2023年12月25日发(作者：)
Unit 2 English: a global language
Today's topic is English as a global language. I know many of you who speak English as a second
language,right? How about you, H~? Is English your first language?
H:No. My first language is Japnese. English is my second language.
And how about you, P~?
P: English is my second language,too. My first language is Spanish.
See, many of you use English as a second language, even as a global language to communicate with
other people who speak English as a second language.
Today I want to give you two cantrasting points of view on whether or not English is a global
language. First is that English is obvious a glabal language, people who support this point of
view believe English is the language of people all over the world used to communicate, and that
it is gradually replacing other languages. The second point of view is that English is not truely
a global language because it is not the main language spoken by most people word wide. Suporters
of this view say that even though many people speak some English world wide, English has not
replaced other languages. They ackonwledge that people use English every day for many reasons,
but this doesn't mean English is replacing other languages, not make English the main language
spoken in the world.
First,let's exam the first view. First of all, English is the dominated language of business,
travel and sciences. When people need a common language, they often use English. Think about
it, English is often used that touriest imformation setters, in international hotels, at airports.
If you use a taxi in Rome, and you can't speak Italian, the taxi driver is more likely to use
English than any other languages. It is used at business meetings and international sports events.
The European Union uses English along with French at its meetings. ACN, the Asian Trade Group,
uses English at its meetings. Can you think of other situation in which English is used as a
common language?
P: How about this class? All of us are listening to you in English.
Absolutely, educational settings a great example. Any others?
P:How about the chatroom on the internet? I sometimes go to chatroom, seems everyone uses English.
Excellent example! The internet has creat a lot of international communities and people often
use English. In fact, most people who use the internet know English. This helps to support the
view English is a global language.
The second major reason that people believe English is a global language is that it is the offical
language of more than 75 countries. This means these countries use English in schools, banks,
business and govenment. Of these 75 countries, English may be the only offical language of the
country like in England, or English may be used along with other offical languages, like in
Filipine, Singapore and India. In country like in India, where so many languages were spoken,
you can see how using English as an offical language make it easier for people to communicate.
The third reason to support the global arguement is that every year about 1 billion people study
English. Why? Why are some of the reasons? P~,how about you?
P: Well, now to study ,and some day, I want to be in the international business.
That's a solid reason,How about you? A~?
A: I'm not really sure. I just think it will help me in the future somehow.
OK. There is more general reason. The point is people want and need to learn English because
it offers them opportunities. To sum up, English is used everyday by many people. People all
over the world coming contact with each other for many reasons. The need a common language,
a languge to facilitate communication. Being proficient in English give someone an advantage
in these situations.
OK, I have given you many examples of how English is used in a variety of situations. Nevertheless,
does this mean that English is a global language? lets look at why some people don't believe
English has replaced other languages.
First, there are about 3 times as many people who speak Chinese as their first language as those
who speak English as their first language. As in many coutries, where some people use English
for work each day, they don't use Enlish anywhere else. Even in an English speaking country,
there are millions of people who perfer to speak a language other than english at home with friends
or at work.
Second, I mentioned before,that 75 countries had English as their offcial language. This doesn't
mean all or even most of the people in these countries can speak English. e.g, In India, most
(s ) agree that only about 5% of the population speak English. That's a small persentage.
Third, how much English does a person need to know to be called an English speaker? People may
learn some English for specific situation, such as the taxi driverd I mentioned ealier. However,
I think you would all agree with me that a taxi driver who knows a few phrases like "where are
you going" or "what is the name of your hotel" isn't really a proficient English speaker. Another
example is, Airspeak, the English that is used by aircraft controll in pilots, a pilot from their
lines or aircraft control need to know airspeak ,but they may only learn the words they need
for these jobs ,and therefore they cannot be considered as English speakers. The point here is
that people all over the world may use English for work or other situations, nevertheless, this
doesn't mean they are fluent in English. They still use their first language for daily
communication, English is not their main language. So, what does this all mean? I think it's
safe to say that English will continue to be the main language used in many international settings
because as I said earlier, people all over the world need a common language. And for now, English
is that language. But English would replace other languages for most daily communication, and
this to me is what a global language really is. One that replaces others for most everyday
communication. Some people are afraid of this. They worry that as people use English more and
more, their ability in their fist language will decline, I think people will use English along
with other languages. We are moving into a global culture, and as this continues, I think people
from non-English speaking countries will want to maintain their culture including their first
language, they may still want to learn English, but I don't see them to give up their own language
for English. What do you think? I'm gonna stop there. I know that's a lot of imformation to digest.
we'll continue talking about some of the diffrences in English words used in vary countries in
Austrilia,Singapore and Filipine.
Unit 3 High Anxiety: Phobias
good afternoon! Today we are going to turn to a new topic in psychology and start looking at
some specific psychological problems. There are a variety of mental problems that can affect
us in our daily lifes. some are serious, like a fear of cats, or of insects, others are more
serious. Now, as a psychologist, we try to study this different problems and find ways to help
people.
I want to start the discussion by talking about faily very common psychological problem, a phobia.
that's P-H-O-B-I-A. First, I'll explain what phobia is and then I'll talk about some theories
on why people have phobias. As you probobly know, a phobia is a fear. So do any of you have phobias?
Oh,come on, you can tell me, I'm a psychologist. Yes, Monica.
(M) I have a fear of swimming. I don't like to go near the ocean.
Ok. That's not an usual phobia. Any one else?Ali?
(A) I hate dogs. I mean I just unlike them. When I see a big dog, actually any dog, I just get
nervous, so I avoid them.
OK. that's another common phobia. Thanks for sharing those examples of phobias. A phobia is not
a normal fear, it is an extreme fear, a very strong fear. e.g, my brother, who is a sucessful
artist, had computer phobia. he didn't simply dislike using computers, he used to have very strong
fear of using them. Psychologist just come up with 3 characteristics of a phobia. People display
these 3 characterisitics, if they have a phobia, not just a normal fear.
Now, first, a phobia is not a rational response. It's a very strong reaction, too strong for
the situation. for my brother, this meant he has very strong physical reaction if someone ask
him to use a computer. he started shaking violated, had trouble breathing, once he even started
choking. Physical recations like this are common.
Second, a phobia often last for a long time, for months or even years. In my brother's case,
it lasts several years.
Third, the reaction is too strong for a person to control. e.g, even my brother told himself
to not to be afraid of computer, it didn't help. He still felt very afraid. Usually, people avoid
whatever it is they are afraid of. so, in my brother's case, he avioded using a computer. OK,
so those are the 3 characteristics of phobias. It's an extreme unrational response, it's
long-lasting,and it's uncontrollable.
(M) so 'uncontrollable' means even you try to control it, you can't?
yes, it means you can't control it by try to deny you fear of phobia. There are ways to treat
phobias, and we will talk about it in a minute.
Yes!
(A) what happened to your brother, did he get over of it?
Yes, he did. The main thing was that he decided that he wanted to get over he was treated
by a psychologist. now, he uses computers all the time.
's spend a minute going over some classifications of phobias. Phobias are classified by
the thing or situation that the person fears. Greek or Latin are usually used to describe the
fears. here are examples: Hypno, H-Y-P-N-O means sleep, so, fear of sleep is hypnophobia. cyno,
C-Y-N-O means dog, so a fear of dog is cynophobia, right? Here is another example, aerophobia,
listen to the first part, aero, what's the fear? aero, as in airplane, aerophobia is fear flying.
Let turn out to the causes of phobias.
One theory is that phobia is learned. This means something happens that causes someone or in
a sence, teach someone to fear afraid. e.g, Ali ,could have learn to be afraid of dogs, if he
was attacked or injured by a dog when he was a child. people can also learn phobias by watching
how other people react. In fact, I just find that phobias tend to run in families. e.g, let's
image that Ali's mother has always been afraid of dogs, whenever Ali and his mother were together
and so a dog, his mother got very scared, very nervous, when Ali saw how his mother reacted,
he would then gradually became very scared, too. He would then, have developed cynophobia from
watching his mother. So you can see that there are two ways learning can be involved in phobias.
So the 1st theory is that phobia is learned either by directed experiences or by watching the
reactions of others. The 2nd theory says that a phobia is only a sign of a deeper problem. This
means that the phobia isn't the whole problem. Let's take another example, I once treated a teenage
who was very afraid of dark, he couldn't be in a dark room by himself, he was terrified to go
outside at night, and so on. According to this theory, when he acted afraid of the dark, he was
really showing his fear of sth else. In theopy he reviewed ,he was afraid of his father. His
father was very strict when he was young, and once his father made him sit in a dark room when
he did sth bad. According to this theory, his fear of dark was a sign of this deeper, real fear
of his father. Yes, question.
(A)so what did you do? did you talk to his father?
Well, no, we couldn't do that. But recongnizing that he was really afraid of his father, and
not the dark, was the key-step of the treatment. Now he is cured, no more fear of the dark. Ok,let's
think about these 2 theories, and about the main difference between them.
The 1st theory says that the phobia is the problem itself, right? And the 2nd theory says the
phobia is a sign of deeper problem a person has. Why is the difference important? The most improtant
in deciding how to treat the person.
According to the 1st theory, if a phobia is learned, perhaps, it can be unlearned. A psychologist
who follow this theory would try to teach someone to react differently to behave differently
when he or she feels afraid. Changing the person's behavior is the goal. On the other hand, the
psychologist who believes the 2nd theory may start by try to teach the person to react differently,
but the doctor was interersted in more than that. The doctor's objective or goal is to help the
patient reveal the deeper psychological problem because it will be easier to treat the phobia
if the deeper problem is identified and work down as well. I want you to think for a minute,
about the significance of having these 2 theories or any competing thoeries. What is it mean?
I t tells us that phychologist like any scientist have to continue to do research to learn and
to test treatments we believe to affect based on research. Treatments improve the more we learn.
Unit 4:TV-What we watch?
Good morning. Who watched TV last night? Ha, most of you. OK, today we're going to talk about
an important part of the media-TV. Specifically, TV viewing and TV dramas. Now, first, I'll give
you some background, then we'll discuss what make this type of programming -dramas so popular
worldwide? OK, let's get started. Most of you would agree that watching TV is part of most people's
lifes. Now, statistic varies on how much people watch TV, but research shows that quiet a few
Americans on average exceed 6 hours of TV per day. An English professor name Ceceila Tichi has
studied TV for many years. In her book "Electronic Hearth" creating an American television culture,
she discusses how the TV has become the centre of activity at home. We walk to a room, turn on
the TV, and suddenly, the outside world becomes less important. People use TV to tune out or
forget about the outside world. We are safe to relax and join the world of the TV shows. Do you
ever feel this way about TV? Yes, many of you are nodding. She also seem out culture has also
defined by TV. Now, by this, she means that TV has a huge influence on our attitudes on what
we like to eat, on what we like to wear or what we like to talk about. E.g., popular TV shows
are discussed at work, at school, and coffee shops. We even children 4 or 5 years old do this
with their favorite shows. This shows that we lived in a TV culture. Improved technology has
contributed it further to our TV culture. Satellites services in particular have expanded the
TV program in many parts of the world. There are now hundreds of TV channels people can watch,
and the options continue to expand. Game shows, sports, news, talk shows, comedies, TV dramas,
movies, man with cable and satellite, there are a lot of choices. Nielsen Media Research studied
people's TV viewer habits in the US. They monitor which shows are popular and with whom. e.g.,
popular shows have included the game show “Who want to be a Millionaire", and the reality TV
show "Survivor", They were very very popular and watched by millions of people of all age groups.
Now, all of this is really background. What I want to focus on today is one form of a popular
TV show that is popular with many people of many age groups. This is TV dramas, specifically,
TV dramas known as soap operas or in Spanish telenovelas. Some of you might be familiar with
telenovelas. Telenovelas and soap opera in the US are similar, but have one big difference: the
number of episodes they have. Telenovelas and TV series end after about 200 episodes, the story
eventually ends. Soap operas in the U.S., however, continue day after day for many years and
may never end. For example, the Guiding light has been on for more than 12,000 episodes and on
it goes. Can you believe that more than 12,000 episodes? Soap operas started in the United States
in 1959 with the show "the Guiding light". This TV shows were called soap operas because the
main advertisers were companies that made soap. This type of programming is popular all over
the world. Dozens of countries make their own soap opera shows. Mexican soap opera has been devoted
the most popular TV show the year in countries such as Korea and Russia. Japanese soap operas
are sent to Belgium. US soap operas are watched worldwide. The Lattern American soap opera "Betty
low-fair" or "Betty the Ugly" was the huge success in the US. Brazilian telenovelas are the most
widely distributed television shows in the world, and have been seen in more than 100 countries.
And there are many other examples. What is it about this shows that make them popular everywhere?
And why do people from very different cultures all enjoyed watching the same soap opera? Well,
there are a couple of reasons. One reason suggested by Robert C. Allen who has done extensive
research on television veiwing is that many soap opera deal with universal things that people
all over the world understand. Themes are topics, e.g., family, love, personal struggle, money
problems, marriage problems, health problems, job problems. Viewers did not need to know the
culture in order to understand the family problems in the show. Now, according to , one
of the creators of the "Guiding Light", another reason is that people identify with the characters.
They feel the characters are just like them. To quote her from an interview, they, the soap operas,
deal with life as we know it. Now by this, she means the family in soap operas deal with problems
of everyday life. And so, as people watch everyday, day after day, a special bond or feeling
develops between them and the TV family. The get to know the characters and their problems. The
TV family's welfare becomes important. There is a sense of community of sharing a family. All
of these things contribute to character loyalty. If any of you have watched the show regularly,
you know what I mean. You watch it because you identify with the characters. Now, writers of
TV shows understand that TV views want to have a group of characters to know and care about.
As W.R, former exclusive producer of Generally Hospital, quoted it, the audiences want personal
human connection, and when they get it ,they are devoted. This means they become very loyal to
the TV characters they watch everyday. To give an interesting example from "as the World turns",
some years back, the writers wanted to have to main character Bob Hughes get shot on a Friday,
well, that Friday turned out to be Christmas Eve, the producer of the TV shows told the writers,
" No,No,No, he can't be shot on this Friday's show. Do you know why?
"Because it was too violent?"
Well, no, not because it was too violent, but they didn't want him shot on the Friday before
Christmas.
"Why? I mean, Why not?"
Because the audience would worry all weekend about them, they want to know if he was alive or
dead, and they would not enjoy Christmas. So, the writers had to change the story and have him
shot after Christmas. I mean, the viewers really identified with these characters as if they
were real people. Writers for evening TV also try to create character loyalty but not with
continuing story. Instead, each week, the story begins and ends. However, each week, the same
characters appear, and viewers watch because they know the characters and they care about them,
like friends. A great example with this was the show “Sign field" there were four main characters,
Jerry, Jodge, Crema and Len. They each had their own problems, their own personalities. Viewers
got to know them and want to see what would happen to them. When you think about it, don't good
writers usually do this? They develop our interesting in the characters, so they want us to keep
reading, or keep watching TV. The next time you watch a soap opera, think about the things that
make these shows so popular worldwide, think about as people want everyday, the get to know the
characters and become a part of that TV community. OK, that's all for today, it's time for you
to go home and watch some TV.
Unit 5 : Learning differently
Hello, everyone! I think we can get started now. As we has studied in this class, there are many
different ways of learning, and there are many different learning problems. Some people have
problems with reading or math, or with expressing their ideas in words. Some people have memory
problems, for example, they have difficulty remembering what they hear, or read. Other people
have problems holding a pencil or pens till they can write. As educators, these are challenges
that we need to understand, because everyone deserves education. And it's our job to promote
learning. Today, I would like to talk about one common cause of learning problems-dyslexia. The
term dyslexia that's D-Y-S-L-E-X-I-A, is from Greek. It means difficulty with words and language.
In the first part of my talk, I briefly explain what dyslexia is and give you some general
background about it. Then in the second part, I'll present one doctor's explanation of why people
with dyslexia have learning difficulties. OK, what is dyslexia? Dyslexia means a difficult with
reading or writing. Before about 1970, researchers thought dyslexia with a visual problem - a
problem seeing letters and words correctly. But this theory was never confirmed to be true.
Researchers have now concluded that the main problem may be the dyslexic having trouble matching
sounds with letters in words because their brains work differently from other people's. That
explains it. Every word is made up of sounds, right? And the sound units are called phoneme.
Let's take the word 'cat', now some one has not dyslexia, will read the word cat, and be able
to break it into the sounds, the phonemes,[k],[ai],[t], however, some one who has dyslexia, has
trouble breaking down the word into sounds and that's the result- has trouble reading the word.
There are other problems people with dyslexia may have. And not everyone with dyslexia has the
same problem, that's why there is no definition of dyslexia that is accepted by everyone. We
do know, however, that the dyslexic person's brain works differently from other people's. Here
is a few examples of students with dyslexia and their learning problems. Anna knows the answer
to a question, but says the wrong words. Toms, studies hard for spelling test, he can say how
each word to spell, but he cannot write the words correctly on the test. Kert, tries to pay
attention in class, but he has trouble sitting still and listening. He can't concentrate, and
his teacher thinks he doesn't care about school. CEG has the trouble with the order things, such
as the steps in the math problem, history lessons or even his own daily schedule. Susan has trouble
following directions, she may confuse left and right. Yes, do you have a question?
(Student:) I don't understand about the boy who can't stand still.
The boy who can't concentrate in class?
(Student:) Yes, I mean, how is that to dyslexia?
Well, typicaly, the trial has trouble following spoken directions or understanding the step in
a lesson. And so he becomes very nervous or upset, and can't concentrate. OK?
(Student:)Oh. Okay, so the dyslexia prevencing(?) from concentrating?
Right, these are some of the challenges for people with dyslexia. And as I said earlier, no two
people have identical problems. Of course there are other reasons why a student may not pay
attention in class, or have trouble reading, however, these are problems someone with dyslexia
may have, because the dyslexic person's brain works differently from other people's. Another
question, yes?
(Student:) How common is dyslexia?
It's estimated 10 percent of all school children are dyslexic.
(Student) Waa, that's a lot. I heard that only a fact of boys, that's not true, isn't it?
No, researchers have confirmed both genders can have dyslexia. Ok, so that gives you an idea
of that problem. But what causes dyslexia? Researchers think there may be a genetic basis for
dyslexia. There problem may inherited from their mother or their father. This is based on the
fact about 85 percent of children with dyslexia have either mother or father who is dyslexic.
What's interesting is well as challenge for us educator is that these kids generally score high
on intelligence tests. But they usually can't read, write, or spell as the same level of their
classmates. This can be a problem because other people, even their teachers often do believe
that the kids are very intelligent. In addition, dyslexics often feel there are something wrong
with them, because they cannot learn the same way others kids at school can. They often feel
stressed and blame their selves especially when other people say they are lazy, and not trying.
Many of them try very hard to learn, but still have trouble. In this part of the lecture, I present
the work that Dr. Harry Levinson, a psychologist who was studding dyslexia for over 25 years.
To help to understand dyslexia, he tells us to think about our brain as TV sets, and to think
our part of brain to receive information as computer chips. Everyday, these chips, the parts
of new brain, receive information, right? Now, this information enters into the brain, as signals
as what we see or hear or touch and so on. Now, the job of these brain parts is to tune the signals
to different channels in our brain. Your brain receives the signals just as your TV set at home
does. Like you say, channel 5, or channel 6. Now, with these computer chips, our brain working,
right? They can't receive signals correctly, nor can they tune in the correct channels. So the
signals drift around and become unclear. And that's the signals drift, this causes problems.
For example, the child's brain cannot receive the signals on the page as she reads, she has
difficulty reading. If a child cannot tune in the signals he hears in class, he has difficulty
understanding what the teacher tells him. If the signal drifts, this can also control energy
levels- our ability to concentrate, our ability to distinguish what is important and unimportant.
This is why some children have difficulty sitting still in class. the good news is, that after
many years of research, Dr. Levinson and others have concluded that the brain can learn to fix
the drifting. Children who received help often learn to deal with individual problems and do
better in school. Naturally, it's best the school intervene and give help when the children are
very young. It's also important the teachers, and you, future teachers be flexible about how
you teach, and consider the different learning needs of students with dyslexia. In some special
schools for dyslexic learners, the teachers read to the students. They don't require the students
to read or write to learn. Teachers present lessons in a variety of ways, students can take tests
orally rather than in writing and reading and writing are taught a separate skills. This approaches
recognize that the students are very capable of learning but to be taught in a different way
because the learn differently. This is a very positive step. So today I gave you some general
ideas about what dyslexia is and what educators are doing to help these students learn. OK, well
that's enough for today, we will talk more about this in the next class.
unit 6 immigration
All right, lets get started. US immigration is our topic today. I know many of you are immigrants,
so you know something about this topic. As you may know by my last name, I have a German background.
My parents immigrated to the US from Germany about 50 years ago. Yes, question?
Does that mean you're immigrant?
Well, no. My parents are immigrants. They came to the states from Germany, I'm the 1st generation
German-American because I was born here. First, we'll talk briefly about immigration, the history
of immigration to the US, and the story of diversity in the US. To immigrate means to move from
one country to another, it's a permanent move. By contrast, if you go to live and work in France
for 2 years, you don't immigrate there, you move there temporarily, because you plan to return
to your country. So to immigrate means to move to another country to live there indefinitely.
Immigration happens all over the word, most people do it to improve their economic or social
situation. While I do now is give a brief knowledge about US immigration. Let's start with the
colonial period, the 1st wave immigration in the 17th century. Most immigrants were from western
Europe, although the spani arrived in 1513. The 1st permanent settlement in North America was
when the British started in 1607 in J. T. J. People were not prohibited from immigration by the
British, anyone could come. Life was difficult, and some people did not survive, but people felt
it was worth to risk to have a better life in the colonial. The French, Spanish and Dutch also
came, but in smaller numbers. I should also point out that about 20% of the population of this
time was African-American. However, most were immigrants. They were brought from Africa as slaves.
Today, we ? our discussion to voluntary immigration, to people who choose to come to the US.
Now, by 1775, the US population had grown to about. 2.5 million, the country was growing fast,
some thought too fast. So in the 1790s, laws were passed to control immigration for the first
time. The Naturalization Act of 1798, required immigrants to live in the US for a certain number
of years before they became citizens. The 2nd big wave of immigration happened between 1840 and
1920. During this wave, about 37 million people came to the US. The industry of revolution has
begun in Europe causing a big shift from farming to factory jobs. Many left for the US, hoping
to continue doing the farming job they knew . About 80% of these 2nd wave immigrants were from
all over Europe. During this 2nd wave, Chinese workers also came to the US, mostly as contract
workers. They were ranged or contracted to work for American company before they left home. Most
of them worked in the gold mines of California and later builded rail roads, then laws were past
in the 1880s to keep most contract workers out. Ellis, where are we? Ah, yes, 1891. In 1891,
US congress created the INS, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, to control immigration.
Any of you who want to immigrate to the US have heard the INS. Upon to 1891, each state had its
own law and could decide which immigrants could enter. So no one really control the total number
of people allowed in each year, after 1891, the Federal Government made the laws instead. A year
later, in 1892, the INS opened Ellis Island in New York Harbor. Ships would go passed the statue
of liberty, the symbol of a new life for many people and stopped at Ellis Island. Have any of
you seen Ellis Island, or the statue of liberty? You have, EF?
Yes, I have. The statue of liberty and Ellis Island.
What did you think?
Very impressive, interesting, too.
Yes, it is interesting. Now the Ellis Island had been made into a museum. It's an important part
of American history. Between 1892 and 1954, when Ellis Island was closed, about 12 million
immigrants entered through there, most from Europe. I encourage you all go for a visit. Let's
go back for a minute. About 9 million people entered the US between 1900 and 1910; as a result,
the US government decided that it need to limit the number of immigrants. This led to a serious
of new laws. First the Immigration Act of 1917 was passed to restrict to enter. then in 1921,
the US congress passed the quota system. This means they decided that a certain number of people
from each country could enter the US each year. For example, 2 million from Germany could enter.
Once that number had immigrated, no more were allowed until the next year. That's how the quota
system works. During this period, say upto till 1960s, the US was called a "melting pot". The
attitude was the immigrant had to give up their traditions and cultures in order to create uniform
society. People were expected to forget about being Italian or Chinese. They were expected to
learn English and to adjust to American ways of doing things. Now, let's look at the 3rd wave,
the period from 1965 to the present time. In 1965, the quota system was abolished. Instead, a
limited of 290,000 were set on the total number of people who could enter each year. During the
1970s and 1980s, about 80% of the immigrants were from Latin-America and Asia, and only 20% were
from Europe and elsewhere. So if you compare the 2nd and 3rd waves, you see in the 2nd wave,it
was mostly Europeans and in the 3rd wave, it was mostly Latin-Americans and Asians. Again, economic
opportunity was the main reason people immigrated. Each year after 1965, many people want to
immigrate to the US, many more than the 290,000 limit. This led to the immigration Act of 1990.
The Immigration Act of 1990 raise the yearly limit from 290,000 to 700,000. However, form 1990
to the present, the actual number has been closer to 1 million. One reason for this been that
US needs workers for many of its service jobs such as in restaurants or hotels or in farming.
In recent years, many people in the US have come to realize that the country is great straight(?),
diversity with people. So we old melting pot idea has been replace with the idea with culture
diversity with recognizing the importance of American's many different culture backgrounds. You
can see this today in the strong community that are Korean-American, Japanese-American,
Italian-American, Mexican-American, and so on. Any questions about this? Susan?
I'm confused. I thought the melting pot was a good thing, that people should makes together,
and form a strong society.
Yes, I think you're right. We do mix together and form a strong society, but now the matter for
is that we want to have a mix-salad. Well, each immigrant keeps its original flavor, too. Does
this sound like a good thing?
Yes, it makes sense.
Well, let's sum up. There were several waves of immigration into the US, the earlier waves were
mostly Europeans, While the later waves had most people from Latin-America and Asia. The main
reason has always been economic, they are looking for better jobs and better life than the had
in their home country. In the next class, I'm gonna talk about current immigration laws. We'll
start there next time. That's all for today.
Unit 7 Who’s Calling the Shots
Good morning, hoping you had a good weekend; today we are goanna start talk about styles of business
management. Styles of management vary from country to country, company to company, and from person
to person. One approach to good management, now considered important worldwide is team building.
Team building is only part what makes someone a good manager, but it underlies many good management
practices. When team building, the manager does things to help employees work together effectively
as a group, as a team. This is based on the idea that the manager's job isn't simply to tell
people what to do, but to help solve problems and help people communicate, so they work well
together. This approach emphasizes employees' relations and it benefits the company. It has known
in business way, not so many years ago, there was an attitude in American companies of what the
manager says, goes. Employees were expected to do what they were told, but we'll see a new paradigm,
because companies realize that employees don't do their best work when they are treated like
this. This was a big change in American management style, perhaps influences by the Japanese
model. First, in order to build a team, a good business manager knows that different people are
good at different things, and values the special skills that each employee brings to the company.
A good manager needs to find a way to let the employees know that very particular skills are
important to the company. The employees are then more likely to do their best when they feel
valued, and value each other. The strong manager knows how to build a team of employees who help
each other do their best work. So what can a manager do to help employees feel they are valued
like part of the team? Let's consider a situation that a company called the ABC Company. Let's
say there is a new manager in the office, Mrs. G, and she has made some changes. One day, an
employee, Mrs. P, decides to approach Mrs. G about some problems she is having at work. Mrs.
P has worked in the company for more than 10 years, then the changes make it a difficulty for
her to do the job well, she is stressed, and this is affecting her job performances. So Mrs.
G and Mrs. P talk, Mrs. G listens, she knows she has made some changes and the office isn't been
like what was before, but she tells Mrs. P to try her best and gives her more time. Oh, I see
a question, Anna?
I'm not clear what kind of changes are you talking about?
Oh, let's see one change is that before you give a rough draft as your report to the secretary
and she added it and sent it out, now the secretary doesn't do it for you, you have to do yourself.
She changed the way that the office was organized.
Oh, OK.
Later that night, Mrs. G thinks about what Mrs. P said, she thinks it's possible other people
in the office may have problems, too. Mrs. G knows that she needs a strong team to be a successful
manager, she also needs a stable group of employees, she doesn't want people to leave, and she
decides she needs to get an accurate idea of the employees' perspectives. She decides to give
the employees an opportunity to share their ideas; she wants to show them she values their work
and their experiences of the company. So Mrs. G makes a team building plan, she begins by scheduling
a meeting for the next day to talk about the changes she has made. To give the employees an
opportunity to say what problems they're having and ask questions. At the end of the meeting,
she gives the employees some questions to answer in writing to make it easy for them to share
their ideas. She tells them she will use the answers they write and the ideas from the meeting
to decide on the next step in the office. Let's consider the kind of questions she gives them,
she wants questions that focusing on the work itself, questions would be easy for the employees
to answer honestly. Questions are like "A: Is it clear to you what your responsibilities are?","B:
Do you know who to talk to if a task is unclear?","C: Do your team member support you, if not,
what's the specific things could they do to help you do a better job?","D: What was done in the
past that you think would better?" These questions were about the work, about how the office
is organizes and about working together, they don't focus on the employees' feelings about the
manager. Mrs. G reads their answers to the questions, she also checks her notes from the meeting,
she decides to modify the way she has reorganized the office. Not big changes, just a few small
ones. She realizes that some of the old way will better. So she makes a few changes back to how
the office was organized before. She also comes up with the 6 months plan for improvement and
tells the employees they will all review the plan together in 6 months. What message is she
communicating to the employees by these actions? Well, first, she is telling them she considers
their idea important, she values their opinions. Second, she is telling them she is in charge
but she values what they say. Third, she is telling them that change is not necessarily good
if there is no good reason for it. In other word, she didn't need to make so many big changes
when she started this manager. And finally she is telling them that she is human, that she can
admit any mistakes and that she is willing to do what benefits the group. These put her on the
role beginning their support and to been a successful manager. Now on the third part of plan,
Mrs.G plans a picnic at the park near their office, they have lunch, play games and talk, they
laugh and joke and relax. By the end of the day, they know each other better. Hopefully, this
will help them to get work better as well. Let's review the three parts of Mrs. G 's team building
plan. She had a meeting, she gave employees questions about the office organization and she planed
a fun activity to help them get to know each other. We can see that her plan is based on the
importance of solving problems, and on the believe that communication is vital in order to succeed
a team. This is the key point, whole plan is based on the idea solving problems and employees
sharing ideas. Any questions, B?
Well, I've studied some business management courses, and I understand that it's important to
develop communication and build up team players, but isn't it just a waste of time to have these
fun activities?
Well, a lot of managers do think it's a waste of time, especially in the short term, but in the
long run it's definitely not a waste of time. In fact, it's often a great way to save time in
team building. Let's stop here. Today we discussed team building and why it has become important.
In the next class, I want to talk about other group activities managers can use to build a team,
we will start there next time, that's all for today.
Unit 1
Warming up
1. F 3.T
Listening
Short conversations
1. C 2.D 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.B
Long conversation
1.A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.D
Passage
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.C 5.C
Radio program
1. a journalism degree
2. pretty good
3. about what she has
4. you just want more
5. protective of his family
Homework
Task 1
1.C 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.B
Task 2
1.A 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.D
Task 3
erstandings
ful
ts
ss
it
been tracking more than a million sujects since 1979
fewer heart attacks and lower cancer rates
10.a strong sense of connection to others and in satisfying relationship
Unit 2
Warming up
1. Running, swimming, and lifting weights
2. Exercise makes him happy, keeps his stress level down, and gives him all sorts of energy
for his work and family.
3. Well, there is no swimming pool near my home and i can't swim every day. But anyway, I
cann run in the morning . There are many benefits to exercising. They include a strong
body, an improved mood, longer life, better appearance and an overall sense of well-being.
Listening
Short conversations
1.C 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.A
Long conversation
1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.A
Passage
1.B 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.A
Radio program
1. the quality of school menus
2. moving into the neighbourhood
3. eats fast food
4. the Chicago study
5. children's eating habits
Homework
Task 1
1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.B
Task 2
1.A 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.D
Task 3
1. advancements
al
sion
ion
ned
-fiber and vitamin-rich foods, such as vegetables and fruits
give up smoking if they haven't already done so
10. No section of the population can benefit from exercise.
Unit 3
Warming up
1. made him successful
2. what others are doing
3. they are successful
Listening
Short conversations
1.D 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.A
Long conversation
1.B 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.D
Passage
1.A 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.A
Radio program
studying for a doctorate in religion
marked by chance encounters
knew a little Italian
attacked by an intruder in her home
to live a life with vivid moments
Homework
Task 1
1.C 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.B
Task 2
1.B. 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.B
Task 3
ence
te
guish
sful
term
ements
essful people just let life happen by accident
they aren't difficult for people to attain
to go after and in what direction to aim your life
Unit 4
Warming up
1. Writer---Jack Kerouac
2. Artist---Jackson Pollock
3. Musician---Louis Armstrong
4. Symbol--- Statue of Liberty
Listening
Short conversations
1.B 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.D 10.A
Long conversation
1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.A
Passage
1.B 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.B
Radio program
decades
y and aactive lifestyle
consumer demands
Homework
Task 1
1.D 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.B
Task 2
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.B
Task 3
s
rparts
ize
tion
lized
zed
kers
began playing with and contradicting the conversations of Hollywood
rmore, their considerable financial success and crossover into popular culture
people have taken advantage of this rise in popularity
Unit 5
Warming up
ves stories that would be lost
important thing in their lives
and hope
Listening
Short conversations
1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.D
Long conversation
1.B 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.A
Passage
1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.C
Radio program
it at pains
2.I love you
appearance
don't want to answer
of her in your heart
Homework
Task 1
1.D 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.C
Task 2
1.B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.A
Task 3
ated
d
assed
s
ed
over time, I started to enjoy them more and more
that I've talked to you, I feel ten years younger.
shouldn't live their lives always thinking about the past.
Unit 6
Warming up
1."Get ready"
e changes are occuring more rapidly and natural disasters are becoming more severe.
on the subject of survival.
Listening
Short conversations
1.D 2.D 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.C
Long conversation
1.A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.D
Passage
1.C 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.A
Radio program
bad
2.a tall Islamabad building
Kashmirian Mountains
4.a heavily mititarized region
Homework
Task 1
1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.A
Task 2
1.A 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.A
Task 3
ess
ened
wed
eared
t
ide
us away from mountains the rest of our lives
ing like the Yellowstone earthquake does not happen very often
10. few of us will suffer because of such a disaster.
Unit 7
Warming up
money to charity
she's doing
y and kindness
impossible
notice
Listening
Short conversations
1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.C
Long conversation
1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.D
Passage
1.A 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B
Radio program
Day to Day
try to go after the online music business
has been negotiating licenses for songs
's leaving will benefit it
Homework
Task 1
1.D 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.A
Task 2
1.D 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A
Task 3
ry
able
tions
if we admit tradition more than we should
on trying to plot the future by the past
10. to accept the help which tradition can bring
Unit 8
Warming up
1. He did nothing other than witness the scene untold
2. He feels scientists should not, must bot, conntinue down this road(of human cloning)
3. I feel positive about human cloning because it can lengthen people's lives, help to grow
replacement organs, and reduce the number of genetic birth defects
I feel negative about human cloning because it can reduce our value for human life,
cost huge amounts of money and pose many legal questions that we aren't ready for.
Listening
Short conversations
1.B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.B
Long conversation
1.A 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.C
Passage
1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C
Radio program
beings
al twins
that cause disease
disease
environmental component
Homework
Task 1
1.B 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D
Task 2
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.C
Task 3
tion
que
d
cial
istencies
8."Genetic engineering is very exciting and important technology"
you have to ask fundamental questions before it is too late
10. the way the technology is racing far ahead of public understanding
Unit 9
Warming up
1.T 3.F
Listening
Short conversations
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.D 10.D
Long conversation
1.A 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.D
Passage
1.D 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.A
Radio program
benefits were fabulous
,really tough
a part-time job
the Internet /online
Homework
Task 1
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.C
Task 2
1.D 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.B
Task 3
sity
ge
rating
raduates
dates
answer to whether or not marriage in school should be allowed.
for those who are attending universities at an older age.
10. the marriage of some unergraduates will inevitably influence other students
Unit 10
Warming up
1. She likes them, but they aren't at the center of her life
2. How to become a better person
3. I think there are many benefits of having friends. For instance, my friends keep me
company, especially when I am sad. They also support me when I am in difficulties. They
teach me in my studies. I cannot think of anythinng that is as valuable as friendship.
Listening
Short conversations
1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.D
Long conversation
1.B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.C
Passage
1.A 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.A
Radio program
1. in 1776
2. They worked together for the same goal
3. Fifty years
4. No ,he was ailing
5. Yes, they did.
Homework
Task 1
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.B
Task 2
1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.B
Task 3
sms
ted
nces
lture
aged
strations
uted
thhings have been done to address this problem
an effort to raise the public's awareness of environmental protection
punish enterprises that drain untreated wastes into the rivers and oceans
