2024年3月3日发(作者：)
语法系列讲座之一
名词与主谓一致
I．名词的数
名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词有单复数形式。
名词的复数形式有两种，一种是规则复数，即在名词原形之后加-s或-es构成，如chairs,
classes, stomachs, churches等；另一种是不规则复数，即不是在词尾加-s或-es构成复数，而是通过内部元音变换或其他方式构成，如tooth—teeth, woman—women, ox—oxen,
mouse—mice等。
常用的单复数形式相同的名词：deer, means（方式，手段）, Chinese, Japanese, series（系列）, sheep, species（物种，种类）, works（工厂）, jin（斤）, li（里）, yuan（元）等。
应注意复合名词的复数：looker-on—lookers-on, grown-up—grown-ups, man (woman)
servant—men (women) servants等。
总是表达复数概念的名词有：people（人们）, police, poultry（家畜）, cattle（畜群）, mankind,
womankind。
常见的不可数名词有：advice（建议）, baggage, bread, cash（现金）,equipment（设备，装备）, furniture（家具）, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, traffic, trouble, work等。
II．限定词与名词的搭配关系
有些限定词只能跟可数名词或不可数名词搭配，而有些限定词跟两者皆可。见下表：
可数名词
a, the, some, any
this, that, these, those
none, one, tow, three, …
many, a lot of, plenty of
不可数名词
the, some, any
this, that
none
much, a lot of, plenty of
a large number of, few, a few, fewer…than,
a large amount of, a great deal of, little, a little,
more…than
less…than, more…than
III．名词所有格的形式和用法
名词所有格一般是在词尾加’s构成，如：the boy’s bag, my sister’s husband, our teacher’s
room等。
如果原词已经有复数词尾-s则仅仅加一个（’）即可，如：boys’ school, students’ reading
room等。
表示无生命东西的名词的所有格必须用of表示，不可在词尾加’s或（’）构成，如：the
name of the film, the windows of the room等。
名词双重所有格的形式和用法是：a (this, that)＋名词＋of＋所有格名词（如果是人称代词，则用名词性物主代词），如：a friend of my father’s, a picture of my sister’s, a book of mine,
a dictionary of hers等
IV．主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须同主语保持一致。
1．当主语是单、复数同形的名词时，动词的单复数就取决于该名词
Every means has been tried. （每种方法都试过了。）
All means have been tries. （所有的方法都试过了。）
2．表示学科的词汇的单复数
如acoustics（声学），ethics（论理学），athletics（体育学），mathematics（数学），economics（经济学），politics（政治学），statistics（统计学），physics（物理学）等作主语时，如果它们作学科解释时，就被视为单数；但当它们表示其他概念时，应被视为复数。如：
Economics is my favorite subject. （经济学是我最喜爱的学科。）
The economics of this project are very good. （此项目的经济效益很好。）
3．形容词前加定冠词the时，当表示“某类人”时，总属于复数名词
the rich, the poor, the Chinese, the Japanese, etc.
The Chinese are a highly civilized people. （中国是一个高度文明的民族。）
4．专有名词（主要指人名、地名、国名、机构、重大事件等）以及不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词一律为单数
The United Nations is in session. （联合国正在开会。）
The Tales of Shakespeare was written by Charles Lamb. （莎士比亚戏剧故事是由查尔斯.兰姆所写。）
A lot of information has been collected. （已收集到许多信息。）
5．有一些集体名词，如audience, committee, class, crew, family, couple等，既可作单数，也可作复数。如将该名词所表示的概念视为整体，则动词为单数
The family is a happy one. （这个家庭是个幸福的家庭。）
但如将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上，动词用复数。
The family are quarrelling with each other. （家人互相吵架。）
6．不定代词every, each, either, neither以及some, any, no＋body作主语时，谓语动词一律是单数
Every man, woman and child is asked to attend the meeting.
7．All, any, many, more, most, some等词，一些含of的短语如half of, any of, a lot
of, …percent of, two thirds of等加名词作主语时，动词的单复数取决于of后所跟的名词或代词
Some money is needed. （比较：Some stamps are very beautiful.）
Half of his time is spent on recreation. （比较：Half of my friends are engaged in this
experiment.）
8．以介词或介词短语with, together with, along with, as well as, no less than, more than,
not to mention, but, except等连接的主语，其谓语动词单复数取决于上述词前的主语
You, no less than he, are guilty of the crime.
Father, together with his children, is going to Paris.
9．连词象not only…but also…，either…or…，neither…nor…，not…but…，…or…etc.加名词作主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于动词所挨近的主语，即连词后的主语
Not only you but also I am going there.
Either the students or the teacher was invited to the party.
10．由and连接的两个主语，后面一般都跟复数谓语动词。只有在下述两种情况下，要跟单数谓语动词
一是作“兼”讲。如：The singer and dancer attends our evening party.
二是固定词组。如：a knife and fork（刀叉），a cup and saucer（带茶盘的茶杯），ice cream
and cake（冰激凌蛋糕），bread and butter（加黄油的面包），thread and needle（针线），iron and
steel（钢铁）等，这些词组作主语时，动词一律用单数。
There is a knife and fork on the table.
11．凡是计量时间、金钱及距离、体积、尺寸的数量词作主语时，它们可被看作一整体，动词应用单数
Ten years is too long.
Fifty dollars is needed.
另外，数学上的加法和乘法作主语时，谓语动词单复数皆可；而减法和除法作主语时，动词一律用单数。如：
Four times four is (are) sixteen.
Twenty minus eight is twelve.
12．动名词和动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词一般是单数
Seeing is believing.
To say is one thing, but to do it is another.
名词与主谓一致
1. The number of students in the class _____ small.
a. is b. are c. have been d. become
2. His knowledge of language and international relations _____ him in his work.
a. help b. helps c. was helped d. have helped
3. More than one teacher _____ dismissed.
a. have been b. has been c. are to d. have had
4. Many a man _____ life is meaningless without a purpose.
a. thinks b. thinking c. think d. have thought
5. All but her and me _____ going to visit the Great Wall.
a. are b. is c. has been d. shall be
6. The United States _____ a country of people with varied origins.
a. is b. are c. has d. have
7. The football player, together with his coach, _____ traveling to the Olympic Games.
a. are b. is c. has d. have
8. A pair of spectacles _____ what I need at the moment.
a. is b. are c. has d. have
9. Could you show me where the _____ shoes are?
a. women b. womens c. woman d. women’s
10. Mathematics _____ one of the most difficult subjects to me.
a. is b. are c. has d. have
11. Bob ran into _____ in the street yesterday afternoon.
a. his sister boyfriend b. a boyfriend of his sister’s
c. a boyfriend of his sister d. his sister of a boyfriend
12. They are going to buy _____ for their new house.
a. many new furniture b. much new furnitures
c. much new furniture d. many new furnitures
13. The factory has just bought _____ for the lab.
a. two equipment b. two pieces of equipments
c. two pieces of equipment d. two equipments
14. He has _____ on his farm.
a. twenty head of cattles b. twenty heads of cattles
c. twenty heads of cattle d. twenty head of cattle
15. I wish I could give you _____.
a. many advice b. much advice
c. many advices d. a lot of advices
16. The news of the losses of our enemy _____ much worse than expected.
a. was b. were c. are d. has
17. He opened the letter and found out that it contained _____.
a. an important information b. some important informations
c. many important informations d. some important information
18. The students hope that they won’t have _____ to do today.
a. much homework b. many homeworks
c. a lot of homeworks d. few homework
19. They say the police _____ always stopping people from doing what they want to do.
a. is b. are c. has d. have
20. The temple they visited was a _____ journey from their hometown.
a. two-days b. two-day c. two-days’ d. two days’s
1-5 abbaa
6-10 abada 11-15 bccdb 16-20 adabb
