English and Latin: official languages （the end） （6） The 14th century. a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings; b. the rise of towns. c. the change of Church. d. the role of women. e. the Hundred Years' War—starting. f. the development of the trade: London. g. the Black Death. h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381. i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff. （7） The 15th century. a. The Peasants Revolt （1453） b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks. c. the printing-press—William Caxton. d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485） 2. The Overview of Literature. （1） the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages. （2） Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur. （3） Wace—Le Roman de Brut. （4） The romance. （5） the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer. Gawin and Green Knight. 精品文档 精品文档 1. a general introduction. 2. the plot. m Langland. 1. Life 2. Piers the Plowman r 1. Life 2. Literary Career: three periods （1） French period （2） Italian period （3） master period 3. The Canterbury Tales A. The Framework; B. The General Prologue; C. The Tale Proper. 4. His Contribution. （1） He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types. （2） He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. （3） The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. V. Popular Ballads. Malory and English Prose beginning of English Drama. 1. Miracle Plays. Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace. 2. Morality Plays. A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general. 3. Interlude. The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature. Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical Background II. The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660） Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature. Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education. Literary style-modeled on the ancients. The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically 精品文档 精品文档 educated adherents. 1. poetry The first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style. The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity. The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style. The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition. 2. Drama a. the native tradition and classical examples. b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare – Jonson. 3. Prose a. translation of Bible; b. More; c. Bacon. h poetry. 1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers） （1） Wyatt: introducing sonnets. （2） Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse. 2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer （1） Life: a. English gentleman; b. brilliant and fascinating personality; c. courtier. （2） works a. Arcadia: pastoral romance; b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion. Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing. c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism. 3. Edmund Spenser （1） life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” – Ireland - Westminster Abbey. （2） works a. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance. b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequence c. Faerie Queene: l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue. l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy. l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning） l Many allusions to classical writers. l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist. （3） Spenserian Stanza. h Prose 1. Thomas More （1） Life: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of arts a. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford; 精品文档 精品文档 b. studies law at Lincoln Inn; c. Lord Chancellor; d. beheaded. （2） Utopia: the first English science fiction. Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere. A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday） tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia. a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy. b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything. c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time. d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals. e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism. f. the Utopia （3） the significance. a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material. b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III. 2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman （1） life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor – bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature. （2） philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental. （3） “Essays”: 57. a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles. b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments） h Drama 1. A general survey. （1） Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama. （2） two influences. a. the classics: classical in form and English in content; b. native or popular drama. （3） the University Wits. 2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits. （1） Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama. （2） Major works a. Tamburlaine; b. The Jew of Malta; c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. （3） The significance of his plays. 精品文档 精品文档 V. William Shakespeare 1. Life （1） 1564, Stratford-on-Avon; （2） Grammar School; （3） Queen visit to Castle; （4） marriage to Anne Hathaway; （5） London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor; （6） the 1st Folio, Quarto; （7） Retired, son—Hamnet; H. 1616. 2. Dramatic career 3. Major plays-men-centered. （1） Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate （2） The Merchant of Venice. Good over evil. Anti-Semitism. （3） Henry IV. National unity. Falstaff. （4） Julius Caesar Republicanism vs. dictatorship. （5） Hamlet Revenge Good/evil. （6） Othello Diabolic character jealousy gap between appearance and reality. （7） King Lear Filial ingratitude （8） Macbeth Ambition vs. fate. （9） Antony and Cleopatra. Passion vs. reason （10） The Tempest Reconciliation; reality and illusion. 3. Non-dramatic poetry （1） Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece. （2） Sonnets: a. theme: fair, true, kind. b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion. c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet. d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg. Jonson 1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” （Sons of Ben） 精品文档 精品文档 bution: （1） the idea of “humour”. （2） an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature. 3. Major plays （1） Everyone in His Humour—“humour”; three unities. （2） Volpone the Fox Chapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A Historical Background Overview of the Literature （1640-1688） 1. The revolution period （1） The metaphysical poets; （2） The Cavalier poets. （3） Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction 2. The restoration period. （1） The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson） （2） The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662） were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication. （3） The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism. （4） The restoration drama. （5） The Age of Dryden. Milton 1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics. 2. Literary career. （1） The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632） are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King. （2） The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting. （3） The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence. 3. Major Works （1） Paradise Lost a. the plot. 精品文档 精品文档 b. characters. c. theme: justify the ways of God to man. （2） Paradise Regained. （3） Samson Agonistes. 4. Features of Milton's works. （1） Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism. （2） Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. （3） Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study. （4） Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. Bunyan 1. life: （1） puritan age; （2） poor family; （3） parliamentary army; （4） Baptist society, preacher; （5） prison, writing the book. 2. The Pilgrim Progress （1） The allegory in dream form. （2） the plot. （3） the theme. V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets. 1. Metaphysical Poets The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument. 2. Cavalier Poets The other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's. Dryden. 1. Life: （1） the representative of classicism in the Restoration. （2） poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist. 精品文档 精品文档 （3） changeable in attitude. （4） Literary career—four decades. （5） Poet Laureate 2. His influences. （1） He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry. （2） He developed a direct and concise prose style. （3） He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems. Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century uction 1. The Historical Background. 2. The literary overview. （1） The Enlightenment. （2） The rise of English novels. When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favour. （3） Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school. （4） Satiric literature. （5） Sentimentalism -classicism. （a general description） 1. Alexander Pope （1）Life: ic family; health; himself by reading and translating; of Addison, Steele and Swift. （2）three groups of poems: Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）; f. The Rape of Lock; ation of two epics. （3）His contribution: heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness; . （4） weakness: lack of imagination. 2. Addison and Steele （1） Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper. （2） Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” （with Steele, 1711） 精品文档 精品文档 （3） Spectator Club. （4） The significance of their essays. a. Their writings in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie. b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century. c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel. 3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor. （1）Life: s at Oxford; a living by writing and translating; great cham of literature. （2） works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface. （3） The champion of neoclassical ideas. ture of Satire: Jonathan Swift. : （1）born in Ireland; （2）studies at Trinity College; （3）worked as a secretary; （4）the chief editor of The Examiner; （5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin. 2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels. 3. Gulliver's Travels. Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church. Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war. Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment. Part IV. Satire—mankind. h Novels of Realistic tradition. 1. The Rise of novels. （1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances – fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative） （2）The rise of the novel sque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects. : Arcadia. c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator. （plot and characterization and realism） （3） novel and drama （17the century） 2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.） （1）Life: ss career; g career; 精品文档 精品文档 sted in politics. （2） Robinson Cusoe. a. the story. b. the significance of the character. c. the features of his novels. d. the style of language. 3. Henry Fielding—novelist. （1）Life: essful dramatic career; career; writing career. （2） works. （3） Tom Jones. plot; ters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia; icance. （4） the theory of realism. （5） the style of language. V. Writers of Sentimentalism. 1. Introduction 2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.） （1）Life: r book seller; writer. （2） Pamela, Virtue Rewarded. story significance Pamela was a new thing in these ways: a） It discarded the “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b） Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. c） It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel. 3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist. A. Life: in Ireland; b.a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage; ller; Literary Club; e.a miserable life; f. the most lovable character in English literature. B. The Vicar of Wakefield. ; signicance. 精品文档 精品文档 h Drama of the 18th century 1. The decline of the drama 2. Richard Brinsley Sheriden A. life. B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals. C. significance of his plays. a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy. b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day. c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man. d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays. Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic Age uction 1. Historical Background 2. Literary Overview: Romanticism Characteristics of Romanticism: （1） The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings （2） The creation of a world of imagination （3） The return to nature for material （4） Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace （5） Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius （6） The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models （7） The interest in old stories and medieval romances （8） A sense of melancholy and loneliness （9） The rebellious spirit -Romantics 1. Robert Burns （1） Life: French Revolution （2） Features of poetry a. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect. b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity. c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect. d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love for freedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny. （3） Significance of his poetry His poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humour, pathos, the response to nature – all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism. 2. William Blake 精品文档 精品文档 （1） life: French Revolution （2） works. l Songs of Innocence l Songs of Experience （3） features a. sympathy with the French Revolution b. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institution c. attitude of revolt against authority d. strong protest against restrictive codes （4） his influence Blake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th. ic Poets of the first generation 1. Introduction 2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry （1） Life: nature; dge; to France; revolution; y; f. The Lake District; of Coleridge; vative after revolution. （2） works: a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significance b. The Prelude: a biographical poem. c. the other poems （3） Features of his poems. A constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind. teristics of style. His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature. 3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic （1） Life: dge; with Southey and Wordsworth; opium. （2） works. l The fall of Robespierre l The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 精品文档 精品文档 l Kubla Khan l Biographia Literaria （3） Biographia Literaria. （4） His criticism He was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized. ic Poets of the Second Generation. 1. Introduction 2. George Gordon Byron （1） Life: dge, published poems and reviews; b.a tour of Europe and the East; England; with Shelley; in Greece: national hero; f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution. （2） Works. l Don Juan l When We Two Parted l She Walks in Beauty （3） Byronic Hero. Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers. （4） Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid 3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic （1） Life: cratic family; ious heart; ; national liberation Movement; le of William Godwin; f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry; England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy; l and sympathetic with the French revolution; i. Friend with Byron （2） works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer （3） Characteristics of poems. t of a better society; beauty; c. superb artistry: imagination. （4） Defense of Poetry. 4. John Keats. 精品文档 精品文档 （1） Life: a poor family; y School; with Byron and Shelley; ed by the conservatives and died in Italy. （2） works. （3） Characteristics of poems beauty; g refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams. V. Novelists of the Romantic Age. 1. Water Scott. Novelist and poet （1） Life: nd; sity of Edindurgh; to novel; essful publishing firm; contribution: historical novel. （2） three groups of novels （3） Features of his novels. （4） his influence. 2. Jane Austen （1） Life: y clergyman; tful life, domestic duties; （2） works. （3） features of her writings. Austen's novels are britened by their witty conversation and omnipresent humour. Her stories are skillfully woven together; her plots never leave the path of realism, and have always been sensible. Her language shines with an exquisite touch of lively gracefulness, elegant and refined, but never showy. She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made up on a little piece of ivory only two inches square. The comparison is true. The ivory surface is small enough, but the lady who made the drawings of human life on it was a real artist. （4） rationalism, neoclassicism, romanticism and realism. ar Essays. 1. Introduction 2. Charles Lamb: essayist and critic （1） life: family; of Coleridge; Mary; in the East India House; e.a miserable life; f. a man of mild character. g.a Romanticist of the city. 精品文档 精品文档 （2） works: Essays of Elia. Three groups. （3） Features. a. The most striking feature of his essays is his humour. b. Lamb was especially fond of old writers. c. His essays are intensely personal. d. He was a romanticist Chapter 7 English Literature of the Victorian Age uction 1. Historical Background （1） An age of expansion （2） The conditions of the workers and the chartist movement （3） Reforms （4） Darwin's theory of evolution and its influence （5） The women question 2. Literary Overview: critical realism. In Victorian period appeared a new literary trend called critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. of Critical Realists. 1. Charles Dickens. （1） Life: a. clerk family; b. a miserable childhood; c. a clerk, a reporter, a writer; d. a man of hard work. （2） works of three periods. a. optimize b. frustration c. pessimism （3） Features of his works. ter sketches and exaggeration humour and penetrating satire cated and fascinating plot power of exposure 2. William Makepeace Thackeray （1） Life: a. born in India; b. studied in Cambridge; c. worked as artist and illustrator and writer. （2） work: The Vanity Fair （3） Thackeray and Dickens – features a. Just like Dickens, Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century Europe. He paints life as he has seen it. With his precise and thorough observation, rich knowledge of 精品文档 精品文档 social life and of the human heart, the pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life. b. Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic and his humour subtle. c. Besides being a realist and satirist, Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels. 3. The Bronte Sisters （1） Charlotte Bronte and Jane Eyre （2） Emily Bronte and The Wuthering Heights. 4. George Eliot. （1） Life: a. Mary Ann Evans; b. the rural midland; c. abandoned religion; d. interested in social philosophical problems; e. editor of the Westminster Review; f. George Henry Lewis. （2） works l Adam Bede l Silas Marner l Middlemarch （3） Features of works. As a moralist, she shows in each of her characters the action and reaction of universal forces and believes that every evil act must bring inevitable punishment to the man who does it. Moral law was to her as inevitable and automatic as gravitation. 5. Thomas Hardy: novelist and poet （1） Life: a. Dorchester—“Wexssex; b. close to peasantry; c. belief in evolution. （2） Works: a. Romances and fantasies b. novels of ingenuity c. novels of characters and environment （3） Ideas of Fate. Unlike Dickens, most of Hardy's novels are tragic. The cause of tragedy is man's own behaviour or his own fault but the supernatural forces that rule his fate. According to Hardy, man is not the master of his destiny; he is at the mercy of indifferent forces which manipulate his behaviour and his relations with others. h Poets of the Age 1. Alfred Tennyson （1） life: a. Cambridge; b. friend with Hallem; c. poet laureate. （2） Works: In Memoriam; Idylls of the King. 精品文档 精品文档 2. Robert Browning. （1） Life: married Elizabeth Barret, a poetess. （2） Works （3） the Dramatic Monologue The dramatic monologue is a soliloquy in drama in which the voice speaking is not the poet himself, but a character invented by the poet, so that it reflects life objectively. It was imitated by many poets after Browning and brought to its most sophisticated form by T. S. Eliot in his The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock （1915） h Prose of the age 1. Thomas Carlyle （1） life （2） works 2. John Ruskin （1） life （2） works （3） social and aesthetic ideas V. Aestheticism 1. Aestheticism the basic theory of the aesthetic – “art for art's sake” – was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Peter, the most important critical writer of the late Victorian period, whose most important works were studies in the History of Renaissance and Appreciations. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde, with his The Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art's sake can it be immortal. It should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style. 2. Oscar Wilde （1） Life: dramatist, poet, novelist and essayist, spokesman for the school of “Art for art's sake”, the leader of the Aesthetic movement （2） works l The Happy Prince and Other Tales l The Picture of Dorian Gray l The Importance of Being Earnest Chapter 8 English Literature of the first half of the 20th Century I. Historical Background 1. rational changes on old traditions, in social standards and in people's thoughts 2. the high tide of anti-Victorianism 3. the First World War 4. the success of women's struggle for social and civil rights ew of the Literature – the Modernism 1. What is modernism? The reaction against the value of Victorian society and the theme of its literature that began in the 1890s, particularly with the so-called dissident writers, was manifested in the early decades of the 20th century by drastic changes in form, vocabulary, and image. These changes were not limited 精品文档 精品文档 to England. The movement, which has come to be called modernism, was international in scope and drew heavily on the French Symbolist poets as well as on the new psychological teachings of Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and their followers in Vienna and Switzerland. 2. Features of modernism （1）Complexity （2）Radical and deliberate break with traditional aesthetic principles （3）Back to Aristotle 3. Development of modernism after WWII Section 1 Poetry I. A General Survey 1. The century has produced a large number of both major and minor poets, many of whom have received general acclaim. 2. Many writers of significant works of fiction also write distinguished poetry. 3. The poets of the 20th century have tended to group themselves into schools whose poetry has particular distinguishing characteristics. Hardy 1. life 2. works （1）his poetry Poems and Other Verses b. Poems of the Past and the Present 's Laughing Stocks d. Moments of Vision Lyrics and Earlier f. The famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwell Words （2）his fictions of the D'Urbervilles b. Jude the Obscure Return of the Native d. Far from the Madding Crowd Mayor of Casterbridge 3. point of view According to his pessimistic philosophy, mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile mysterious fate, which brings misfortune into human life. III. William Butler Yeats 1. Life – poet and dramatist 2. Works （1）his poetry Responsibilities b. The Wild Swans at Coole Tower d. The Winding Stair （2）his dramas Hour Glass 精品文档 精品文档 b. The Land of Heart's Desire Baile's Strand （3）his book of philosophy – Visions 3. style He is a celebrated and accomplished symbolist poet, using an elaborate system of symbols in his poems. Some of his symbols are simple, whereas others are difficult to comprehend. But read as a whole, his poetry is elucidated by itself and gives the reader many memorable stanzas and lines of great poetry. He is referred to by T. S. Eliot as “the greatest poet of our age – certainly the greatest in this （i.e. English） language”. IV. Thomas Stearns Eliot 1. life- poet, playwright, literary critic 2. works （1）poems l The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock l The Waste Land （epic） l Hollow Man l Ash Wednesday l Four Quarters （2）Plays l Murder in the Cathedral l Sweeney Agonistes l The Cocktail Party l The Confidential Clerk （3）Critical essays l The Sacred Wood l Essays on Style and Order l Elizabethan Essays l The Use of Poetry and The Use of Criticisms l After Strange Gods 3. point of view （1）The modern society is futile and chaotic. （2）Only poets can create some order out of chaos. （3）The method to use is to compare the past and the present. 4. Style （1）Fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highly expressive rhythm （2）Difficult and disconnected images and symbols, quotations and allusions （3）Elliptical structures, strange juxtapositions, an absence of bridges 5. The Waste Land: five parts （1）The Burial of the Dead （2）A Game of Chess （3）The Fire Sermon （4）Death by Water （5）What the Thunder Said Section 2 Fiction I. The Continuing of Realism 精品文档 精品文档 1. The two characteristics of 20th century fiction （1）Modernism （2）Continuation of the tradition of realism 2. The beginning 3. General features Galsworthy 1. life 2. works （1）The Island Pharisees （2）Turgenev （3）The Man of Property （4）In Chancery （5）Forsyte Saga （6）The End of the Chapter （7）The Silver Box （8）Strife 3. point of view The novels and plays of Galsworthy give a complete picture of English bourgeois society. A bourgeois himself, Galsworthy nevertheless clearly saw the decline of his class and truthfully portrayed this in his works. Yet his criticism of the bourgeoisie was limited to the spheres of ethics and aesthetics only. He aimed to improve his class, wishing it might retain its ruling position in society. His bourgeois conservatism is particularly evident in the works written after WWI and the October Revolution. Facing the crisis of British imperialism and the growing forces of socialism, Galsworthy began to idealize the decadent bourgeoisie. This is particularly evident in his last trilogy The End of the Chapter. 4. style （1）strength and elasticity （2）powerful sweep （3）brilliant illustrations （4）deep psychological analysis III. Stream of Consciousness 1. James Joyce （1）life （2）major works a.A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man b. Dubliners s d. Finnegans Wake （3）significance of his works changed the old style of fictions and created a strange mode of art to show the chaos and crisis of consciousness of that period. b. From him, stream of consciousness came to the highest point as a genre of modern literature. Finnegans Wake, this pursue of newness overrode the normalness and showed a tendency of vanity. 精品文档 精品文档 2. Virginia Woolf （1）life （2）works . Dalloway b. To the Lighthouse Waves d. Orlando f. The Years n the Acts h.A Room of One's Own i. Three Guineas j. Modern Fiction k. The Common Reader （2 series） （3）point of view challenged the traditional way of writing and created her novels in a new way. b. She thought the depiction of details darkened the characters. called the writers for writing about events of daily life that gave one deep impression. 3. influence （1）The stream of consciousness presented by Joyce and Woolf marks a total break from the tradition of fiction and has promoted the development of modernism. （2）However, at the same time, because of the newness in form but hard to understand, this kind of fiction cannot attract readers. （3）The writers showed interest in the psychological depiction of the bourgeoisie but neglected the conflict that most people cared about at that time. IV. David Herbert Lawrence 1. life 2. works （1）Sons and Lovers （2）The Rainbow （3）Women in Love （4）Lady Chatterlay's Lover 3. his influence Section 3 Drama I. Overview 1. the development of science （light） and the revival of drama 2. social dramas 3. the renaissance of Irish dramas 4. the poetic drama 5. different schools of drama Bernard Shaw 精品文档 精品文档 1. life 2. works （1）Widower's Houses （2）Man and Superman （3）Major Barbara （4）Pygmalion （5）Heartbreak House （6）Mrs. Warren's Profession （7）The Apple Cart （8）Saint Joan 3. point of view （1）Shaw was very much impressed by the Norwegian dramatist Ibsen. （2）He opposed the idea of “art for art's sake”, maintaining that “the theatre must turn from the drama of romance and sensuality to the drama of edification”. （3）He sought from the beginning to expose the hypocrisy, stupidity, and conventionality of the English way of life as he saw it with a rich wit and lively sense of comedy. （4）His heroes and heroines are always unheroic, unromantic, common sense people, and he used them to convey ideas. 4. style （1）Shaw is a critical realist writer. His plays bitterly criticize and attack English bourgeois society. （2）His plays deal with contemporary social problems. He portrays his situations frankly and honestly, intending to shock his audiences with a new view of society. （3）He is a humorist and manages to produce amusing and laughable situations. 版权所有,谢绝转载~ 精品文档 