2024年3月15日发(作者：)
课前预习材料（第三次讲座用）
第四次讲座继续讲语境和选词的关系，我们将学习语用语境，文化语境，“历史”语境和文体语境对于选词的影响。请大家看一看推荐的参考书中的相关内容。请课前打印。
Pragmatic Context
1, Laudatory vs. Derogatory：
Example 1:
He had deep distrust for the old school of the German ruling class. They were rigid ,
embittered by defeat.
他很不信任德国统治阶级中的旧派人物。那帮人顽强不屈，因战败而憋着一肚子气。
Example 2:
1) Once ,early in 1974, while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemente to
Los Angles,he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions.
一九七四年初，有人同他一起去车从克里门蒂圣地亚哥公路去洛杉矶，途中请他谈了他的希望和野心。
2)He is man of reputation/ He is an honest man, but misfortunately he has a certain
reputation.
3)We have worked a new scheme of our work./ They said that it was a covert scheme,
but we said that it was a overt scheme.
Degrees or magnitude of the words :
父子关系： （语境）
I write this note today because your going away is much upon my mind, and because I want
you to have a few parting words from me to think of now and then at quiet times. I need not
tell you that I love you dearly, and am very, very sorry in my heart to part with you .
今天我写这封信件， 一方面是因为你的离去萦绕我心， 另一方面是因为要给你只字片语，供你在宁静的时刻， 时而思量。我无须告诉你， 我爱你有多深， 与你分离， 我心中感到愁肠百结。 （这里用的词是否太重了。）
卖花女：你肯给钱吗？（你肯替他付钱吗？）
女儿：妈，一个子儿也别给。（ …）
B) Then one night when we had walked home from the Cantebury, and I was leaving her
at her door, when I held out my hand she laughed a little; a low chuckle it was, and leaned
forward.
“You old silly.” she said.
She kissed me on the mouth.
（Two young lovers）一天晚上，我们从坎特布雷回家，在她家门后道别的时候，我伸出手，她轻轻地笑了起来，是那种低声咯咯笑的声音，然后欠了欠身。
“你这个老傻瓜。”(could we improve this version?)
(语境：里根总统对撒切尔夫人在一次国际会议上的话)It was clear to me that we
were soul-mates when it came to reducing government and expanding economic
opportunities.
显而易见， 涉及到减少政府干预和扩大经济机会这一问题上， 我俩是情人挚友。(could we improve this version by taking further into account this practical
context?)
How do you translate the part colored in red?
Film script : The Sound of Music
Maria:At ease, Well, now that there’s just us, would you please tell me all yout names
again, and… how old you are?
Liesl, I’m 16 years old and I don’t need a governess.
Maria: Well, I…I’m glad you told me, Liesl. We’ll just be friends.
Fredrich: I’m Fredich. I’m 14. I’m impossible.
Pragmatic situation:
A）The Flower Girl: Will ye-oo py me f’them?”
(Will you pay me for them?)
The daughter: Do nothing of the sort, mother, The idea!”--- George Bernard Shaw
(Pygmalion)
4）I wanted to go off to another town, but then everyone got busy matchmaking, and they were
after me so they nearly tore my coat tails off…She was no chaste maiden, but they told me she
was a virgin pure.
（, an orphan, a baker and almost illiterate, regarded as a fool)
鄙人亦愈远走他乡,然而此时人人皆忙于为在下做月下老人.在下所到之处红娘紧随其后,形影不离,几乎将在下做月下老儿。在下所到之处红娘紧随其后，形影不离，几乎将在下之燕尾扯下。此女既非大家闺秀，也非小家碧玉，本无贞操可言。然而，他们却言称此女乃圣洁之女也。(风格上有何不妥？)
Example 4：
Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this
feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel
bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.
有些老年人害怕死亡，因而压抑。年轻人怕死是有理由的，他们有理由担心会死在沙场，想到生活中许多美好的东西，都被骗走，自然感到很难受。（试着用成语来翻译有下划线的短语）
“Historical” Context : （古今意义的不同）
For here I read for certain, that my ships
Are safely come to road.
朱生豪：我从这封信中得到了确定的消息，我的船已经(?)”
梁实秋：“因为我从心里知道我的船确然是(?)”
Cultural Context:
1, Were it left to me decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or
newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter .
如果让我来决定，我们是要一个政府而不要报纸呢还是应该有报纸而不要政府，我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。(to be polished)
2， Example 1：Ware his gift, that’s a Greek gift! 小心他的礼物，那是个希腊人的礼物！
3， Example 2: It was another one of those catch-22,you’re damned if you do and you’re damned
if you don’t. 这又是一条第22条军规定，你做也该死，不做也该死。
4， “There is a bit of the old Adam in us all,” said Smith./ Everyone must carry his own cross.
5， How to translate? （颜色中蕴含的文化含义） 1)You Look blue today. What’s the matter
with you?
2)You don’t want to fight, do you? You are yellow.
3) You cannot expect Mary to do business with such people .She is only eighteen and as
green as grass.
